BEST PRACTICES IN WORKPLACE THREAT ASSESSMENT

BEST PRACTICESINWORKPLACE THREAT ASSESSMENT:Training, Consultation, Evaluation, and Support1800 Diagonal Road, Suite 600 Alexandria, VA 22314 703-647-7419 www.SigmaTMA.com

Best Practices in Workplace Threat AssessmentOVERVIEWIn tough economic times, concerns about insider threats and workplace violence often increase.Recent workplace shootings have highlighted the risk that former employees can pose toworkplace safety even after they have left the company. And research has shown that financialstress is a common motivator among employees and former employees who sabotage theircompany or embezzle funds. But research has also shown that many of these acts of violenceand harm are preventable. Prior to these types of acts, various people surrounding theemployee or former employee often have significant concerns about the employee’s behavioror have learned about their plans for violence or sabotage. Yet they often do not know whereto report such concerns. Establishing a threat assessment team in the workplace gives people aplace to report these concerns. A threat assessment process can quickly sort outmisunderstandings from the true concerns. Most importantly, a threat assessment processmakes it possible to intervene with the person that has raised concerns, to prevent harm fromoccurring and get them to the help they may need.Threat assessment – also known as behavioral threat assessment or threat management – is aprocess designed to identify, investigate, evaluate, and manage threats, stalking, harassment,and other troubling behavior. The goal of threat assessment is to prevent harm and enhanceoverall safety. The threat assessment process was originally developed by the U.S. SecretService to protect the U.S. President and the electoral process. Many corporations andgovernment agencies have used threat assessment teams for several decades, since theprocess was adopted by the U.S. Postal Service or a workplace setting. More recently, in 2011the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) approved a new national standard forworkplace violence prevention and intervention that included recommendations thatworkplaces should develop and operate multi-disciplinary teams, such as a threat assessmentteam, to address behaviors and situations of concern and prevent workplace violence. Threatassessment is now used broadly to prevent violence and sabotage in the workplace, on campus,in school, and against public officials, public figures, and their families.We help businesses, government agencies, and organizations to develop and implement athreat assessment capacity that fits within their unique culture and that is effective in bothpreventing violence and harm, and helping persons in need. We train managers, humanresource professionals, corporate security professionals, and others on how to create and SIGMA Threat Management Associates, PA (2013)Page 2

Best Practices in Workplace Threat Assessmentimplement a threat assessment team (or add threat assessment capabilities to an existingteam) and how to identify, investigate, evaluate, and intervene with persons and situations thatraise concern in the workplace. We also consult on individual threat cases and provideguidance on crafting or revising organizational policies and procedures to facilitate effectivethreat assessment and collaborative case management. Our approach to training andconsultation has been cited as a model program for threat assessment and managementservices, and recommended as a critical resource in the new ANSI-approved risk analysisstandard. Most importantly, our approach is easy to understand and implement, and isdesigned to maximize existing capabilities.TRAININGOur threat assessment training is based on research and best practices in the area of threatassessment and threat management, including (a) the U.S. Secret Service model of threatassessment adapted for workplace settings, (b) The Handbook for Campus Threat Assessment& Management Teams (co-authored by SIGMA managing partners Dr. Randazzo and Dr.Deisinger), and (c) Implementing Behavioral Threat Assessment on Campus: A Virginia TechDemonstration Project (co-authored by Dr. Randazzo), which are now included in the ANSIapproved national standard for risk analysis for higher education institutions as resources fordeveloping and implementing threat assessment and management programs.Basic Threat Assessment TrainingBasic threat assessment training is available in half-day and full-day sessions. Both formatsinclude basic statistics on the prevalence of different types of violent crime and insider threatsin the workplace, case studies of rampage shootings, major facts about targeted attacks andinsider sabotage, implications for violence prevention and safety, basic principles of threatassessment and threat management, and strategies for enhancing information-sharing andreporting. For full-day sessions, the training also includes recommended team composition,decision-making, and activities; supporting policies and procedures; steps for investigating andevaluating threats and other concerning behavior; resources and strategies for managingindividuals that may pose a threat of harm; identifying and developing key communityresources; legal considerations for case documentation and accessing confidential/privilegedinformation; and case studies of prevented attacks. Basic threat assessment training isappropriate for managers or supervisors, human resource professionals, mental healthprofessionals, corporate security or law enforcement professionals, administrative staff, andany others who are interested in or responsible for violence prevention or safety. SIGMA Threat Management Associates, PA (2013)Page 3

Best Practices in Workplace Threat AssessmentAdvanced Threat Assessment TrainingAdvanced training is offered for established threat assessment teams. The training leads theteam through one (half-day) or multiple (full-day) table-top exercises on an array of simulatedthreats, allowing the team the opportunity to handle a threat case(s) from start to finish, honetheir roles and responsibilities, and evaluate their procedures and decision-making, all withtrainer feedback. In addition to more table-top exercises, full day advanced training alsoincludes discussion of advanced strategies for effective interviewing, red flags for deception ininterviewing, and common problems and solutions in implementing campus threat assessmentprograms.General Awareness TrainingGeneral awareness sessions are offered to help threat assessment teams alert those in theirworkplace, educational institution, or community about the existence of the team and the arrayof resources that can be accessed to prevent violence, enhance safety, and get help for personsthat may be troubled or in need of some assistance. The training, crafted in consultation withthe threat assessment team, can be used to inform personnel and community members thatviolent incidents can be prevented, reinforce the message that threat assessment is aboutprevention and support; and tell them how and where to relay any concerns they may have.This training can also be provided to a threat assessment team in a train-the-trainer format, toallow the team to provide this training directly within their workplace.CASE CONSULTATION SERVICESIndividual Case ConsultationWe help threat assessment teams and other professionals to investigate, evaluate, and manageindividual threat cases. Our case consultation services are tailored to the client’s particularneeds and can include identifying sources of information, interviewing persons of concern andothers, evaluating information gathered, developing and implementing case managementplans, addressing systemic problems, and identifying key resources necessary for casemanagement or intervention. SIGMA Threat Management Associates, PA (2013)Page 4

Best Practices in Workplace Threat AssessmentTeam Coaching / Subject Matter ExpertiseWe help some businesses and organizations by participating in certain team meetings as asubject matter expert or resource. Businesses and organizations have used this option to helpexisting teams with complex cases and help new teams increase confidence in their proceduresand decision making.Case OutsourcingWe provide businesses, organizations, and executive protection details with outsourcingoptions for some or all of their threat assessment case activities, including case investigation,evaluation, management, and documentation. Case outsourcing can be used for all or a portionof an organization’s caseload.After-Action ReviewWe review investigations already conducted by threat assessment teams or threat managers toidentify additional areas of investigation and/or suggest options for case management andintervention strategies.TEAM AUDIT & SUPPORT SERVICESExisting Team Audit & EvaluationWe evaluate the current functioning and case work of an existing threat assessment team. Inconducting the audit we interview threat assessment team members and key stakeholders,observe team meetings, review cases assessed and managed, and collect other relevantinformation. Our analysis includes an overview of current team functioning, comparisons withcurrent best practices, and recommendations for enhancing the organization’s and team’soverall threat assessment and management capacity and process.New Team Development & SupportWe help workplaces to create threat assessment teams, establish the authority and capacity toconduct threat assessment investigations, and develop key case management resources. Teamdevelopment services include a needs assessment of an institution’s existing assets andresources and recommendations on team membership, organizational placement, case SIGMA Threat Management Associates, PA (2013)Page 5

Best Practices in Workplace Threat Assessmentdocumentation options, information-sharing strategies, sample case procedures and protocols,and any necessary policy enhancements.Policy ReviewWe help businesses and organizations to enhance their ability to gather and share informationabout a person who has raised some concern, through reviews of existing policies andprocedures that govern the organization or institution’s ability to investigate threats andintervene to reduce risk.Climate SurveysStudies have shown the importance of perceived safety in reducing violence and sabotage inworkplace settings. In consultation with the client, we construct and implement anonymoussurveys of to identify areas or situations that feel less safe to employees, customers, and others(such as in certain areas or at certain times of day). Services include helping the client todevelop and implement plans to enhance perceived safety.ABOUT SIGMASIGMA Threat Management Associates, P.A. is a consortium of leading behavioral, legal, andlaw enforcement experts who help clients evaluate threats, manage problem behaviors, andprevent violence. A woman-owned small business, SIGMA provides threat assessment trainingand consulting services to clients worldwide. Our name - "Sigma" - refers to the Greek term for"sum" or "total." We chose this name because it represents our approach to handling troublingand potentially dangerous behavior. In investigating and evaluating threats and otherconcerning behavior, we believe that it is important to look at the entirety of the situation -- orthe "sum" of all available information. Moreover, in effectively managing situations of concern,we have found it critical to be able to implement a combination of available resources - ratherthan just one. Finally, in handling threats and disturbing situations, we recommend consultingwith colleagues, to capitalize on the sum of all available expertise and promote overall safety. SIGMA Threat Management Associates, PA (2013)Page 6