Chemical & Physical Properties Of Crude Oil
Chemical & Physical Propertiesof Crude OilMODULE NO. 4
Lesson Objectives Upon completion of this Module, Students will be able to: Identify the characteristics of crude oil Understand the difference between sweet and sour crude oil Identify the adverse health effects of crude oil
Characteristics of Crude Oil What is Crude Oil? “a complex combination of hydrocarbons consisting predominantly ofaliphatic, alicyclic and aromatic hydrocarbons. It may also containsmall amounts of nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur compounds.” Mixed crude oils have varying amounts of each type of hydrocarbon.
Characteristics of Crude Oil The hydrocarbons in crude oil can generally be divided into fourcategories: Paraffins: These can make up 15 to 60% of crude. Paraffins are the desired content in crude and what are used to make fuels. The shorter the paraffins are, the lighter the crude is. Napthenes: These can make up 30 to 60% of crude. They are higher in density than equivalent paraffins and are more viscous
Characteristics of Crude Oil The hydrocarbons in crude oil can generally be divided into fourcategories: Aromatics: These can constitute anywhere from 3 to 30% of crude. They are undesirable because burning results in soot. They are also more viscous. They are often solid or semi-solid. Asphaltics: These average about 6% in most crude. They are generally undesirable in crude, but their 'stickiness' makes themexcellent for use in road construction.
Characteristics of Crude Oil Based upon the many recent rail car incidents involving crude oil andBakken Crude oil specifically, two important characteristics havebecome evident Flammability Toxicity
Understanding the Flammability Issue In order to understand the Hazards of Flammability of Crude Oil,some basic concepts must be understood. These include the terms: Flashpoint Upper and Lower Explosive Limits Vapor Density Vapor Pressure Specific Gravity
Flashpoint Flashpoint is defined as: “the lowest temperature that a liquid emitsvapors that may be ignited”. The lower the flashpoint the more flammable the material. Bakken Crude Oil has a flashpoint of: -31 F
LEL, UEL and Flammable Range Lower Explosive Limit (LEL) The lowest concentration of vapors in the air capable of producing a flash fire in thepresence of an ignition source Upper Explosive Limit (UEL) The highest concentration of vapors in the air capable of producing a flash fire in thepresence of an ignition source
LEL, UEL and Flammable Range
LEL – UEL ComparisonsHAZARDOUS SUBSTANCEFLAMMABLE RANGEGasoline1.4% - 7.6%Methane5% - 14%Bakken Crude Oil0.8% - 8.0%
Vapor Density Weight of a unit volume of gas or vaporcompared to the weight of an equal volume ofair Bakken Crude Oil has a Vapor Density of: 2.5 – 5.0 As such vapors can accumulate in low ordepressed areas These vapors can be both flammable and toxic
Vapor Pressure Vapor Pressure is the pressure exerted by a vapor at a giventemperature in a closed system A liquid with a high vapor pressure is called a volatile liquid Vapor Pressure is directly related to temperature Increasing Temperature Increased Vapor Pressure Bakken Crude Oil has a Vapor Pressure of 280 – 360 at 68 F
Specific Gravity Specific Gravity is the weight of avolume of liquid compared to an equalvolume of water Bakken Crude Oil has a Specific Gravityof: 0.7 – 0.8
Toxicity of Bakken Crude Oil Toxicity is the degree to which a substance can damage an organism. Toxicity can refer to the effect on a whole organism, such as a human, It can also be the effect on a substructure of the organism, such as a cell(cytotoxicity) or an organ such as the liver (hepatotoxicity). The degree of toxicity is dependent upon the components of the crude oil
Components of Crude Oil The following products may be found in Bakken Crude Oil: Hydrogen Sulfide Benzene Ethyl Benzene Xylene Naphthalene Toluene
Hazards of Crude Oil Components All of these components are inhalation hazards Some also pose a dermal exposure hazard Exposures may result in either acute or chronic effects Remember the Routes of Entry Inhalation Absorption Ingestion Injection
Safety Data Sheet Review Using the Safety Data Sheet provided, complete the ExerciseWorksheet Work in Groups Let’s discuss your findings
Adverse Health effects of Crude Oil Effects of Inhalation Headache Dizziness Nausea Vomiting Confusion Victim may appear “intoxicated”
Adverse Health Effects of Crude Oil Effects of Skin Absorption Skin erythema (reddening) Edema (swelling) Burning Sensation Dermatitis Defatting of the skin
Adverse Health Effects of Crude Oil Effects of Ingestion Nausea Vomiting Gastrointestinal distress Diarrhea
Characteristics of Crude Oil The hydrocarbons in crude oil can generally be divided into four categories: Paraffins: These can make up 15 to 60% of crude. Paraffins are the desired content in crude and what are used to make fuels. The shorter the paraffins are, the lighter the crude is.File Size: 560KB
Crude oil demand is how much crude oil is received by the refinery. This crude oil is processed to refinery products like diesel, gasoline, etc. Processing crude oil determines emissions in the crude oil supply (crude oil production and crude oil transport), which then must be attributed (called: allocated) to each product of the refinery.
DESALTING, DESALTERS, AND SALT IN CRUDE MONITORING IN PROCESS: AN OVERVIEW Speaker: Dr. Maurizio Castellano B.A.G.G.I Srl . 04 07 2018 Crude Oil and Heavy Crude Oil Salt content in crude ranges: from 5,000 to 250,000 ppm of NaCl according to the water content one may find in Crude oil
8 Crude Oil Transportation: Nigerian Niger Delta Waxy Crude Elijah Taiwo 1, John Otolorin 1 and Tinuade Afolabi 2 1Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, De partment of Chemical Engineering, 2Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Department of Chemical Engineering, Nigeria 1. Introduction Crude oil is one actively traded commodity gl obally.
Mar 20, 2018 · Characterization Three indigenous crude oils were used in current investigation and coded as: 1. Light crude denoted as LC, Pariwali, oil field 2. Medium crude denoted as MC, Naspha oil field 3. Heavy crude denoted as HC, Turkawali oil field. The as received oils were characteri
Scheduling considerations prevalent with crude oil operations in a petroleum refinery have been addressed in this work. Scheduling of crude oil operations involves unloading crude oil from vessels to storage tanks and charging various mixes of crude oils from tanks to each distillation unit subject to capacity, flow, and composition limitations.
complex systems in recent years [2]. They can be applied in the design of crude oil distillation column based on the information obtained from a functioning crude oil distillation column of a refinery. Crude oil distillation is the separation of the hydrocarbons in crude oil into fractions based on their boiling points. It is converted to petrol,
prediction effectiveness of the proposed model [44]. Wu et al. added crude oil news as input data and used ANN to predict crude oil prices and made a good progress [41]. They applied the convolutional neural network to extract text features from online crude oil news to show the explanatory power of text features for crude oil price prediction .
Stage: Final Source of intervention: Domestic Type of measure: Secondary legislation Contact for enquiries: BEISContractsForDifference@beis.gov.uk Summary: Intervention and Options RPC Opinion: Not Applicable Cost of Preferred (or more likely) Option Total Net Present Social Value: 0-240m Business Net Present Value: N/A Net cost to business per year: N/A Business Impact Target Status Non .
