023 Chapter 23 Systematics And The Phylogenetic Revolution
Chapter 23 Systematics and the Phylogenetic RevolutionStudent:Fill in the Blank Questions1.The biological specialty that deals with the grouping and naming of organisms is called taxonomyor .2.The biological specialty that deals with the study of evolutionary relationships is called.3.The behavior of parental care exhibited by dinosaurs is thought to be to this behaviorin crocodiles and birds because phylogeny shows these three groups share a common ancestor.4.Saber teeth found in different groups of extinct carnivorous mammals are consideredstructures as the fossil record shows saber teeth evolved independently among the groups.5.Systematists often use molecular data in , the study of the order of evolutionaryevents within a group sharing derived characters.6.A group consists of the most recent common ancestor and all of its descendants.7.A group consists of the most recent common ancestor and some of itsdescendants.8.A group does not contain the most recent common ancestor.
9.The principle of favors the hypothesis that requires the fewest assumptions.10. A derived character that is shared by all members of a clade is called a of thatclade.Multiple Choice Questions11. Characteristics between the branch points of a cladogram that are shared by all organisms abovethe branch point and are not present in any below it are calledA.B.C.D.E.homologous characters.homoplastic characters.ancestral characters.derived characters.novel characters.12. Characteristics that have arisen in organisms as a result of common evolutionary descent are said tobe ptivederivedancestral13. One day after a biology class four of your friends argue about the difference between phylogenyand systematics. Which friend is right?A.B.C.D.Friend A states that systematics and phylogenies are really the same, one is more recent thanthe other, but basically they are the same.Friend B says that systematics is the same as cladistics and cladistics is reconstructing clades,which ultimately lead to the development of phylogenies.Friend C argues that systematics is the actual collecting and cataloguing of specimens intomuseums that can be used later by scientists to construct clades and phylogenies.Friend D says that the way she remembers is that systematics is the reconstruction and studyof phylogenies.
14. The evolutionary sequence in the development of a complex character can be best .taxonomy.classification.synapomorphies.15. A phylogenetically based taxonomy is important not only in creating a logical way to nameorganisms, but also in learning about of organisms using information in related ology, behavior, and development16. Which of the following statements is accurate about the chart of morphological data? The "1" inthe box means the trait is present and the "0" indicates that the trait is mnioticMembrane0001111HairNo tailBipedal000011100000110000001All organisms in this chart share all of the derived characteristics.Only the gorilla and humans share all of the derived characteristics.The lamprey is the only outgroup since it shares none of the derived characteristics.The salamander and the tiger are outgroups because they only share two of the derivedcharacteristics (jaws and lungs).The shark is an outgroup since it only has one of the derived characteristics (jaws).
17. The study and reconstruction of evolutionary relationships my.cladistics.18. Based on the phylogeny shown, we can conclude that species 2 is most closely related to speciesA.B.C.D.E.1.3.4.5.1 or 3 (can't tell).19. Based on the phylogeny shown, the outgroup would be speciesA.B.C.D.E.1.2.3.4.5.20. Based on the phylogeny shown, the group of species including (2-5) can best be described as a(n)A.B.C.D.E.clade.paraphyletic group.polyphyletic group.cladogram.evolutionary tree.
21. Derived character states shared by clade members are calledA.B.C.D.E.ancestral ymplesiomorphies.22. The following steps are used to construct a cladogram that best reflects the evolutionaryrelationships of a group of species. If you arranged these steps from first to last, which step wouldbe last?A.B.C.D.E.polarize the charactersestablish the character statesgather data on characters to be usedapply the principle of parsimonyselect an outgroup23. Character states shared by the ancestor or outgroup of a clade are calledA.B.C.D.E.derived ymplesiomorphies.24. Homoplasies can result fromA.B.C.D.E.convergent evolution.evolutionary reversals.both convergent evolution and evolutionary reversals.divergent evolution.adaptive radiations.25. Birds, snakes, lizards, turtles, and crocodiles are all thought to share a common ancestor andseveral homologous traits. Assuming that this is true, these groups of animals would best representA.B.C.D.E.a polyphyletic group.a monophyletic group.homoplastic convergence.several clades.a species cluster.
26. Select a false statement describing why cladistics may not always be the best method forreconstructing phylogenies based on data from the DNA genome.A.B.C.D.E.The rate of evolution of the DNA genome is rapid.The assumptions of the principle of parsimony are not always met.Homoplasy often dominates the data sets.The number of character states for DNA is large.Much of the DNA does not code for proteins.27. Assume that evidence suggests that the crocodiles are more closely related to the birds than theturtles and snakes. If so, then including the crocodiles but not the birds in the class reptilia, wouldmake the class reptiliaA.B.C.D.E.a monophyletic taxon.a paraphyletic taxon.a polyphyletic taxon.parsimonious.not homologous.28. The table shows the distribution of traits (A-E) in six extant species (1-6). A "0" indicates theancestral condition; a "1" is the derived condition. Construct a cladogram from these data. Basedon this cladogram, which trait is least informative of phylogenetic relationships within the group?A.B.C.D.E.ABCDE
29. The table shows the distribution of traits (A-E) in six extant species (1-6). A "0" indicates theancestral condition; a "1" is the derived condition. Construct a cladogram from these data. Basedon this cladogram, which species could be considered the outgroup?A.B.C.D.E.1234530. Consider the cladogram associated with the question. Which pair of species shares the greatestnumber of derived characters (synapomorphies)?A.B.C.D.E.4 and 25 and 36 and 16 and 25 and 231. Consider the cladogram associated with the question. Based on this cladogram, which species hasthe greatest number of ancestral character states?A.B.C.D.E.12345
32. The table shows the distribution of traits (A-E) in six extant species (1-6). A "0" indicates theancestral condition; a "1" is the derived condition. Construct a cladogram from these data. For thespecies shown, which trait is represented by the greatest number of plesiomorphies?A.B.C.D.E.ABCDE33. The table shows the distribution of traits (A-E) in six extant species (1-6). A "0" indicates theancestral condition; a "1" is the derived condition. Construct a cladogram from these data. Basedon this cladogram, which pair of species diverged most recently?A.B.C.D.E.1 and 42 and 32 and 46 and 46 and 5
34. Consider the cladogram associated with the question. Which pair of species shares the greatestnumber of derived characters (synapomorphies)?A.B.C.D.E.1 and 42 and 32 and 46 and 46 and 535. Consider the cladogram associated with the question. If we designate species 1 as the outgroup,which species has the greatest number of ancestral character states?A.B.C.D.E.2345636. The table shows the distribution of traits (A-E) in six extant species (1-6). A "0" indicates theancestral condition; a "1" is the derived condition. Construct a cladogram from these data. Whichtrait is least informative of phylogenetic relationships within the group?A.B.C.D.E.ABCDE
37. The table shows the distribution of traits (A-E) in six extant species (1-6). A "0" indicates theancestral condition; a "1" is the derived condition. Construct a cladogram from these data. If wedesignate species 5 as the outgroup, which species has the greatest number of ancestral characterstates?A.B.C.D.E.11 and 423638. Consider the cladogram associated with the question. Which pair of species shares the greatestnumber of derived characters (synapomorphies)?A.B.C.D.E.1 and 46 and 36 and 15 and 65 and 139. Consider the cladogram associated with the question. Based on this cladogram, which species hasthe greatest number of ancestral character states?A.B.C.D.E.12345
40. The table shows the distribution of traits (A-E) in six extant species (1-6). A "0" indicates theancestral condition; a "1" is the derived condition. Construct a cladogram from these data. Whichpair of species shares the greatest number of derived characters (synapomorphies)?A.B.C.D.E.1 and 43 and 44 and 52 and 42 and 541. The table shows the distribution of traits (A-E) in six extant species (1-6). A "0" indicates theancestral condition; a "1" is the derived condition. Construct a cladogram from these data. Basedon this cladogram, which species has the greatest number of ancestral character states?A.B.C.D.E.12346
42. Consider the cladogram associated with the question. Which pair of species shares the greatestnumber of derived characters (synapomorphies)?A.B.C.D.E.1 and 43 and 44 and 52 and 42 and 543. Consider the cladogram associated with the question. Based on this cladogram, which species hasthe greatest number of ancestral character states?A.B.C.D.E.1234644. The table shows the distribution of traits (A-E) in six extant species (1-6). A "0" indicates theancestral condition; a "1" is the derived condition. Construct a cladogram from these data. Whichpair of species shares the greatest number of derived characters (synapomorphies)?A.B.C.D.E.1 and 36 and 46 and 52 and 36 and 3
45. The table shows the distribution of traits (A-E) in six extant species (1-6). A "0" indicates theancestral condition; a "1" is the derived condition. Construct a cladogram from these data. Whichpair of species shares the fewest number of derived characters (synapomorphies)?A.B.C.D.E.1 and 61 and 44 and 62 and 36 and 346. Consider the cladogram associated with the question. Which pair of species shares the greatestnumber of derived characters (synapomorphies)?A.B.C.D.E.1 and 36 and 46 and 52 and 36 and 347. Consider the cladogram associated with the question. Based on this cladogram, which species hasthe greatest number of ancestral character states?A.B.C.D.E.1 and 61 and 44 and 62 and 36 and 3
48. A group is considered monophyletic ifA.B.C.D.E.all members of the group share a common ancestor that is included in the group.not all descendants of the common ancestor are included.all members share homoplastic traits.the group does not contain the most recent common ancestor.it is the most parsimonious grouping.49. A group is considered paraphyletic ifA.B.C.D.E.all members of the group share a common ancestor.not all descendants of the common ancestor are included.the common ancestor of the group is not included in the group.the group does not contain the most recent common ancestor.it is the most parsimonious grouping.50. A group is considered polyphyletic ifA.B.C.D.E.all members of the group share a common ancestor.not all descendants of the common ancestor are included.all members share homoplastic traits.the group does not contain the most recent common ancestor.it is the most parsimonious grouping.51. Which one of the following statements about molecular clocks is false?A.B.C.D.All molecular clocks tick at the same rate.Molecular clocks can be calibrated using fossil evidence.The rate of a molecular clock for a given DNA character might vary depending on howconstrained the character is by natural selection.Ultimately, all molecular clocks depend on the rate of DNA mutation and DNA repairmechanisms.52. The phylogenetic species concept (PSC) declares that a group is a species if itA.B.C.D.E.is reproductively isolated from other species.has evolved one or more of its own derived characters.looks different than other species.is allopatric.has no synapomorphies.
53. Parental care in dinosaurs, crocodiles, and birds is an example ofA.B.C.D.E.homoplasy caused by convergence.homoplasy caused by common descent.homoplasy caused by evolutionary reversal.homology caused by convergence.homology caused by common descent.54. The evolution of saber teeth in a number of groups of extinct carnivorous mammals is an exampleofA.B.C.D.E.homoplasy caused by convergence.homoplasy caused by common descent.homoplasy caused by evolutionary reversal.homology caused by convergence.homology caused by common descent.55. The evolution of plant-conducting tubes (sieve tubes) in land plants and brown algae is an exampleofA.B.C.D.E.homoplasy caused by convergence.homoplasy caused by common descent.homoplasy caused by evolutionary reversal.homology caused by convergence.homology caused by common descent.56. Which one of the following statements about the evolution of complex characters, such as poweredflight, is false?A.B.C.D.E.Phylogenetic analysis using cladistics can help reveal the sequence leading to the evolution ofa complex character.Usually a single mutation in a key gene controlling development leads to the simultaneousappearance of the complex character.Often the initial stage in the evolution of a complex character was an adaptation to someunrelated selection pressure.All of the intermediate stages in the evolution of a complex character contributed to thefitness of the species.Long periods of time are required for the evolution of complex characters.
57. Which one of the following statements about the evolution of larval dispersal in marine snails isfalse?A.B.C.D.E.The observation that non-dispersing snails are more sedentary may lead to greater instances ofallopatric speciation.Clades of non-dispersing snails are less species rich than dispersing snails.Loss of structures in the transition from dispersing to non-dispersing may inhibit evolutionaryreversal.Possession of dispersing larvae is the ancestral state in snails.Cladistics shows that there are more instances of the transition from dispersing to nondispersing larvae than the reverse.58. Which one of the following statements about the evolution of direct development in limpets isfalse?A.B.C.D.E.Loss of structures in the transition from presence of a larval stage to direct development mayinhibit evolutionary reversal.Cladistic analysis suggests that the independent evolution of direct development occurred sixtimes in limpets.Cladistic analysis suggests that re-evolution of the larval stage in limpets that have lost itwould be the most parsimonious conclusion.This study shows that evolution always proceeds parsimoniously.Possession of a larval stage is the ancestral state in limpets.59. Which one of the following statements about the evolution of species richness in herbivorousbeetles is false?A.B.C.D.E.The cladogram of the major group of herbivorous beetles, shows that clades specialized forfeeding on conifers are located deeper in the cladogram than those specialized for feeding onangiosperms.The cladogram of the major group of herbivorous beetles, shows that those clades specializedfor feeding on angiosperms are more recent than those specialized for feeding on conifers.Many beetle clades have been very conservative in what plants they will consume.The great species richness of the angiosperms may have caused the great species richness ofherbivorous beetles.The multiple, independent evolution of herbivory in beetles is closely linked to their greatspecies richness.60. Which one of the following statements about the evolution of HIV is false?A.B.C.D.E.All strains of HIV are included within clades of SIV strains.Each strain of HIV is more closely related to a strain of SIV than to other HIV strains.Humans acquired different subtypes of HIV from different primate hosts.AIDS appeared first in Africa, probably prior to 1940.Because of the low mutation rate of the HIV virus, it is possible to use phylogenetics todetermine the source of infection for specific individuals.
Chapter 23 Systematics and the Phylogenetic Revolution D
52.B53.E54.A55.A56.B57.B
58.D59.E60.E
B. Friend B says that systematics is the same as cladistics and cladistics is reconstructing clades, which ultimately lead to the development of phylogenies. C. Friend C argues that systematics is the actual collecting and cataloguing of specimens into museums that can be used
systematics. In fact, pre-Darwinian systematics as ahistorical science provides an invaluable resource for understanding what it means that systematics is essentially historical. Systematics is an ideal subject for understanding historical scientific methodology precisely because we
Part One: Heir of Ash Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4 Chapter 5 Chapter 6 Chapter 7 Chapter 8 Chapter 9 Chapter 10 Chapter 11 Chapter 12 Chapter 13 Chapter 14 Chapter 15 Chapter 16 Chapter 17 Chapter 18 Chapter 19 Chapter 20 Chapter 21 Chapter 22 Chapter 23 Chapter 24 Chapter 25 Chapter 26 Chapter 27 Chapter 28 Chapter 29 Chapter 30 .
systematics. The purpose of this chapter is to introduce the basics: what a plant is, what systematics is, and the reasons for studying plant systematics. PLANTS WHAT IS A PLANT? This question can be answered in either of two conceptual w
TO KILL A MOCKINGBIRD. Contents Dedication Epigraph Part One Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4 Chapter 5 Chapter 6 Chapter 7 Chapter 8 Chapter 9 Chapter 10 Chapter 11 Part Two Chapter 12 Chapter 13 Chapter 14 Chapter 15 Chapter 16 Chapter 17 Chapter 18. Chapter 19 Chapter 20 Chapter 21 Chapter 22 Chapter 23 Chapter 24 Chapter 25 Chapter 26
Apr 18, 2013 · systematics, integrating phylogenetic signal from the population up based on DNA and through time based on direct observation rather than inference. Molecular systematics in the 21st century For several years, molecular systematics has been the dominant phylogenetic paradigm [1]. By t
DEDICATION PART ONE Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4 Chapter 5 Chapter 6 Chapter 7 Chapter 8 Chapter 9 Chapter 10 Chapter 11 PART TWO Chapter 12 Chapter 13 Chapter 14 Chapter 15 Chapter 16 Chapter 17 Chapter 18 Chapter 19 Chapter 20 Chapter 21 Chapter 22 Chapter 23 .
Systematics and Taxonomy: Follow-up CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION BOX 1 Definitions Taxonomy is the scientific discipline of describing, delimiting and naming organisms, both living and fossil, and systematics is the process of organising taxonomic infor
Black Hat Python: Python Programming for Hackers and Pentesters Justin Seitz Published by No Starch Press. To Pat Although we never met, I am forever grateful for every member of your wonderful family you gave me. Canadian Cancer Society www.cancer.ca. About the Author Justin Seitz is a senior security researcher for Immunity, Inc., where he spends his time bug hunting, reverse engineering .
