Site Surveys And Preplanning - ECG
7/27/2012Chapter 3Site Surveys and PreplanningCustomer Development Site Assessment Locating PV Arrays Shading Analysis ProjectPlanning and Preparation 2012 Jim Dunlop SolarOverview Objectives of a site survey. Identifying locations for installing PV arrays and other equipment. Assessing the type and condition of roofing systems or other structuralsupport. Using solar shading calculators to evaluate shading on potential PVarray locations. Evaluating electrical services and suitability for PV systeminterconnection. Documenting the site layout and conditions. Planning installation and project logistics. Conducting a hazard assessment and safety training. 2012 Jim Dunlop SolarSite Surveys and Preplanning: 3 - 2Preliminary Assessment An initial assessment for a PV installation involves gatheringinformation to determine the feasibility and project requirements. Customer development: Discuss needs and expectationsComplete sales, contracting and financing Site conditions: Solar resource and environmental factorsVerify electric energy consumption and costsUse satellite imagery and mapping tools Installation preplanning: Array location and structural supportHazard assessmentDesign and plan reviewElectrical, fire, safety and building codes Equipment and manpower needs 2012 Jim Dunlop SolarSite Surveys and Preplanning: 3 - 31
7/27/2012Site Surveys The objectives of a site survey include: Determine a suitable, unshaded area for installing the PV array.Assess the type and condition of roof or other mounting surface for thearray, and determine the appropriate structural attachments.Evaluate existing electrical services and identify utility interconnectionoptions.Determine appropriate locations for inverters, switchgear and otherequipment.Document layout and dimensions of site, and gather any other informationrequired for permitting and system installation planning.Identify safety hazards, logistical and materials handling issues associatedwith conducting the system installation. 2012 Jim Dunlop SolarSite Surveys and Preplanning: 3 - 4Site Survey Checklist A site survey checklist is used todocument site conditionsrelative to a PV installation,including: Locations for installing PV arraysand other equipmentCondition of roofing and structuralsupportShading issuesEnvironmental factorsSize of electrical servicesCodes and local requirements 2012 Jim Dunlop SolarSite Surveys and Preplanning: 3 - 5Site Survey Equipment Safety Equipment Appropriate PPE including hardhats, safety glasses, safety shoes, gloves and fallprotection systems. Tools Basic hand tools, ladders, flashlights, mirrors and magnifying glasses forinspections. Measuring Devices Tape measures, compasses, levels, protractors and solar shading calculators. Electrical Meters: Voltmeters, ammeters, watt and watt-hour meters, and power analyzers. Documentation and Record Keeping: Graph paper, calculator, audio recorders, cameras and electronic notebooks. System Documentation: System design information or project plans as available. 2012 Jim Dunlop SolarSite Surveys and Preplanning: 3 - 62
7/27/2012Site Survey Equipment 2012 Jim Dunlop SolarSite Surveys and Preplanning: 3 - 7System Documentation Organizing system documentation is a critical part of sitesurveys and preplanning, and is required for building permits,utility interconnection and some incentive programs. Key components of a system documentation package shouldinclude: System design and equipment specificationsSite layout drawings and equipment locationsOwner/operator manuals for the system and major componentsElectrical and mechanical drawingsInstallation, operating and maintenance proceduresSite survey and shading analysis (required by some rebate programs) 2012 Jim Dunlop SolarSite Surveys and Preplanning: 3 - 8Seaward SolarSolarCert Elements Software Compile and store complete PV systemdocumentation package per IEC 62446. Create test reports, import documentsand produce installation diagrams. Export test reports and inspectioncertificates in PDF format. See: www.seawardsolar.com 2012 Jim Dunlop SolarSite Surveys and Preplanning: 3 - 93
7/27/2012Hazard Assessment A hazard assessment isconducted during a site surveyto identify all safety hazardsemployees may be exposed toduring construction. Primary hazards during a PVinstallation are electrical and fallhazards. The employer shall eliminate thehazards where possible and trainemployees in the recognitionand avoidance of unsafeconditions, including the properuse of PPE. 2012 Jim Dunlop SolarSite Surveys and Preplanning: 3 - 10Safety Training Safety training is provided to workers prior to beginningconstruction, and should cover the following areas: Recognition and avoidance of job site hazardsControls and work practices used to reduce or eliminate the hazardsUse and care of personal protective equipmentProper use and storage of tools and equipmentLocations of medical and first-aid suppliesLocations and use of fire extinguishers and other safety equipmentEmergency proceduresDesignated safety monitors and their responsibilities 2012 Jim Dunlop SolarSite Surveys and Preplanning: 3 - 11Local Requirements PV system installations must comply with all applicable buildingcodes. Interactive PV systems require interconnection approval from thelocal utility company. Incentive programs may also place additional requirements oneligible PV systems. 2012 Jim Dunlop SolarSite Surveys and Preplanning: 3 - 124
7/27/2012Environmental Conditions The site environmental conditions have important consequenceson the design and installation of PV systems. Minimum and maximum site temperatures dictate operating limits forequipment, PV array voltage and string sizing. The solar radiation resource determines the system energy production. Maximum winds speeds affect the design of array mounting systems. Other local environmental conditions may also need to be considered,such as in seismic or heavy snowfall regions. 2012 Jim Dunlop SolarSite Surveys and Preplanning: 3 - 13Electrical Services The electrical service and distributionequipment in a facility dictate themethods used and the size of the PVsystem that can be interconnected tothe grid. Considerations for electrical servicesinclude: Size of distribution transformerLocation of service entranceService rating and maximum fault currents Size, ratings, location and condition ofdistribution panels Condition of grounding electrode andgrounding systems. 2012 Jim Dunlop SolarSite Surveys and Preplanning: 3 - 14Equipment Locations Establish appropriate locations for system equipment based ondesign and code requirements, including: Locations for installing PV arrays, inverters, batteries and other majorcomponents. Shortest routing for conduit and wiring systems. Consider accessibility for installation, maintenance and safety. The NEC requires sufficient access and working space aboutelectrical equipment (see Art. 110). 2012 Jim Dunlop SolarSite Surveys and Preplanning: 3 - 155
7/27/2012Locating PV Arrays A key objective of site surveys is to verify or determine a suitablelocation for installing PV arrays. Factors to consider include: Available surface area and orientationAccessibility and working spacesFire safety codes and wind loadsShading obstructionsStructural attachments and supportProximity to other equipmentAesthetics 2012 Jim Dunlop SolarSite Surveys and Preplanning: 3 - 16Array Surface Area PV module characteristics and array layout dictate the overallsurface area required for a given generation capacity. Fire safety codes, wind loads and accessibility must beconsidered when evaluating suitable array locations and layouts.National Park Service/Jim Dunlop 2012 Jim Dunlop SolarJim DunlopSite Surveys and Preplanning: 3 - 17Array Area Calculations Power densities for PV arrays can vary between 6 and 15 watts persquare foot (W/sf), depending on module efficiency and array layout. For a 175-watt PV module with an area of 14.4 sf, the module powerdensity is: 175 W / 14.4 sf 12.2 W/sf For a 4 kW PV array, the total module surface area is: 4000 W / 12.2 W/sf 328 sfApproximately the area of 10 sheets of 4x8 plywood Due to required space for access, additional area is usually required forthe overall PV array installation and other equipment. 2012 Jim Dunlop SolarSite Surveys and Preplanning: 3 - 186
7/27/2012Array Area RequirementsCommercial Rooftop: 500 kW PV ArrayElectrical Training Institute, Los Angeles, CA520 ftN250 ft60 kW x 570 kW x 3270 ftSpace between rows for roofequipment, access and toprevent row-row shading100 ftTotal Array Capacity: 500 kWTotal roof area approx. 100,000 sq. ft.Approx. 50,000 sq. ft (50%) for PV arrayPower density: 1 kW / 100 sq. ft.Google 2012 Jim Dunlop SolarSite Surveys and Preplanning: 3 - 19Ground-Mounted Arrays Site surveys for ground-mounted PV arrays should consider: Zoning and land use issues Terrain, elevations and grading requirements Soil type and array ground-cover Water table, flood zones and drainage Array foundation requirements Security requirements, fencing and service vehicle access 2012 Jim Dunlop SolarSite Surveys and Preplanning: 3 - 20Roofing Evaluation Roofing systems are a major consideration in the design andinstallation of roof-mounted PV arrays. Key items to evaluateduring a site survey include: Building type and roof design Roof dimensions and orientation Roof surface, condition and structural support Roof access and fall protection methods required 2012 Jim Dunlop SolarSite Surveys and Preplanning: 3 - 217
7/27/2012Roof Designs Roofing designs are classified by the shape of the roof surface and howthey transmit loads to structural support members. The type of roof design affects the usable area for installing PV arrays,due to fire safety codes, wind load distributions, and surface orientation.Flat RoofHip RoofCross Hip RoofGable RoofCross Gable RoofMonoslope Roof 2012 Jim Dunlop SolarSite Surveys and Preplanning: 3 - 22Roof Dimensions Roof dimensions that affect thedesign, installation andperformance of PV arraysinclude: Roof pitch (slope) Roof direction Roof length, width and areaRoof pitch and slope:2/12 9.5 6/12 26.6 3/12 14 8/12 33.6 4/12 18.4 12/12 45 2012 Jim Dunlop SolarSite Surveys and Preplanning: 3 - 23Roofing Material The type of roof surface affects the choice of PV mountingsystem attachments and weathersealing methods. Inspect roof condition during a site survey - older roofs may requirereplacement prior to PV installations.Roofing MaterialLife (yrs)FeaturesAsphalt Shingle15-20Low costConcrete Tile30-50Require additional structural support,not used in freeze/thaw climatesStanding Seam Metal50 Use zinc and aluminum coatings,require sealants on low slope roofsMembrane & Built-Up30 Common for commercial flat roofsWood Shakes 30Typically cedar, lightweight,combustibleSlates100 Very high cost 2012 Jim Dunlop SolarSite Surveys and Preplanning: 3 - 248
7/27/2012Roof Structure Most roof structures are capable of supporting rigidly attachedPV arrays. Roofing structure details to investigate during sitesurveys include: The type, materials and dimensions of structural members (beams,trusses or rafters) Location and spacing between structural members Thickness of roof surface and decking or membrane to structuralmembers Access to attic spaces to install blocking or additional structural support Signs of structural issues include: Broken trusses or dips in the roof surfaceDry rot due to water leakage Cracks in walls, columns or foundations 2012 Jim Dunlop SolarSite Surveys and Preplanning: 3 - 25Fire Safety Codes Fire safety codes impact the location of PV arrayson building rooftops, and address firefightersafety concerns. Minimum setbacks are required for roof-mountedPV arrays and equipment to permit firefighterssafe access, pathways and areas for smokeventilation. See: Solar Photovoltaic Installation Guideline, California Dept. of Forestry andFire Protection, Office of the State Fire hotovoltaicguideline.pdf Solar America Board for Codes and Standards: www.solarabcs.org 2012 Jim Dunlop SolarSite Surveys and Preplanning: 3 - 26Fire Safety Codes:Residential Buildings Access: Hip roofs shall have one (1), 3-foot wide clear access path from the eaveto the ridge on each roof slope where modules are located. Single ridge roofs shall have two (2), 3-foot wide access paths from theeave to the ridge on each roof slope where modules are located. Modules installed on both sides of hips or valleys shall be located nocloser than 1½ feet to the hip or valley. Modules can be directly adjacentto a hip or valley if modules are located on only one side. Ventilation: PV modules shall be located no higher than 3 feet below the ridge. 2012 Jim Dunlop SolarSite Surveys and Preplanning: 3 - 279
7/27/2012Fire Safety Codes:Residential Gable RoofResidential Gable Roof3’3’3’3’CAL FIRE-OSFM 2012 Jim Dunlop SolarSite Surveys and Preplanning: 3 - 28Fire Safety Codes:Residential Hip RoofResidential Hip Roof3’3’CAL FIRE-OSFM 2012 Jim Dunlop SolarSite Surveys and Preplanning: 3 - 29Fire Safety Codes:Residential Cross Gable w/ ValleyResidential Cross Gable with Valley3’3’3’3’3’CAL FIRE-OSFM 2012 Jim Dunlop SolarSite Surveys and Preplanning: 3 - 3010
7/27/2012Fire Safety Codes:Residential Cross Gable RoofResidential Cross Gable Roof3’3’CAL FIRE-OSFM 2012 Jim Dunlop SolarSite Surveys and Preplanning: 3 - 31Fire Safety Codes:Commercial Buildings Access A 6-foot wide clear perimeter shall be provided around the entire array, ora 4-foot clear perimeter is allowed where the shortest roof dimension is250 feet or less. Perimeter access is also usually provided for worker safety, shading andwind load concerns. 2012 Jim Dunlop SolarSite Surveys and Preplanning: 3 - 32Fire Safety Codes:Commercial Buildings Pathways Straight line clear pathways a minimum 4 feet wide and located overstructural members shall be provided along the center line of both roofaxes, and to skylights, ventilation hatches and standpipes. A minimum of 4 feet clear space is also required around roof accesshatches with at least one pathway not less than 4 feet clear pathway toparapet or roof edge. 2012 Jim Dunlop SolarSite Surveys and Preplanning: 3 - 3311
7/27/2012Fire Safety Codes:Commercial Buildings Ventilation Arrays shall be no greater than 150 by 150 feet along either axis. Ventilation options between array sections shall be either: A pathway eight feet or greater in width Four feet or greater in width pathway and bordering on existing roofskylights or ventilation hatches Four feet or greater in width pathway and bordering 4’ x 8’ “ventingcutouts” every 20 feet on alternating sides of the pathway 2012 Jim Dunlop SolarSite Surveys and Preplanning: 3 - 34Fire Safety Codes:Commercial Buildings Location of DC Conductors To reduce trip hazards and maximize ventilation opportunities: Raceways and wiring systems should be located as close as possibleto the ridge, hip or valley. Conduit runs between sub arrays and to DC combiner boxes shouldbe as short as possible and minimized in pathways between the array. DC wiring should be run in metallic conduit or raceways when locatedwithin a building to provide additional protection for venting operations. 2012 Jim Dunlop SolarSite Surveys and Preplanning: 3 - 35Fire Safety Codes:Large Commercial ExampleLarge Commercial (Axis 250’) 8’ WalkwaysCAL FIRE-OSFM 2012 Jim Dunlop SolarSite Surveys and Preplanning: 3 - 3612
7/27/2012Fire Safety Codes:Large Commercial ExampleLarge Commercial (Axis 250’) 4’ WalkwaysWith 8’ x 4’ Venting Opportunities Every 20’CAL FIRE-OSFM 2012 Jim Dunlop SolarSite Surveys and Preplanning: 3 - 37Fire Safety Codes:Small Commercial ExampleSmall Commercial (Axis 250’) 8’ WalkwaysCAL FIRE-OSFM 2012 Jim Dunlop SolarSite Surveys and Preplanning: 3 - 38Fire Safety Codes:Small Commercial ExampleSmall Commercial (Axis 250’) – 4’ WalkwaysVenting Opportunities Every 20’ Along WalkwayCAL FIRE-OSFM 2012 Jim Dunlop SolarSite Surveys and Preplanning: 3 - 3913
7/27/2012Array Orientation Maximum annual solar energy is received on a fixed surface thatfaces due south, and is tilted from the horizontal at an angleslightly less than the local latitude. Autumn and winter performance is enhanced by tilting arrays at 15 greater than latitude. Spring and summer performance is enhanced by tilting arrays 15 lowerthan latitude. Fixed surfaces with azimuth orientations of 45 degrees fromdue south and with tilt angles 15 of local latitude will generallyreceive 90 to 95% or more of the annual solar energy as foroptimally tilted south-facing surfaces. 2012 Jim Dunlop SolarSite Surveys and Preplanning: 3 - 40Array OrientationZenithSurfaceNormalSouth-facing arrayEastSouthwest-facing onWest 2012 Jim Dunlop SolarSite Surveys and Preplanning: 3 - 41Array Tilt AngleSummer SolsticeLatitude 15 tilt maximizes falland winter performanceClose to Latitude tilt maximizesannual performanceZenithEquinoxesWinter SolsticeEastLatitude-15 tilt maximizes springand summer performanceNorthSouthWest 2012 Jim Dunlop SolarSite Surveys and Preplanning: 3 - 4214
7/27/2012Array Tilt and Azimuth AnglesMiami, FLBoston, MAAvailable Irradiation (% of maximum)Available Irradiation (% of -8575-8070-750903015270Azimuth (deg)95-10090-9585-9080-8575-8070-7545Tilt (deg)30Tilt (deg)45240210180150120090Azimuth (deg) 2012 Jim Dunlop SolarSite Surveys and Preplanning: 3 - 43Magnetic Declination Magnetic declination is the angle between true geographic northand the magnetic north poles. Magnetic declination varies with location and over time: The western U.S. has positive, or easterly declination. The eastern U.S. has negative, or westerly declination. Magnetic declination is zero along a line running from Pensacola, FL toDuluth, MN, called an agonic line. 2012 Jim Dunlop SolarSite Surveys and Preplanning: 3 - 44U.S. Magnetic DeclinationEast DeclinationWest Declination(positive)(negative)USGS 2012 Jim Dunlop SolarSite Surveys and Preplanning: 3 - 4515
7/27/2012Magnetic Compass Magnetic compass readingsmust be corrected for localmagnetic declination. The western U.S. has positive(eastern) declination, and willcause a compass needle to pointeast of the geographic northWestpole.Magnetic Declination(Positive, Eastern)GeographicNorthMagneticNorth0 270 90 East180 South - 180 2012 Jim Dunlop SolarSite Surveys and Preplanning: 3 - 46Shading Obstructions Shading of PV arrays blocksusable solar energy and reducesarray output. Potential shading obstructionsinclude: Trees and vegetation Buildings and structures Power lines, poles and towers Roof-mounted obstructionsincluding chimneys, vents,antennas and dormers Sharp SolarOther parts of the array 2012 Jim Dunlop SolarSite Surveys and Preplanning: 3 - 47Shading Obstructions Obstructions to the north can shade PV arrays during summer monthsearly in the morning and late afternoon when the sun is in the northernpart of the sky.ShadowsFSEC 2012 Jim Dunlop SolarSite Surveys and Preplanning: 3 - 4816
7/27/2012Row Shading A minimum separation distance is required to prevent multiple rackmounted rows of PV arrays from shading one another. Greater separation distances are required for taller arrays, higherlatitudes, and to avoid shading for longer periods of the day.ShadowsFSEC/Jim Dunlop 2012 Jim Dunlop SolarSite Surveys and Preplanning: 3 - 49Row Shading Spacing between rows (D) mustbe wide enough to preventshading at low sun altitude frommid-morning until mid-afternoonaround winter solstice.North SunSouthPV ArrayH D 2012 Jim Dunlop SolarSite Surveys and Preplanning: 3 - 50Separation DistanceSeparation Facto
7/27/2012 2 2012 Jim Dunlop Solar Site Surveys and Preplanning: 3 - 4 Site Surveys The objectives of a site survey include: Determine a suitable, unshaded area for installing the PV array. Assess the type and condition of roof or other mounting surface for the array, and determine the appropriate structural attachments. Evaluate existing electrical services and identify utility interconnection
a 12-lead ECG Recording a high-quality ECG is essential to ensure that interpretation of the ECG is correct. Errors that can occur in ECG recording include poor electrode contact and incorrect electrode positioning, which can lead to misinterpretation of the ECG and misdiagnosis. This guide to performing a standard 12-lead ECG recording
Electrocardiography (ECG) Handout Thanks to everyone who has looked at the EmergencyPedia page since we started in April 2013. Since the start we've been keen to include a FOAM ECG page to share our ECG collection and ideas. We have started by presenting an ECG checklist, OSCE station and more than 20 original ECG cases on this page (see below).
the ECG wave simultaneously. Jyoti Gupta et al. (2015), proposed use of MATLAB to process the ECG signals acquired from an online ECG database. MATLAB was used for processing the ECG signals. Dijkstra's Algorithm was used to send the processed ECG data from a wireless node to a remote location using a shortest path.
Access Forms & Surveys The Forms & Surveys Workspace is where you create and manage forms and surveys. Each Site, Subsite, Channel and Section Workspace has a Forms & Surveys Workspace. You can access Forms & Surveys two different ways, through the Tools tab and by clicking Forms & Surveys in Common Tools. Access the Site Workspace Forms & Surveys
Diagnostic ECG Three steps to performing a basic ECG investigation - Get a good clean tracing - Make rapid reliable measurements - Interpretation based on the trace and clinical observation. Getting a good clean ECG Trace . Microsoft PowerPoint - PRACTICAL ECG.ppt Author:
Beginning 12 Lead ECG Workshop Virginia Hass, DNP, FNP-C, PA-C . 12-Lead ECG- Limb Lead Placement WHITE TO THE RIGHT, SMOKE OVER FIRE! GREEN IS GROUND. 12-Lead ECG: Chest Lead Placement. 12-Lead ECG: Chest Lead Placement The electrodes for the chest leads MUST go in the standard pos
227 492 04-D MAC 1200 9 1 Intended Use and Functional Description The MAC 1200 is an ECG acquisition and recording system designed and manufactured by GE Marquette Medical Systems. It is intended to be used for resting ECG recording and realtime ECG recording with or
Water Jet Machining & Abrasive Water Jet Machining Peiman Mosaddegh, Ph.D. Isfahan University of Technology Fall 2020. Peiman Mosaddegh –Non-traditional Machining Department of Mechanical Engineering راشفاب کیراب یارجم اب لزان زا یا هدش لرتنک هتسیپ ریسم زا شرب رازبا نانع هب بآ ،شر نیا رد دام هارمه هب بآ ای .
