European Attitudes Toward Jews: A Five Country Survey .
SwitzerlandSpainItalyEuropean Attitudes Toward Jews:A Five Country SurveyOctober 2002AustriaThe Netherlands823 United Nations Plaza, New York, NY 10017 www.adl.org
2Table of ContentsMethodology .3Anti-Semitism in Europe .4I. Anti-Semitism Index .4II. Attitudes toward Jews .11III. Age and Education . .15European Trends .17 2002 Anti-Defamation League
3Methodology First International Resources was commissioned by the AntiDefamation League to research attitudes and opinions in five Europeannations toward Jews. Our research focused on the prevalent attitudes of the general publicin the Netherlands, Austria, Italy, Spain, and Switzerland. In addition to the individual country results, we have compiled overallstatistics which take into account the findings from the five countriessurveyed as a whole. These five country figures are “combined’ results from our surveys,with each country’s findings being weighed equally as one-fifth of thewhole. Data results for each individual country were weighted based on ageand gender. The completed interview data underwent minor weightingto national population data using official government information onage and gender. Fieldwork was done by Taylor Nelson Sofres, which conducted a totalof 2,500 telephone interviews -- 500 in each of the five countries -among the general public between September 9-29, 2002. Interviews were conducted in the native language of each of thecountries and were completed by TNS’s Research Group at its facilitiesin the United Kingdom. The margin of error is /- 4.4 at 95% level of confidence. 2002 Anti-Defamation League
4Anti-Semitism in EuropeANTI-SEMITISM INDEXSince 1964, the Anti-Defamation League has conducted a series ofpublic opinion surveys in the United States to measure levels ofanti-Semitism in the country. An index of 11 questions wasdeveloped by researchers at the University of California to be usedin these public opinion surveys to provide an analytical tool foridentifying which respondents have a propensity to be moreprejudiced toward Jews.This index of 11 questions was employed for the first time inEurope in September 2002. As in the United States, thoserespondents who agreed with six or more of the statements listedbelow were considered “most anti-Semitic.”Before answering the index questions, respondents were read thefollowing statement: “I am now going to read out another series ofstatements, again some of them you will agree with and some ofthem you will not. Please say which ones you think are probablytrue and which ones you think are probably false.”The following are the eleven statements that constitute the antiSemitism index.1)2)3)4)5)6)7)8)9)Jews don’t care what happens to anyone but their ownkind.Jews are more willing than others to use shadypractices to get what they want.Jews are more loyal to Israel than to this country.Jews have too much power in the business world.Jews have lots of irritating faults.Jews stick together more than other Italians (Spanish,Dutch, Swiss, Austrians).Jews always like to be at the head of things.Jews have too much power in international financialmarkets.Jews have too much power in our country today. 2002 Anti-Defamation League
510)11)Jewish business people are so shrewd that others donot have a fair chance to compete.Jews are just as honest as other business people.(Considered prejudiced if answered “probably false” tothis statement.)The data indicates that one out of five respondents, 21 percent,are characterized as “most anti-Semitic.”Of the five countries surveyed, Spanish respondents harbor themost anti-Semitic views while Dutch respondents harbor thefewest anti-Semitic views.34 percent of those surveyed in Spain are considered “mostanti-Semitic, 23 percent of those polled in Italy are considered“most anti-Semitic,” 19 percent of Austrians are considered“most anti-Semitic,” 22 percent of Swiss respondents areconsidered “most anti-Semitic,” and 7 percent of Dutchrespondents are considered “most anti-Semitic.”A majority, 56 percent, responded that it is “probably true” tocharacterize Jews as being more loyal to Israel than to theirown country.Nearly three-quarters of Spanish respondents, 72 percent,believe that Jews are more loyal to Israel than to Spain.40 percent of the respondents believe that Jews have too muchpower in the international financial markets.Again, 71 percent, of those surveyed in Spain believe that Jewshave too much power in the international financial markets –almost twice the overall average.40 percent say that Jews have too much power in the businessworld, with 63 percent of Spanish respondents saying this is“probably true.”Nearly two-thirds, 63 percent, of respondents believe that Jewsstick together more than other people in the country.29 percent believe that Jews do not care what happens toanyone but their own kind. 2002 Anti-Defamation League
616 percent of respondents overall believe that Jews have lots ofirritating faults.However, despite the fact that only 7 percent of Spanishrespondents say that they come into contact with Jews, 32percent of them believe that Jews have lots of irritating faults.29 percent of respondents in all five countries believe that Jewsalways like to be at the head of things.9 percent of respondents believe that Jews have too muchpower within their particular country.18 percent of all respondents believe that Jewish businesspeople are so shrewd that others do not have a fair chance tocompete.11 percent believe that Jews are not as honest as otherbusiness people. 2002 Anti-Defamation League
7Attitudes of “Most Anti-Semitic”Those respondents considered “Most Anti-Semitic,” are most likelyto believe that Jews stick together more than others, have too muchpower in the business world and international financial markets, andthat they are not loyal to their country.Percent responding “probably true” to each 0%Je ws stick togetherm ore than other Jews have too muchpower in internationalfinancial marketsCom bined 2002 Anti-Defamation LeagueJews are more loyal toIsrael than to thiscountryJe ws have too muchpow er in the businessworld"Most Anti-Semitic"
8Percent responding “probably true” to each statement.29%16%Jews don't care whathappens to anyone buttheir own kind34%34%Combined15%30%29%USSwitzerland25%Jews are more willing touse shady practices toget what they 6%33%Jews are more loyal toIsrael than to thiscountry49%72%48%58%54%40%24%Jews have too muchpower in the businessworld0%37%63%20%42%40%10% 2002 Anti-Defamation League20%30%40%50%60%70%80%
9Percent responding “probably true” to each statement.16%Jews have lots ofirritating 2%7%12%11%ItalySpainUS63%50%70%Jews stick togethermore than other 64%35%77%67%29%35%Jews always like to beat the head of things31%38%12%38%27%40%20%Jews have too muchpower in internationalfinancial markets0%35%71%18%37%39%10% 2002 Anti-Defamation League20%30%40%50%60%70%80%
10Percent responding “probably true” to each statement.9%20%Jews have too muchpower in our countrytoday10%12%4%10%7%18%17%16%Jewish businesspeople are so shrewdthat others do not havea fair chance tocompete28%10%23%13%11%14%Jews are just as honestas other businesspeople (% saying"probably itzerlandUSCombined0%5% 2002 Anti-Defamation League10%15%20%25%30%35%40%
11Attitudes Toward JewsThe results of this survey reconfirm previous results whichpoint to a new form of anti-Semitism taking hold in Europe. Thisnew anti-Semitism is fueled by anti-Israel sentiment andquestions the loyalty of Jewish citizens.A majority, 56 percent, believe that Jewish citizens in theirrespective countries are more loyal to Israel than to the countrythey live in.53 percent of those surveyed believe that the recent outbreak ofviolence against Jews in Europe is a result of anti-Israelsentiment, while 17 percent believe it is a result of anti-Jewishfeelings. 9 percent feel that both are contributing factors.60%53%40%20%17 %17 %9%3%0%A nt i- J e wis hA nt i Is ra e lB o thN e it he rD o n’t k no wAlmost two-thirds, 64 percent, say they are either “very” or“fairly” concerned about the recent outbreak of violenceagainst oncerned 2002 Anti-Defamation LeagueFairlyunconcernedNot at allDon’t know
1221 percent of Italian respondents say they are “very concerned”about the recent outbreak of violence directed at Jews. 46percent say they are “fairly concerned,” while 30 percent are“fairly unconcerned” or “not concerned at all” about theviolence directed at Jews.Austria16%48%25%6%5%Very concernedFairly concernedFairly unconcernedVery unconcernedDon’t ain13%38%26%18%5%Switzerland17%47%25%9%2%A majority, 57 percent, think that their governments are doingenough to ensure the safety and security of Jewish citizens.Thirty percent of Spanish and Italian respondents do not thinkthat their government is doing enough to ensure the safety andsecurity of its Jewish citizens – the highest percentage amongthe countries surveyed.Do you think your government is doing enough to ensure thesafety and security of its Jewish s74%44%55%39%74%No15%30%19%30%9%Don’t know11%26%25%30%16%A plurality, 42 percent, believe that anti-Jewish feelings haveremained the same over the last five years, while 35 percentthink they have increased.60%42%40%35%14%20%8%0%More 2002 Anti-Defamation LeagueLessAbout the sameDon’t know
13However, by a margin of 35%-14%, respondents are more likelyto say that anti-Jewish feelings have increased as opposed todecreased.Overall, 44 percent of respondents believe there is a possibilityof an increase in anti-Jewish feelings within their respectivecountries over the next few years.Swiss and Dutch respondents (52 and 49 percent respectively)are most likely to believe that anti-Jewish feelings could risewithin their borders.Do you see any possibility of an increase in anti-Jewish feelingaround the country in the next few years? Percentage ombinedSwitzerlandTheNetherlandsItalyAustriaSpainA majority, 53 percent, believe that it is “very” or “fairly” likelythat there could be a serious increase in anti-Jewish feelingaround the world in the next few years.When asked the same question in the United States, 63 percentof respondents felt it was likely that there could be a seriousincrease in anti-Jewish feeling around the world in the next fewyears. 2002 Anti-Defamation League
14Nearly half of all respondents, 49 percent, say that Jews stilltalk too much about what happened to them in the Holocaust.Respondents in Spain, 57 percent, and Austria, 56 percent, aremost likely to feel that Jews still talk too much about theHolocaust.69 percent say that most people in their country are prejudicedagainst other ethnic groups, even if they don’t admit to it inpublic. 2002 Anti-Defamation League
15Age and EducationThe data indicates that in all five countries surveyed, age oreducation are key factors in determining the likelihood of arespondent believing in traditional anti-Semitic stereotypes.Those over the age of 65 and those who completed theireducation by age 17 or before, are more likely than the rest ofthe population to agree with the anti-Semitic characterizationspresented in the survey.29%Jew s don’t care w hat happens toanyone but their ow n kindJew s are m ore w illing to useshady practices to get w hat theyw ant25 %33 %36 %29%35%56%57%60 %Jew s are m ore loyal to Israelthan to this country40 %Jew s have too m uchpow er in thebusiness w orld48 %16%Jew s have lots of irritating faults52 %23%23%63 %Jew s stick together m ore thanother 29%Jew s alw ays like to be at thehead of things41%39 %40 %Jew s have too m uch pow er ininternational financial m arkets46 %9%9%Jew s have too m uch pow er inour country today13 %Jew s are just as honest as otherbusiness people (% saying"probably false")11%0%54 %Combined18%Jew ish business people are soshrew d.67%68%Age 65 30 %27 %Completed education by age17 or before15%15%10% 2002 Anti-Defamation League20%30%40%50%60%70%80%
16In addition, those over the age of 65 and those who completedtheir education by age 17 or before, are more likely than the restof the population to be considered “most anti-Semitic.”40%30%30%21%20%0%CombinedAge 65 Completededucation by age17The following table illustrates the same trend on a country-bycountry ll "Most AntiSemitic"19%23%7%34%22%"Most Anti-Semitic"among those Age 65 34%31%13%40%30%"Most Anti-Semitic"among those whocompleted theireducation by age 17or before31%28%12%45%26% 2002 Anti-Defamation League
17European TrendsIn June 2002, the Anti-Defamation League conducted a similar surveyof attitudes toward Jews in the United Kingdom, France, Germany,Denmark, and Belgium. Where applicable, the following sectioncompares results from the June 2002 survery with results from theOctober 2002 survey.1. Jews are more loyal to Israel than to this country.80%72%Percent responding “probably true”58%60%55%54%50%49%48%45%42%40%34%20%0%S pa inIt a lyG e rm a nyA us t ria 2002 Anti-Defamation LeagueB e lgiumS wit ze rla ndT heN e t he rla ndsD e nm a rkF ra nc eUK
182. Jews are more willing than other to use shady practices to getwhat they want.Percent responding “probably true”40%33%28%27%27%2 1%18 %20%16 %13 %11%9%0%S p ainA ust r i aI t al yS wi t z er l andG er manyB elg i umF r anceD enmar kUKT heN e t her land s3. Jews have too much power in the business world.80%Percent responding “probably true”63%60%44%42%42%40%40%37%32%2 1%20%20%13 %0%Sp ainB elg i umF r anceI t al y 2002 Anti-Defamation LeagueA ust r i aSwi t z er landG er manyUKT heN et her land sD enmar k
194. Jews don’t care what happens to anyone but their own kind.40%34%Percent responding “probably true”34%30%29%25%24%20%20%16 %15 %10 %0%S p ainS w it z er l andI t alyA ust r i aB el g iumG er manyF r anceD enmar kT heN e t her land sUK5. Jews still talk too much about what happened to them in 0%0%Ger manySp ai nA ust r i aSw it z er land 2002 Anti-Defamation LeagueF r anceI t alyB el g i umT heN et her l and sD enmar kUK
206. How likely do you think it is that there could be a serious increasein anti-Jewish feeling around the world in the next few years?63%The %Switzerland55%Germany52%UK52%France49%Sp ain47%Au stria40% 2002 Anti-Defamation League38%43%35%40%41%53%Very Fairly LikelyVery Fairly Unlikely
1) Jews don’t care what happens to anyone but their own kind. 2) Jews are more willing than others to use shady practices to get what they want. 3) Jews are more loyal to Israel than to this country. 4) Jews have too much power in th
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