ALABAMA A&M AND AUBURN UNIVERSITIES Citrus For
A L A B A M AA & MA N DA U B U R NU N I V E R S I T I E SCitrus for Southernand Coastal AlabamaANR-603WHIVEith proper attention given to selection of themore cold hardy varieties, along with recommended care, citrus fruits can be successfullygrown around homes in the coastal and extremesouthern areas of Alabama. Citrus plants are veryversatile around the home and can be used as individual specimen trees, hedges, or container plants.Their natural beauty and ripe fruits make them veryattractive additions to the South Alabama homescene.The most significant limiting factor to citrus culture in these areas is damage from low winter temperature. The brief history of citrus culture in theUnited States given below vividly illustrates thedevastating effect of winter freezes.Historical Background ofCitrus in the United StatesARCCitrus was first introduced into the continentalUnited States by the early Spanish explorers atSaint Augustine, Florida, in 1565. Considerable timeelapsed before citrus was introduced into Arizona(1707) and California (1769).History also indicates that citrus plants havebeen grown in gardens for many years in statesthat border the Gulf of Mexico and even as farnorth as Charleston, South Carolina. Small satsumaplantings developed in the Gulf states as early asthe 1890s. The freezes of 1894–95 and 1899 largelydestroyed this early attempt.Plantings again resumed until the freeze of1916–17 struck, killing thousands of acres of citruscrops. By the early 1940s, the hardy satsuma hadagain made a comeback, when some 12,000 acresof plants were growing in the Gulf Coast areas ofLouisiana, Alabama, and northern Florida. Butfreezes in the two decades following World War IIall but eliminated these plantings. The only commercial citrus remaining in these areas (about 1,000acres) is located in the delta area south of NewOrleans.Alabama now has a small but emerging commercial satsuma industry in the Mobile Bay area.Selecting VarietiesThe three general classes of citrus that producesweet fruits are mandarins, sweet oranges, andgrapefruit. All of these citrus types develop into attractive medium- to large-size trees. However, someare better adapted to coastal Alabama conditionsthan others.If the producer grows citrus “outside’’ in SouthAlabama and wishes to harvest the fruit, varietiesshould be selected that can be harvested early(September through November). Beginning inDecember (sometimes late November), freezingtemperatures are often severe enough to freezefruits while not damaging the trees. Freeze protection methods available to producers may be inadequate to keep fruit from freezing during December.Table 1 lists season of ripening along with seedcontent and pollination characteristics for a numberof citrus varieties.Visit our Web site at: www.aces.edu
Fruiting Behaviorevery fewvery fewessentially nonevery fewvery itfulself-fruitfulfew to manyfew to manyfew to tionvery fewvery fewself-fruitfulself-fruitfulfewvery fewself-fruitfulself-fruitfulIVESeeds Per FruitdARCHTable 1. Characteristics of Citrus VarietiesFruit TypeHarvest SeasonaSWEET FRUITSatsumaArmstrong Earlyextremely earlyBrown’s Selectvery earlyPort Nechesvery arlyPonkanearly midseasonDancymidseasonTangerine HybridsTangelos—Orlandobearly midseasonOther Tangerine hybridsRobinsonbvery earlySunburstvery earlyLeeearlyNovaearly midseasonPageearly midseasonOsceolamidseasonSweet OrangeNavel—WashingtonearlyNavel-Cara Caraearly(blood arly midseasonTriumphearly midseasonRoyalmidseasonRedblush (Ruby)midseasonThompsonmidseasonStar RubymidseasonRay RubymidseasonRio RedmidseasonMarshlate midseasonACID FRUITcKumquatNagamiearly midseasonMarumiearly midseasonMeiwaearly midseasonCalamondinall yearLemonmostly early, someMeyerall yearLimeKey (Mexican)early midseasonPersianearly midseasonLime HybridsEustisall yearLakelandall yearTavaresall f-fruitfulself-fruitfulvery fewself-fruitfulfew to manyessentially ulself-fruitfulself-fruitfulseasons are as follows: early (September to November); midseason (December to January), and late (February to June).varieties can be interplanted to ensure cross-pollination, which usually results in larger fruit with more seeds and highertree yields.cAcid-type fruits may have fruits all year but produce the largest crop from the spring bloom.dCitrus fruits that have five to six seeds or fewer are considered “commercially seedless.” Selections above listed with “few” or “veryfew” are considered seedless.eIf self-fruitful, the variety can be planted by itself; if cross-pollination is indicated, a second variety must be used with this varietyfor best fruiting.bThese2 Alabama Cooperative Extension System
MandarinsThe mandarin class includes a large group ofloose-skinned, deeply colored, highly flavoredfruits. They are sometimes referred to as the kidglove (easily peeled) fruits. Within this group arethe mandarins, satsumas, tangerines, and tangerinehybrids. The terms mandarin and tangerine areused interchangeably for a number of looseskinned fruits, depending on where they aregrown. For example, the Dancy variety is called atangerine in Florida and a mandarin in California.Unlike other types of citrus, cross-pollination is required for optimum fruiting of a number of mandarin (tangerine) varieties and hybrids.Tangerines (Mandarin)The next best type of citrus to plant from thestandpoint of cropping and cold hardiness is thetangerine. Because of their earlier ripening, satsumaand some tangerine fruit will escape damage frommany freezes that will severely damage midseasonvarieties of grapefruit and sweet oranges.Dancy and Ponkan are exceptionally good tangerine varieties that produce quality fruits.However, their fruits may not develop good flavorbefore early to mid-December, which means fruitsmay be exposed to freezing temperatures before attaining optimum ripeness. The Ponkan variety reportedly is less cold resistant than most mandarins;fruits lose quality and the rind puffs if not pickedwhen ripe. Earlier ripening selections such asClementine (Algerian) tangerine should be plantedwhere possible. Sunburst was recently introducedby the USDA and is being grown extensively inFlorida. It ripens very early and has reasonablygood quality. Dancy, Ponkan, and Sunburst areself-fruitful, but Clementine requires cross-pollination from another tangerine or tangerine hybrid.The tangerine hybrids described below providesome exceptionally good early maturing varietiesthat should be of interest to the homeowner.The Dancy variety is susceptible to a new disease (alternaria) and is being replaced in Florida.Its best flavor is in January, which means fruit arelikely to be injured by cold. Ponkan is not gooduntil December, and then for only a short period.IVESatsumaSatsumas may become fully ripened for eatingwhile peel color is still rather green. And certainfruits will ripen ahead of others. By beginning toharvest when the first few fruits become ripe,growers can lengthen the harvesting period by atleast 1 to 2 weeks.For commercial purposes, however, it is usuallydesirable to wait until at least a prominent orangecolor has developed on the greenish peel (rind).ARCHThe highest degree of success and greatest satisfaction in growing citrus in Alabama will be realized with satsumas. They withstand colder temperatures than the other forms of edible sweet citrus,produce more consistent crops over a longer period of time, and require less cold protection.Satsuma is a mandarin. It has excellent coldhardiness and ripens its fruit well ahead of mostfreeze problems (September to November). Owariis the most popular variety and is generally available at retail outlets. Kimbrough is a recent releasefrom Louisiana, but it does not seem to be superiorto Owari. Brown’s Select is a very recent introduction from Louisiana that is somewhat similar toOwari in tree and fruit characteristics but ripens itsfruit at least 2 to 3 weeks earlier. Overall, Brown’sSelect shows real promise and is being planted extensively in Louisiana and Alabama. ArmstrongEarly (also called Early Armstrong) is an old varietythat has been grown for many years and is plantedto a small degree. Fruit of this variety ripen extremely early (beginning in September), but thequality is not as good as later ripening selectionssuch as Owari. Port Neches, a recent variety introduced from Texas, ripens at the same time as andhas general characteristics similar to Brown’s Select.It provides yet another promising variety thatripens before Owari.When grown under warmer climatic conditions(such as Florida), fruit often retain their peak quality for not much longer than 2 to 4 weeks, afterwhich they may become puffy and rough in appearance and lose flavor and juice content.However, under the cooler climatic conditions ofthe South Alabama area, fruits tend to remain ingood condition on the tree, retaining their juiceand flavor for 1 to 2 months or longer after reaching full maturity.Tangerine HybridsTangelos are tangerine-grapefruit hybrids thatproduce loose-skinned, tangerinelike fruits. TheOrlando variety is an ideal selection for homeowner use. It is cold hardy and produces excellentquality fruits that ripen early (October toDecember). Dancy, Clementine, or some other variety should be planted with Orlando for cross-pollination. If a second variety is not planted withOrlando tangelo, fruiting can be enhanced by scoring the trunk with a knife (cut through bark towood but do not remove any bark) or spraying thetree with 10 to 20 parts per million (ppm) of gibCitrus for Southern and Coastal Alabama 3
berellic acid during flowering. Other early season(October to November) tangerine hybrids thatcould be grown include Lee, Robinson, Osecola,Nova, and Page. These will not cross-pollinate eachother. All of these hybrids (except Lee), requirecross-pollination for best fruiting. Lee does not require cross-pollination as earlier reported but maynot be cold hardy enough for Alabama. Fruitingthese cross-incompatible varieties can be a problem.Sweet OrangesGrapefruitBecause of a lack of outstanding cold hardiness, grapefruit will need cold protection morethan oranges. Although numerous selections areavailable, the Marsh (white seedless) and Redblushor Ruby (red seedless) varieties are the most frequently planted. Both produce excellent-qualityfruit and have few or no seeds. Royal and Triumphare lower in acidity, although not necessarily ofbetter quality. Marsh and Redblush are quite acidbecause of Alabama’s colder winters. Fruits ofMarsh or Ruby can be harvested as early as lateSeptember and October, but, if allowed to remainon trees until November and December, eatingquality significantly improves. The Star variety lackscold hardiness. All of these varieties are self-fruitful.Several grapefruit varieties have been introducedduring the past 20 years from Texas. Among theseare the Star Ruby, Ray Ruby, and, most recently, theRio Red (discovered as a limb sport on Ruby Red).Producers who wish to try some of the newer grapefruit selections may want to plant one or more ofthese varieties (all self-fruitful). However, thesevarieties are probably not very cold hardy.ARCHIVEThis citrus can be grown along the lowercoastal area with a fair degree of success if adequate cold protection is provided each year.However, hard freezes (20 F and lower) will severely damage trees (fruit is damaged at 26 to28 F or colder). Hamlin may well be the best orange variety for Alabama (for fresh fruit and forjuice). Fruits are commercially seedless (6 or fewerseeds per fruit) and ripen early (October toNovember). The cold hardiness of Hamlin is equalto or superior to other sweet orange varieties. Allnon-navel sweet oranges are self-fruitful.Ambersweet is the latest (1990) in a number ofcitrus hybrids released by USDA in Florida. This variety (tangerine x sweet orange cross) has been classified as an orange for marketing purposes. It is currently one of the most sought-after varieties inFlorida. It possesses good cold hardiness (somewhatbetter than most sweet oranges but is still vulnerableto freezes) and ripens in early season (with Hamlin).Ambersweet is suggested as a new variety for thoseinterested in trying to grow sweet oranges.The navel orange is recommended to thehomeowner who wants to raise seedless fruit foreating fresh. However, navel oranges often producelight crops and are generally not as fruitful as regular sweet orange varieties (non-navel types) such asHamlin. The Washington variety is recommended.Another variety of navel orange of interest to someis Cara Cara. It is similar to the Washington varietybut has red flesh. Dream and Summerfield shouldnot be used because of virus problems. Navelsmake a mediocre dooryard tree, even in Florida.Fruits sometimes begin drying out internally beforereaching full maturity. All ripen their fruits relativelyearly (October to December).Acid-Type Citrus FruitsThere are a number of hardy acid-type fruitsavailable for homeowner use. These plants makeattractive ornamental specimens and provide delightful fruits as well. All are self-fruitful, requiringno cross-pollination.KumquatsThe kumquat tree (not the fruit) is the mostcold hardy of the commonly grown acid citrusfruits (it withstands temperatures of 15 F to 17 F).It resumes growth late in the spring, which helpsprevent late freeze damage. The kumquat is one ofthe most widely used citrus plants around thehome; it develops into an attractive shrublike treethat bears small orangelike fruit about 1 inch in diameter. Fruits can be eaten fresh, peel and all, or4 Alabama Cooperative Extension System
used in making jellies, marmalade, or candies.Several varieties are available, but only three arecommonly propagated: Nagami, Marumi, andMeiwa. Nagami fruit are oblong to date-shaped andhave acid pulp; the others are sweeter and rounder.Meiwa, which produces nearly round, sweet fruit,has become one of the most popular for homeplantings.CalamondinsLime HybridsThe Eustis limequat is a cold hardy lime-kumquathybrid that makes a very attractive small plant. It ispopular as a container plant. Limequats produce fruitresembling the lime in appearance and quality andmay serve as an excellent lime substitute. Cold hardiness is about equivalent to the tangerine (low 20s).Lakeland and Tavares are two less-popular varietiesoccasionally found in retail outlets. Fruits tend to beespecially sensitive to cold injury.LimesLimes are among the most cold-sensitive of thecommon citrus fruits grown. However, the Mexican(also called Key or West Indian) lime, famous forthe Key lime pie, can be grown as a containerplant when provided with inside protection duringthe winter. The Persian lime commonly grown inFlorida can also be used as a container plant.Kaffir lime (Citrus hystrix) is a rather unusualselection that Asians think has medicinal properties.The leaves are used in preparing foods. Fruits aresmall and green, with a rough, wrinkled appearance. They have a slightly off-bitter flavor but maybe used in tea. This selection makes a very attractive and satisfactory container plant.IVEThe small, round fruit called calamondins looksomewhat like a tangerine and have very acid pulp.It makes an attractive plant for use around the homeas well as an indoor or container plant. Fruits arebeautifully yellow to orange in color and are readilyused as a substitute for limes and lemons. The treehas good cold hardiness (hardy to the low 20s).produces exceedingly large fruits, can also begrown as a container plant.LemonsARCHMeyer is the most cold hardy variety of lemon.The fruit ripening period usually lasts for severalmonths beginning in late summer. Good crops oflarge, practically seedless, juicy lemons are produced. Plants developed from cuttings are oftenused around the home. Inherent cold hardiness ofthe tree approximates that of the sweet orange(mid-20s), except that the tree grows low to theground where temperatures are colder.Lisbon, Villafranca, and Eureka, the commercialvarieties of lemon commonly produced inCalifornia, can be satisfactorily grown in containers.Ponderosa, a minor variety grown in Florida thatRootstock SelectionSelection of rootstock is another factor to beconsidered. Scions* must be free of exocortis virus.Trifoliate orange (Poncirus trifoliata) is a superiorrootstock for satsumas and tangerines and isstrongly recommended. It induces good cold hardiness in the scion variety and results in favorableyields and high fruit quality. About the only otherrootstocks that are of value are sour orange,Cleopatra mandarin, and certain of the citranges(cross of sweet orange and trifoliate orange). Avoidthe Rusk citrange. This stock has a weak root system, and the tree is more susceptible to cold injury.The Carrizo citrange does not impart enough coldhardiness to the scion and is not recommended.Flying Dragon is a dwarf selection of trifoliateorange that has been evaluated as a rootstock inCalifornia, Louisiana, and Florida since the late1970s. When sweet oranges or other types of citrusare budded onto this rootstock, the trees producedare about 1 5 to 1 3 normal size. Trees can be planted every 6 to 8 feet in rows, with rows 7 to 15 feet* Know the scion and rootstock to avoid combinationsthat are not cold hardy enough for Alabama.Citrus for Southern and Coastal Alabama 5
PollinationWith the exception of Clementine tangerine andcertain tangerine hybrids such as Orlando tangelo,citrus trees are self-fruitful and do not requirecross-pollination. Thus, self-fruitful types of citruscan be grown as single trees. Cross-pollination requires that two or more varieties bloom at the sametime. Some varieties will not cross-pollinate eachother. Satsuma and navel do not produce viablepollen and thus cannot be used for that purpose.CSite Selection and SpacingTree Selection and Planting ProcedureOne very valuable characteristic of most citrusis that plants will begin fruiting the year followingplanting, especially those purchased in containers.Plants will also fruit quite effectively when left incontainers and used as patio plants. Most citrustrees for home plantings are purchased in containers or as balled and burlapped plants. Healthy 1year-old budded trees should be 3 8 to 5 8 inch incaliper, and 2-year-old trees usually measure 5 8 to1 inch in caliper (caliper is trunk diameter measured 1 inch above bud union). These trees are theideal size for home planting. Plants of the smalleracid-type fruits are usually purchased in smallersizes. Plant citrus anytime during the year, althoughlate winter or early spring (past the danger of freezing temperatures) is the ideal time. A planting siteof 4 to 5 feet in diameter should be cleared of allweeds and grasses and the soil thoroughly spaded.Dig a hole large enough to accommodate theroot ball. Remove the plant from the container andplace it in the hole, keeping the top of the root balllevel with the soil surface. If the tree is pot-bound,make several vertical cuts around the ball to stimulate new root development. Fill the hole about onehalf full with soil, and then add water and trampfirmly to settle the soil and remove air pockets.Allow the water to settle, and finish filling the holewith soil; apply water again. Pack the soil firmlyaround the trunk, adding additional soil if needed.Do not apply any fertilizer in the planting hole asroot damage may result. Cons
Mandarins The mandarin class includes a large group of loose-skinned, deeply colored, highly flavored fruits. They are sometimes referred to as the kid-glove (easily peeled) fruits. Within this group are the mandarins, satsumas, tangerines, and tangerine hybrids. The terms mandarin and
REPEATABILITY OF ASPHALT STRAIN GAUGES By J. Richard Willis, Ph.D. Assistant Research Professor National Center for Asphalt Technology Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama David H. Timm, Ph.D., P.E. Gottlieb Associate Professor Department of Civil Engineering Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama NCAT Report 09-07 October 2009
Alabama Agricultural & Mechanical Universitya Alabama State Universityac Auburn Universityc Auburn University of Montgomery Jacksonville State University Samford Universitybc Troy University (Dothan and Phenix City campuses) 4 University of Alabamac University of Alabama at Birminghamc University of Montevallo University of North Alabama University of South Alabamac University of West Alabama .
AUBURN. LEARNING. Auburn University COMMUNITIES. FALL 2015 / SPRING 2016. auburn.edu/LC. Being in the Learning Community helped me learn about campus resources and how to be . successful at Auburn. I would recommend all incoming freshmen to join one. . Auburn University Career Center, this Learning Community offers students the opportunity to .
Diane Brooks CN Director dbrooks@auburn.k12.ca.us Scott Bentley CBO Sbentley@auburn.k12.ca.us Michelle Bundt Payroll and Benefits Tech mbundt@auburn.k12.ca.us Therese Stack PE/Health (EV) tstack@auburn.k12.ca.us Assists in the evaluation of the wellness policy implementation Viri Torres-Medina Community Liaison (RC) vtorres@auburn.k12.ca.us .
Auburn, AL (334) 821-7001 Auburn University Hotel & Dixon Conference Center 241 S College St Auburn, AL (334) 821-8200 Days Inn & Suites 333 S College St Auburn, AL (334) 887-3462 Holiday Inn Express Hotel & Suites Auburn Official Site. Lowest Internet Rates Guaranteed. 2013 South College Street Auburn, AL (877) 531-5084 Econo Lodge Owned .
David Rountree, Alabama Public Service Commission david.rountree@psc.alabama.gov (334) 242-5194 Mac Sadler, Alabama Department of Revenue mac.sadler@revenue.alabama.gov (334) 242-1498 DeLois Thigpen, Alabama Executive Budget Office delois.thigpen@budget.alabama.gov (334) 242-7245 Tammy Wallace, Alabama State Board
Alabama. 1003 Alabama Agricultural and Mechanical University 1644 Alabama Southern Community College Monroe 0184 Alabama Southern Community College Thomasville 1006 Alabama State University 3806 American Sentinel University 0706 Athens State College 1005 Auburn University 1036 Auburn University Montgomery 0720 Bevill State Community College 0213 Bevill State Community College 0723 Bevill State .
Alabama Board of Nursing Alabama State University (U) Auburn Global- Auburn University Auburn Montgomery International Direct - Auburn University at . Argosy University, San Francisco Azusa Pacific University Bastyr University, California Berkeley City College Beverly Hills Design Institute
