Encyclopedia Of Pestilence,
Encyclopedia of Pestilence,Pandemics, and Plagues
ADVISORY BOARDAnn G. Carmichael, Co-Director of the Center for the Study of the History of Medicine, IndianaUniversityKatharine Donahue, Head of History and Special Collections, Louise M. Darling Biomedical Library,UCLAJohn Parascandola, President of the American Association for the History of Medicine (2006), formerChief of the History of Medicine Division (HMD) of the National Library of Medicine, and PublicHealth Services Historian in the U.S. Department of Health and Human ServicesChristopher Ryland, Assistant Director for Special Collections at Vanderbilt University’s Annette andIrwin Eskind Biomedical LibraryWilliam C. Summers, Professor of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry and Professor of History ofScience and Medicine at Yale University
Encyclopedia of Pestilence,Pandemics, and PlaguesVolume 1, A–MEdited byJOSEPH P. BYRNEForeword byAnthony S. Fauci, M.D.GREENWOOD PRESSWestport, Connecticut London
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication DataEncyclopedia of pestilence, pandemics, and plagues / edited by Joseph P. Byrne ; foreword byAnthony S. Fauci.p. cm.Includes bibliographical references and index.ISBN: 978-0-313-34101-4 (set : alk. paper)ISBN: 978-0-313-34102-1 (v. 1 : alk. paper)ISBN: 978-0-313-34103-8 (v. 2 : alk. paper)1. Epidemics—Encyclopedias. 2. Communicable diseases—Encyclopedias. I. Byrne, JosephPatrick.[DNLM: 1. Disease Outbreaks—Encyclopedias—English. 2. Communicable Diseases—Encyclopedias—English. WA 13 E564 2008]RA652.E5352008614.4003—dc22008019487British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data is available.Copyright 2008 by Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc.All rights reserved. No portion of this book may bereproduced, by any process or technique, without theexpress written consent of the publisher.Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 2008019487ISBN: 978–0–313–34101–4 (set)978–0–313–34102–1 (vol. 1)978–0–313–34103–8 (vol. 2)First published in 2008Greenwood Press, 88 Post Road West, Westport, CT 06881An imprint of Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc.www.greenwood.comPrinted in the United States of AmericaThe paper used in this book complies with thePermanent Paper Standard issued by the NationalInformation Standards Organization (Z39.48-1984).10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
ContentsList of EntriesviiGuide to Related TopicsxiiiForeword by Anthony S. Fauci, M.D.xixPrefacexxiIntroductionThe Encyclopediaxxiii1Glossary801Bibliography813About the Editor, Advisory Board Members, and Contributors827Index843
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List of EntriesAIDS in AfricaAIDS in the United StatesAIDS, Literature, and the Arts in theUnited StatesAir and Epidemic DiseasesAnimal Diseases (Zoonoses) andEpidemic DiseaseAnimal ResearchAntibioticsApothecary/PharmacistArmstrong, RichardAstrology and MedicineAvian Flu. See Influenza.Avicenna (Ibn Sina)Ayurvedic Disease Theory and MedicineBabesiosisBacterium/BacteriaBartonella DiseasesBehring, Emil vonBiblical PlaguesBimaristan/MaristanBiological WarfareBioterrorismBlack Death (1347–1352)Black Death and Late MedievalChristianityBlack Death, Economic andDemographic Effects ofBlack Death, Flagellants, and JewsBlack Death: Literature and ArtBlack Death: Modern Medical DebateBubonic PlagueBubonic Plague in the United StatesCapitalism and Epidemic DiseaseChadwick, EdwinChildren and Childhood EpidemicDiseasesChinese Disease Theory and MedicineCholeraCholera before the PandemicsCholera: First through Third Pandemics,1816–1861Cholera: Fourth through SixthPandemics, 1862–1947Cholera: Seventh Pandemic, 1961–PresentCinema and Epidemic DiseaseColonialism and Epidemic DiseaseConjunctivitis
viiiList of EntriesContagion and TransmissionContagion Theory of Disease,PremodernCordon SanitaireCorpses and Epidemic DiseaseDemographic Data Collection andAnalysis, History ofDiagnosis and Diagnostic ToolsDiagnosis of Historical DiseasesDiet, Nutrition, and Epidemic DiseaseDiphtheriaDisease in the Pre-ColumbianAmericasDisease, Social Construction ofDisinfection and FumigationDrug Resistance in MicroorganismsDysenteryEarly Humans, Infectious Diseases inEctoparasitesEhrlich, PaulEmpiricEncephalitisEncephalitis, Epidemic Outbreaksin the Twentieth CenturyEnders, John FranklinEnteric FeversEnvironment, Ecology, and EpidemicDiseaseEpidemic and PandemicEpidemiologyEpidemiology, History ofErgotismFarr, WilliamFernel, JeanFlightFolk MedicineFracastoro, GirolamoFrost, Wade HamptonGalenGeopolitics, International Relations,and Epidemic DiseaseGerm Theory of DiseaseGonorrhea and ChlamydiaGorgas, William CrawfordGreco-Roman Medical Theoryand PracticeHaffkine, Waldemar MordechaiHansen, Gerhard ArmauerHemorrhagic FeversHemorrhagic Fevers in Modern AfricaHenderson, Donald AinslieHepatitisHeredity and Epidemic DiseaseHippocrates and the Hippocratic CorpusHistorical EpidemiologyHospitals and Medical Education inBritain and the United StatesHospitals in the West to 1900Hospitals since 1900Human BodyHuman Immunity and Resistance toDiseaseHuman ImmunodeficiencyVirus/Acquired Immune DeficiencySyndrome (HIV/AIDS)Human Papilloma Virus and CervicalCancerHuman Subjects ResearchHumoral TheoryImmunologyIndustrialization and Epidemic DiseaseIndustrial RevolutionInfluenzaInfluenza Pandemic, 1889–1890Influenza Pandemic, 1918–1919Insect InfestationsInsects, Other Arthropods, and EpidemicDiseaseInternational Health Agencies andConventionsIrish Potato Famine and EpidemicDisease, 1845–1850Islamic Disease Theory and MedicineJenner, EdwardKitasato, ShibasaburoKoch, Robert
List of EntriesLatin America, Colonial: DemographicEffects of Imported DiseasesLaveran, Charles Louis AlphonseLeeuwenhoek, Antony vanLegionnaires’ DiseaseLeprosariumLeprosyLeprosy in the Premodern WorldLeprosy in the United StatesLeprosy, Societal Reactions toLiterature, Disease in ModernLondon, Great Plague of (1665–1666)Lyme DiseaseMagic and HealingMalariaMalaria and Modern Military HistoryMalaria in AfricaMalaria in Medieval and EarlyModern EuropeMalaria in the AmericasMalaria in the Ancient WorldMallon, MaryMalthusianismManson, PatrickMather, Increase and CottonMeaslesMeasles, Efforts to EradicateMeasles Epidemic in Fiji (1875)and EugenicsMeasles in the Colonial AmericasMedical Education in the West,1100–1500Medical Education in the West,1500–1900Medical Ethics and Epidemic DiseaseMeningitisMicroscopeNapoleonic WarsNeolithic Revolution and EpidemicDiseaseNews Media and Epidemic DiseaseNicolle, Charles Jules HenriNon-Governmental Organizations(NGOs) and Epidemic DiseaseNurses and NursingPaleopathologyPanspermia TheoryParacelsianismParacelsusPasteur, LouisPenicillinPersonal Hygiene and Epidemic DiseasePersonal Liberties and EpidemicDiseasePest Houses and LazarettosPesticidesPettenkofer, Max Josef vonPharmaceutical IndustryPhysicianPilgrimage and Epidemic DiseasePlague and Developments in PublicHealth, 1348–1600Plague: End of the Second PandemicPlague in Africa: Third PandemicPlague in Britain, 1500–1647Plague in ChinaPlague in East Asia: Third PandemicPlague in Europe, 1500–1770sPlague in India and Oceania:Third PandemicPlague in Medieval Europe,1360–1500Plague in San Francisco, 1900–1908Plague in the Contemporary WorldPlague in the Islamic World,1360–1500Plague in the Islamic World,1500–1850Plague Literature and Art, EarlyModern EuropeanPlague MemorialsPlague of AthensPlague of Justinian, First PandemicPlagues of the Roman EmpirePlagues of the Roman RepublicPneumonic and Septicemic PlaguePneumonic Plague in Surat, Gujarat,India, 1994Poison Libels and Epidemic DiseasePoliomyelitisPoliomyelitis and American PopularCultureix
xList of EntriesPoliomyelitis, Campaign AgainstPopular Media and Epidemic Disease:Recent TrendsPoverty, Wealth, and EpidemicDiseaseProtozoon, –zoaPublic Health Agencies in Britainsince 1800Public Health Agencies, U.S. FederalPublic Health Boards in the Westbefore 1900Public Health in the Islamic World,1000–1600Public Health PostersQuacks, Charlatans, and Their RemediesQuarantineRace, Ethnicity, and Epidemic DiseaseReed, WalterRelapsing FeverReligion and Epidemic DiseaseRhazesRoss, RonaldRush, BenjaminSabin, AlbertSt. Vitus’s DanceSalk, Jonas E.SanatoriumSanitation Movement of theNineteenth CenturyScapegoats and Epidemic DiseaseSchaudinn, Fritz RichardSchistosomiasisScientific Revolution and EpidemicDiseaseSemmelweis, IgnazSevere Acute Respiratory Syndrome(SARS)Sexuality, Gender, and EpidemicDiseaseSexual RevolutionSimond, Paul-LouisSimpson, William John RitchieSlavery and Epidemic DiseaseSleeping SicknessSmallpoxSmallpox and the American RevolutionSmallpox EradicationSmallpox in Canada and the UnitedStates since 1783Smallpox in Colonial Latin AmericaSmallpox in Colonial North AmericaSmallpox in European Non-AmericanColoniesSmallpox in Premodern EuropeSmallpox in the Ancient WorldSnow, JohnSocial Psychological EpidemicsSulfa DrugsSurgeonSweating SicknessSydenham, ThomasSyphilisSyphilis in Sixteenth-Century EuropeTheiler, MaxThirty Years’ WarTrade, Travel, and Epidemic DiseaseTuberculosisTuberculosis and RomanticismTuberculosis in England since 1500Tuberculosis in North Americasince 1800Tuberculosis in the ContemporaryWorldTyphoid Fever in the West since 1800TyphusTyphus and Poverty in the ModernWorldTyphus and WarUrbanization and Epidemic DiseaseVaccination and InoculationVenereal Disease and Social Reform inProgressive-Era AmericaVirchow, RudolfVirusWar, the Military, and Epidemic DiseaseWater and Epidemic DiseasesWest Nile Fever
List of EntriesWhooping CoughWu Lien TehYellow FeverYellow Fever Commission, U.S.Yellow Fever in Colonial Latin Americaand the CaribbeanYellow Fever in Latin America and theCaribbean, 1830–1940Yellow Fever in North America to1810Yellow Fever in the American South,1810–1905Yersin, Alexandrexi
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Guide to Related TopicsBiological, Physiological, andMedical TheoriesAir and Epidemic DiseasesAstrology and MedicineAyurvedic Disease Theory and MedicineChinese Disease Theory and MedicineContagion Theory of DiseaseDisease in the Pre-Columbian AmericasDisease, Social Construction ofFolk MedicineGerm Theory of DiseaseGreco-Roman Medical Theoriesand PracticesHumoral TheoryIslamic Disease Theory and MedicineMagic and HealingMalthusianismPanspermia TheoryParacelsianismBiomedical Research into DiseaseCauses, Prevention, and TreatmentAnimal ResearchAntibioticsAvicenna (Ibn Sina)Behring, Emil vonDrug Resistance in MicroorganismsEhrlich, PaulEnders, John FranklinFernel, JeanFracastoro, GirolamoGalenHaffkine, Waldemar MordechaiHansen, Gerhard ArmauerHenderson, Donald AinslieHippocrates and the Hippocratic CorpusHuman Subjects ResearchJenner, EdwardKitasato, ShibasaburoKoch, RobertLaveran, Charles Louis AlphonseLeeuwenhoek, Antony vanManson, PatrickMicroscopeNicolle, Charles Jules HenriParacelsusPasteur, LouisPettenkofer, Max Josef vonPoliomyelitis, Campaign AgainstReed, Walter
xivGuide to Related TopicsRhazesRush, BenjaminRoss, RonaldSabin, AlbertSalk, Jonas E.Schaudin, Fritz RichardScientific Revolution and EpidemicDiseaseSemmelweis, IgnazSimond, Paul-LouisSimpson, William John RitchieSydenham, ThomasTheiler, MaxWu Lien TehYellow Fever Commission, U.S.Yersin, AlexandreBiological Causes of DiseaseBacterium/BacteriaEctoparasitesInsects, Other Arthropods, andEpidemic DiseaseProtozoon, –zoaVirusColonial Experience and DiseaseColonialism and Epidemic DiseaseLatin America, Colonial: Effects ofImported DiseasesLeprosy, Societal Reactions toMeasles in the Colonial AmericasSlavery and DiseaseSmallpox in Colonial Latin AmericaSmallpox in Colonial North AmericaSmallpox in Europe’s Non-AmericanColoniesYellow Fever in Colonial Latin Americaand the CaribbeanCultural and Societal Effects ofEpidemic DiseaseAIDS, Literature, and the Arts in theUnited StatesBlack Death and Late MedievalChristianityBlack Death, Economic andDemographic Effects ofBlack Death, Flagellants, and JewsBlack Death: Literature and ArtCinema and Epidemic DiseaseCorpses and Epidemic DiseaseDisease, Social Construction ofFlightLatin America, Colonial: Effects ofImported DiseasesLeprosy, Societal Reactions toLiterature, Disease in ModernPersonal Liberty and Public HealthPlague Literature and Art, Early ModernPlague MemorialsPoison Libels and Epidemic DiseasePoliomyelitis and American PopularCulturePopular Media and Epidemic Disease:Recent TrendsScapegoats and Epidemic DiseaseTuberculosis and RomanticismVenereal Disease and Social Reform inProgressive-Era AmericaDiseasesAnimal Diseases and EpidemicsBabesiosisBartonella DiseasesBubonic PlagueCholeraConjunctivitisDiphtheriaDisease in the Pre-Columbian AmericasDysenteryEarly Humans, Infectious Diseases inEncephalitisEnteric FeversErgotismGonorrheaHemorrhagic FeversHepatitisHuman Immunodeficiency Virus(HIV)/AIDS
Guide to Related TopicsHuman Papilloma Virus andCervical CancerInfluenzaLegionnaires’ DiseaseLeprosyLyme DiseaseMalariaMeaslesMeningitisPneumonic and Septicemic PlaguePoliomyelitisRelapsing FeverSt. Vitus’s DanceSchistosomiasisSevere Acute Respiratory Syndrome(SARS)Sleeping SicknessSmallpoxSocial Psychological EpidemicsSweating SicknessSyphilisTuberculosisTyphusWest Nile FeverWhooping CoughYellow FeverDrugs and PharmaceuticalsAntibioticsPenicillinPharmaceutical IndustrySulfa DrugsVaccination and InoculationEpidemics and Other HistoricalDisease OutbreaksAIDS in AfricaAIDS in the United StatesArmstrong, RichardBiblical PlaguesBlack Death (1347–1352)Black Death: Modern Medical DebateBubonic Plague: Third Pandemic inEast AsiaBubonic Plague: Third Pandemic in Indiaand OceaniaBubonic Plague in the United Statesto 2000Cholera: First through Third Pandemics,1816–1861Cholera: Fourth through SixthPandemics, 1863–1947Cholera: Seventh Pandemic, 1961–PresentDiagnosis of Historical DiseasesEncephalitis, Epidemic Outbreaks in theTwentieth CenturyGorgas, William CrawfordHemorrhagic Fevers in Modern AfricaHistorical EpidemiologyInfluenza Pandemic, 1889–1890Influenza Pandemic, 1918–1919Insect InfestationsIrish Potato Famine and EpidemicDiseases, 1845–1850Leprosy in the Premodern WorldLeprosy in the United StatesLondon, Great Plague of (1665–1666)Malaria in AfricaMather, Increase and CottonMeasles Epidemic in Fiji (1875)and EugenicsMeasles in the Colonial AmericasPlague: End of the Second PandemicPlague in Africa: Third PandemicPlague in Britain (1500–1647)Plague in ChinaPlague in East Asia: Third PandemicPlague in Europe, 1500–1770sPlague in India and Oceania:Third PandemicPlague in Medieval Europe, 1360–1500Plague in San Francisco, 1900–1905Plague in the Contemporary WorldPlague in the Islamic World, 1360–1500Plague in the Islamic World, 1500–1850Plague of AthensPlague of Justinian, First PandemicPlagues of the Roman EmpirePlagues of the Roman RepublicPneumonic Plague in Surat, Gujarat,India, 1994xv
xviGuide to Related TopicsSmallpox in Canada and the UnitedStates since 1783Smallpox in Colonial Latin AmericaSmallpox in Colonial North AmericaSmallpox in Europe’s Non-AmericanColoniesSmallpox in Premodern EuropeSmallpox in the Ancient WorldSyphilis in Sixteenth-Century EuropeTuberculosis in England since 1500Tuberculosis in North Americasince 1800Tuberculosis in the Contemporary WorldTyphoid Fever in the West since 1800Yellow Fever in Colonial Latin Americaand the CaribbeanYellow Fever in Latin America and theCaribbean, 1830–PresentYellow Fever in North America to 1810Yellow Fever in the American South,1810–1905EpidemiologyChadwick, EdwinContagion and TransmissionContagion Theory of DiseaseDemographic Data Collection andAnalysis, History ofEpidemicEpidemiologyEpidemiology, History ofFarr, WilliamFrost, Wade HamptonHistorical EpidemiologyImmunologyMeasles, Global Effort to EradicatePaleopathologyPoliomyelitis, Campaign AgainstSnow, JohnVirchow, RudolfFactors in Disease OutbreaksAir and Epidemic DiseasesCapitalism and Epidemic DiseaseChildren and Childhood EpidemicDiseasesContagion and TransmissionCorpses and Epidemic DiseaseDiet, Nutrition, and Epidemic DiseaseDisease, Social Construction ofDrug Resistance in MicroorganismsEnvironment, Ecology, andEpidemic DiseasePersonal Hygiene and Epidemic DiseaseGeopolitics, International Relations, andEpidemic DiseaseHeredity and Epidemic DiseaseHuman Immunity and Resistance toDiseaseIndustrialization and Epidemic DiseaseIndustrial RevolutionMallon, MaryNeolithic RevolutionPersonal Hygiene and Epidemic DiseasePoverty, Wealth, and Epidemic DiseaseRace, Ethnicity, and Epidemic DiseaseSexual RevolutionSexuality, Gender, and Epidemic DiseaseSlavery and DiseaseTrade, Travel, and Epidemic DiseaseTyphus and Poverty in the ModernWorldUrbanization and Epidemic DiseaseWater and Epidemic DiseasesInstitutionsBimaristanHospitals and Medical Education inBritain and the United StatesHospitals since 1900Hospitals to 1900LeprosariumPest Houses and LazarettosSanatoriumMedical PersonnelApothecary/PharmacistDiagnosis and Diagnostic Tools
Guide to Related TopicsEmpiricMedical Education in the West,1100–1500Medical Education in the West,1500–1900Hospitals and Medical Education inBritain and the United StatesMedical Ethics and Epidemic DiseaseNurses and NursingPhysicianQuacks, Charlatans, and Their RemediesSurgeonReligionBiblical PlaguesBlack Death and Late MedievalChristianityBlack Death, Flagellants, and JewsIslamic Disease Theory and MedicineLeprosy, Societal Reactions toMagic and HealingPilgrimage and Epidemic DiseaseReligion and Epidemic DiseaseSlaveryPublic HealthCordon SanitaireDemographic Data Collection andAnalysis, History ofDisinfection and FumigationFarr, WilliamFrost, Wade HamptonGorgas, William CrawfordInternational Health Agencies andConventionsNon-Governmental Organizations(NGOs) and Epidemic DiseasePersonal Liberty and Public HealthPesticidesPlague and Developments in PublicHealth, 1348–1600Public Health Agencies in the Westbefore 1900Public Health Agencies in Britain since1800Public Health Agencies, U.S. FederalPublic Health in the Islamic World,1000–1600Public Health PostersQuarantineSanitation Movement of the NineteenthCenturySmallpox EradicationSnow, JohnVaccination and InoculationVirchow, RudolfColonialism and Epidemic DiseaseCivil War, AmericanLatin America, Colonial: Effects ofImported DiseasesMeasles in the Colonial AmericasRace, Ethnicity, and Epidemic DiseaseScapegoats and Epidemic DiseaseSlavery and DiseaseSmallpox in Colonial Latin AmericaSmallpox in Colonial North AmericaSmallpox in Europe’s Non-AmericanColoniesYellow Fever in Colonial Latin Americaand the CaribbeanYellow Fever in North America to 1810Yellow Fever in the American South,1810–1905WarBiological WarfareBioterrorismColonialism and Epidemic DiseaseMalaria and Modern Military HistoryNapoleonic WarsSmallpox and the AmericanRevolutionThirty Years’ WarTyphus and WarWar, the Military, and EpidemicDiseasexvii
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ForewordPandemics, epidemics, and infectious diseases have long been the deadliest challenges tohuman existence, greatly outstripping wars, accidents, and chronic diseases as a cause ofmortality. They have filled history books and have been woven into the fabric of popularand religious culture: examples include the Pharaonic “plagues” of the Old Testament andthe many later “plagues” of ancient Greece and Rome; the writings of Boccaccio,Machaut, and Petrarch about the Black Death; Daniel Defoe’s long-running 1722 bestseller memorializing London’s 1665 plague epidemic, A Journal of the Plague Year; and thedying consumptive heroines of Dumas and Murger, widely read and then reimaginedoperatically in La Traviata and La Bohème.Much about infectious diseases has changed in the modern era, with the availability ofvaccines, antimicrobial therapy and other interventions; however, much remains eerilyfamiliar. We still face the unpredictable appearance of new diseases such as SARS, H5N1avian influenza, and HIV/AIDS. We still read and see and listen to the plague artistry ofearlier times, with the same morbid fascination, but we also find and cherish co
Plague in Britain, 1500–1647 Plague in China Plague in East Asia: Third Pandemic Plague in Europe, 1500–1770s Plague in India and Oceania: Third Pandemic Plague in Medieval Europe, 1360–1500 Plague in San Francisco, 1900–1908 Plague in the Contemporary World Plague in the Islami
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