DESALTING, DESALTERS, AND SALT IN CRUDE MONITORING
DESALTING, DESALTERS, AND SALT IN CRUDEMONITORING IN PROCESS: AN OVERVIEWSpeaker: Dr. Maurizio CastellanoB.A.G.G.I Srl04 07 2018
Crude Oil and Heavy Crude OilSalt content in crude ranges:from 5,000 to 250,000 ppm of NaCl according to the water content one may find inCrude oil that contains only 1.0% water with a 15,000-ppm salt content has 55 lbmof salt per 1,000 bbl of water Free crude.The chemical composition of these salts varies, but nearly always is mostly NaCl,with lesser amounts of calcium and magnesium chloride (approx: 70 NaCl; 20MgCl2; 10 CaCl2 % Vol.)04 07 2018
Water Amount and Salt Amount EffectsCaCl2 2H2O Ca(OH)2 2HClMgCl2 2H2O Mg(OH)2 2HCl04 07 2018
Emulsion technology: Stability, Demulsifying and Breakage04 07 2018
Emulsions Stability - W/O-O/W interchanging phase04 07 2018
Transition Behaviour in Crude Oil Phase EmulsionsThe electrolytic conductivity changes drastically inside the three phase regionIndicating that the emulsion inversion takes place. The exact formulation whereinthe phase inversion is located depends mostly by the Water to Oil ratio.04 07 2018
Demulsifier Classes and Demulsifying ProcessLow Molecular weight demulsifiers/ Vs High molecular weight demulsifiers:Oil soluble blends of several polymer componentsPolyfunctional Demulsifying Agents:1) Flocculants2) Coalescers3) Wetting Agents4) CosolventsChemical CompositionCationic MoleculesPolyamines and their quaternary saltsAnionic MoleculesPoly alkyl benzen sulphonatesNon ionic MoleculesPolymerized alkoxilated poly glycols;Poly glycole estersAlkoxilated phenol-formaldehyde resinsThese compounds are adsorbed at the interface of droplets just onto the thick layer madefrom resinous products and asphaltenes. The demulsification process cannot be thoughtof as the reverse of emulsification. It involves settling, flocculation and disrupting of the stabilized layersbefore coalescence. The best demulsifier obtains the highest results with minimum water trapped inCrude oil (200- 500 ppm Water)04 07 2018
04 07 2018
04 07 2018
Desalting Plant Parameters1) A common W/Crude Oil emulsion may contain up to 25% water cut.2) Water can be reduced to 0,1% in weight and 5.0 P/TB of salt can be taken as a limit to remain in theoil at the end of treatment.3) The operation of a mixing valve is carried out by a simple globe valve where an operator would setthe differential pressure across the valve to be as high as possible ensuring better mixing of both fluids.4) The main aspect that needs to be considered is the pressure drop, whose value is about 10-50 psiand varies according to the flux through the valve (automatic differential pressure controllers could beused).5) In addition to the mixing valve, upstream premixing device could be used, such as spray nozzles at thepoint of water injection or static mixers, between the water injection point and the mixing valve.04 07 2018
6) High delta pressure in the mixing valve promotes smaller droplets, which is positive because it improvesthe contact among the phases; however, very small droplets could yield a more stable emulsion, whichcould cause problems in the separating vessel.7) A desalter feed temperature of 70 C should be allowed in the design of very voscous oils. According toseveral data.8) The required demulsifier concentration could reach 100 ppm.9) For refining purposes, a salt concentration of maximum 1, 5 PTB (pound of salt measured as NaCl perthousand barrels) is desired.10) The washing water as a volume percent of the crude oil processed couldoscillate between 3 and 10%, depending on the API gravity of the crude oil.the heavier the crude oil, the more the water required.04 07 2018
Either AC or DC fields may be used and potentials from 12, 000 to 35, 000volts. The attraction force (F) between the water droplets is given by:where ε is voltage gradient, d is droplet diameter, s is the distance betweendrops centers and Ks is a constant for the system.Finally, after coalescence, water droplets settle according to the wellknown Stock’s law:Settling Rate where k is a constant, d is the droplet diameter, ρ is density, and μ is viscosity.04 07 2018
Salt in Crude AnalysisASTM D 3230: 0-500 mg/Kg Crude or 0-150 lbs/ 1000 bbl as chloride concentrationin volume Conductivity methodASTM D 3264: 0-500 mg/Kg Crude or 0-150 lbs/ 1000 bbl as chloride concentrationSilver Electrode Titration MethodA) Determination in Xilene-Acohol solution by Standard Calibration in non aqueous systemB) Determination after extraction in boyling xilene and water mixture followed by titrationC) Possible no ASTM determination by IEC and AAD) Lab and Process Chance of measurement04 07 2018
Thank you very much for your attentionQuestions?04 07 2018
DESALTING, DESALTERS, AND SALT IN CRUDE MONITORING IN PROCESS: AN OVERVIEW Speaker: Dr. Maurizio Castellano B.A.G.G.I Srl . 04 07 2018 Crude Oil and Heavy Crude Oil Salt content in crude ranges: from 5,000 to 250,000 ppm of NaCl according to the water content one may find in Crude oil
Zeba Spin Desalting Columns 22 Zeba Spin Desalting Plates 23 Zeba Desalting Chromatography Cartridges 24 Detergent removal using chromatography resins Overview 25 Resin performance data 26 Selecting the right format for sample processing 28 Spin columns
Desalters are a process unit in an oil refinery that removes salt from the crude oil. The salt is dissolved in the water in the crude oil, not in the crude oil itself. The salt content after the desalters is usually measured in PTB
1. Which of the following are true statements regarding sea salt, kosher salt and table salt? A. Because of its fine grain, a single teaspoon of table salt contains more salt than a tablespoon of kosher or sea salt. B. Sea salt is harvested from evaporated seawater and receives little or
228-278 228 Riverdale Triamine Premium Granular Weed Killer 2,4-DP-p, DMA salt; 2,4-D, dimethylamine salt & MCPP-P, DMA salt 228-284 228 Tri-Power (R) Jet-Spray Spot Weed Killer Dicamba, dimethylamine salt; MCPA, dimethylamine salt & MCPP-P, DMA salt 228-286 228 Riverdale Tri-Power L.A. Weed and Feed Dicamba, dimethylamine salt;
(dd) "Desalter" and "Desalters" means the Chino I Desalter, Chino I Desalter Expansion, the Chino II Desalter, related facilities and Future Desalters, consisting of all the capital facilities and processes that remove salt from Basin Water, including extraction wells, transmission facilit
Mar 11, 2016 · o Two brackish desalters operating. o Program is presently able to produce 5,000-6,000 acre feet/year of potable water from otherwise unusable groundwater. Salinity Management o Current salt removal: 27,000 tons annually (3.3 MGD brine from desalters and indust
6 SALT LAKE CITY PLAN SALT LAKE 81 EVENTS 3,035 COMMENTS RECEIVED 43 LOCATIONS CITYWIDE During 2012 and 2013, the Plan Salt Lake team undertook an extensive public engagement eff ort to identify what Salt Lake City residents and visitors value, and gather input on what the future vision for Salt Lake City should be. The team attended 81 .
Sample Paper – Accountancy (2020-21) General Instructions: 1. This question paper comprises two Parts – A and B.There are 32 questions in the question paper. All questions are compulsory. 2. Part A is compulsory for all candidates. 3. Part B has two options i.e. (1) Analysis of Financial Statements and (2) Computerized Accounting. You have to attempt only one of the given options.
