MANGROVE PLANT DIVERSITY IN SOUTHEAST AND EAST
UNEP/GEF SCS PROJECT TRAINING COURSE ON SUSTAINABLE MANGROVE MANAGEMENT25 April – 8 May 2007, Penang, MalaysiaMANGROVE PLANT DIVERSITYIN SOUTHEAST AND EAST ASIAbyTAN KIM HOOIMaritime Institute of Malaysia
OUTLINE OF PRESENTATIONIntroduction - Mangrove PlantBiodiversitySource of InformationMangrove Plant Diversity in Southeastand East AsiaCharacteristics of Mangrove PlantDiversity in Southeast and East AsiaManaging Mangrove Plant Diversity Issues and Challenges
GLOBAL MANGROVE DISTRIBUTION
MANGROVE PLANT DIVERSITY IN THE INDO-WEST PACIFIC
MANGROVE PLANT DIVERSITY IN THE INDO-WEST PACIFIC
SOURCE OF INFORMATIONNation-wide field survey in MalaysiaField visits to Singapore, Brunei, Indonesia,Thailand, Philippines, Cambodia, Vietnam, China,Hong Kong, Australia, Bangladesh and IndiaMangrove guidebooksLiterature review on mangrove taxonomyConsultation with “Mangrove Friends”
MANGROVE GUIDEBOOKS
MANGROVE GUIDEBOOKS
MANGROVE GUIDEBOOKS
MANGROVE GUIDEBOOKS
MANGROVE GUIDEBOOKS
MANGROVE GUIDEBOOKS
MANGROVE GUIDEBOOKS
MANGROVE GUIDEBOOKS
MANGROVE SPECIES CARD (SINGAPORE)
MANGROVE SPECIES CARD (SINGAPORE)
KEY REFERENCES (Books)Foxworthy, F.W. and Matthews, D.M. 1916. Mangrove and NipahSwamps of British North Borneo. For. Bull. Br. North1:1-67.Watson, J.G. 1928. Mangrove Forests of the MalayMalaysian Forest Records No. 6. 275p.Chapman, V.J. 1976. Mangrove Vegetation. Valduz, Cramer.Tomlinson, P.B. (1986) The Botany of Mangroves. CambridgeUniversity Press. Cambridge.Tree Flora of Malaya (Volume 1 – 4)Tree Flora of Sabah and Sarawak (Volume 1 - 4)Tree Flora of ThailandTree Flora of Burma
KEY REFERENCES (Articles/Book Chapters)Backer, C.A. and van Steenis, C.G.G.J. 1951. Sonneratiaceae.Flora Malesiana I, 4:280-289. Addenda in Flora Malesiana I, 5(1958): 557 and Flora Malesiana I, 6 (1972):973.Ding Hou. 1958. Rhizophora. Flora Malesiana Series 1, 5(4):429-473.Chai, P.P.K. 1975. The mangrove trees and shrubs of Sarawak.Malayan Forester, 38:187-208.Tomlinson, P.B. 1978. Rhizophora in Australasia – someclarification of taxonomy and distribution. J. Arnold Arbor.Harv. Univ., 59: 156-169.Mabberley, D.J., Pannell, C.M. and Sing, A.M. 1995. Meliaceae.Flora Malesiana (Series I – Spermatophyta), 12 (part 1).
KEY REFERENCES (Norman Duke)Duke, N.C. 1992. Mangrove floristics and biogeography. Pp.100. In: A.I. Robertson and D.M. Alongi (eds.). TropicalMangrove Ecosystems. American geophysical Union, WashingtonD.C.Duke, N.C., and Jackes, B.R. 1987. A systematic revision ofthe mangrove genus Sonneratia (Sonneratiaceae) inBlumea 32: 277-302.Duke, N.C. 1991. A systematic revision of the mangrove genusAvicennia (Avicenniaceae) in Australasia. AustraliaBotany 4:299-324.Duke, N.C. 1995. Genetic diversity, distributional barriersand rafting continents – more thoughts on the evolution ofmangroves. Hydrobiologia 295: 167-181.Duke, N.C. et al. 1998. Genetic structure and evolution ofspecies in the mangrove genus Avicennia (Avicenniaceae) inIndo-west pacific. Evolution 52(6): 1612-1626.
KEY REFERENCES (General)Macnae, W., 1968. A general account offauna and flora of mangrove swamps andforests in the Indo-West-Pacific region.Advances in Marine Biology 6: 73-270.Saenger, P., Hegerl, E.J. and Davie,J.D.S. 1983. Global Status of MangroveEcosystems. IUCN Commission on EcologyPapers No.3. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland.Hamilton, L.S. and Snedaker, S.C. 1984.Handbook for Mangrove Area Management.East-West Center/IUCN/UNESCO/UNEP.Umali, R.M. et al. (eds.) 1987.Mangroves of Asia and the Pacific:Status and Management.UNESCO.Robertson A.I. and Alongi, D.M. (eds.),Tropical Mangrove Ecosystems, Coastaland Estuarine Studies Series, AmericanGeophysical Union, Washington, D.C.
KEY REFERENCES (General)Hong, P.N. (1992) Mangroves of Vietnam. IUCN, Bangkok,Thailand.Aksornkoae, S. 1993. Ecology and Management of Mangroves.IUCN, Bangkok, Thailand.Clough, B.F. (ed.). 1993. The Economic and EnvironmentalValues of Mangrove Forests and Their Present State ofConservation in the Southeast Asia/pacific Region.ITTO/ISME/JIAM Project PD71/89.FAO. 1994. Mangrove Management Guidelines. FAO ForestryPaper 117. U.N. Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome.Lin, P. 1999. Mangrove Ecosystem in China. Science Press.Siddiqi, N.A. 2001. Mangrove Forestry in Bangladesh.University of Chittagong, Chittagong.de Lacerda, L.D. (ed.). 2002. Mangrove Ecosystems: Functionand Management. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.Saenger, P. 2005. Mangrove Ecology. Silviculture andConservation. Springer, Berlin.
MANGROVE PLANT DIVERSITYDefinition – Duke (1992)“A mangrove tree is a tree, shrub, palm orground fern, generally exceeding one halfmetre.”“Commonly found in most of mangrove areas inthis region”Exclude: some species (controversial species) –Pemphis acidula, Dolichandrone spathacea,Xylocarpus rumphii, Cynometra spp., etc.“Not a complete list”Identification based on morphologicalcharacters; field work; guidebook
TRUE MANGROVE SPECIES50 true mangrove species from 14 familiesNot a complete list!More than 100 associate speciesIndo-West pacific region - rich inplant diversityRare and endemic species
Acanthus (3 thus volubilis
Acrostichum (2 species)Acrostichum aureumAcrostichum speciosum
Aegialitis (2 species)
Aegialitis (2 species)
Aegiceras (2 species)Aegiceras corniculatumAegiceras floridum
Aglaia cucullata
Avicennia (4 inalisAvicenniarumphiana
Avicennia rumphiana (A. lanata)
Avicennia rumphiana (A. lanata)?
Avicennia rumphiana (A. lanata)?
Avicennia marina (3 varieties)
Bruguiera (6 species)
Bruguiera hainesii
Bruguiera exaristata
Bruguiera (hybrid)?
Camptostemon (2 species)
Camptostemon (2 species)
Ceriops (4 species)Ceriops tagalCeriops zippelianaCeriops decandra
Ceriops (4 species)
Excoecaria (1 species)Excoecaria agallocha
Heritiera (3 species)Heritiera littoralisHeritiera globosaHeritiera fomes
Kandelia (2 species)Kandelia candelKandelia obovata
Lumnitzera (2 species)Lumnitzera racemosaLumnitzera littorea
Lumnitzera (hybrid)?
Nypa (1 species)Nypa fruticans
Osbornia (1 species)Osbornia octondota
Phoenix (1 species)Phoenix paludosa
Rhizophora (3 species 2 hybrids)
Rhizophora annamalayana (hybrid)
Rhizophora mangle in Singapore?
Scyphiphora (1 species)Scyphiphora hydrophyllacea
Sonneratia (5 species)Sonneratia albaSonneratia apetalaSonneratia ovataSonneratia griffithiiSonneratia caseolaris
Sonneratia (hybrid)* Sonneratia hainanensis in Hainan (China)– new species or hybrid?
Sonneratia (hybrid)?S. ovata X S. caseolaris?S. ovata X S. griffithii?S. ovata X S. alba?
Xylocarpus (2 species)Xylocarpus granatumXylocarpus moluccensis
Controversial speciesPemphis acidula, Dolichandrone spathacea,Xylocarpus rumphii, etc
Characteristics of Mangrove PlantDiversity in Southeast and East AsiaMangrove ion
MANGROVE HYBRIDRhizophora, Sonneratia & LumnitzeraIdentification – sharingmorphological characters of parentalspecies.Taller than parental trees andthicker leafSterile or capable to reproductive?
Managing Mangrove Plant DiversityReserve / protected area for hotspots– species richness, endemism, rare,discontinuityClassification of mangrove reservesIn situ and ex situ conservation
Managing Mangrove Plant DiversityKey Issues and Challenges: Rapid decline of mangrove resources Lack of mangrove reserves / protected areas withhigh species representation Rehabilitation / restoration of mangrove species –selecting the right species; introduction of species Interaction and connection with associatedecosystems – protection of marine bio-corridor Global climate change and rising of sea level –resilience of mangrove species and ecosystems
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSSpecial thanks to MANGROVE FRIENDS:- Dr. Ong Jin Eong (Malaysia)- Dr. Norman C. Duke, University of Queensland (Australia)- Dr. Jean Yong WH, Nanyang Technological University (Singapore)- Dr. Jurgenne H. Primavera, SEAFDEC (Philippines)- Prof. Lu ChangChang-Yi, Xiamen University (China)- Prof. Nora Tam FungFung-Yee, CITYU (Hong Kong, China)- Dr. Sheue ChiouChiou-Rong,Rong, National Sun YatYat-Sen University (Taiwan, China)- Dr. Sonjai Havanond,Havanond, Department of Marine and Coastal Resources (Thailand)- Prof. Sanit Aksornkoae,Aksornkoae, Thailand Environment Institute (Thailand)- Prof. Phan Nguyen Hong, Vietnam National University (Vietnam)- Dr. Le Duc Tuan, Can Gio Mangrove Biosphere Reserve (Vietnam)- Prof. Sukristijono Sukardjo,Sukardjo, Indonesian Institute of Sciences (Indonesia)- Prof. Shigeyuki Baba, University of the Ryukyus and ISME (Japan)- Prof. K. Kathiresan,Kathiresan, Annamalai University (India)- Dr. Neaz Ahmad Siddiqi,Siddiqi, Bangladesh Forest Research Institute (Bangladesh)Thanks to UNEP and GEF, and staff members of USAINS
Botany 4:299-324. Duke, N.C. 1995. Genetic diversity, distributional barriers and rafting continents –more thoughts on the evolution of mangroves. Hydrobiologia295: 167-181. Duke, N.C. et al. 1998. Genetic structure and evolution of species in the mangrove genus Avicennia(Avicenn
design and establishment of a marine plant (specifically mangrove) nursery; outline specific growth characteristics of selected mangrove species; provide details of the impacts of pruning trials on nursery stock; and describe trial restoration methods for tidal fish habitats by selective use of nursery-reared mangrove stock.
karya tulis dalam bentuk laporan apapun tanpa izin Unismuh Makassar. ABSTRAK . Tumbuhan mangrove merupakan ekosistem hutan tropis yang letaknya berbatasan antara darat dan laut (Zhou et.al, 2006). Mangrove merupakan . ekologi, maupun sumber daya ilmiah dan budaya. Tumbuhan mangrove
tion diversity. Alpha diversity Dα measures the average per-particle diversity in the population, beta diversity Dβ mea-sures the inter-particle diversity, and gamma diversity Dγ measures the bulk population diversity. The bulk population diversity (Dγ) is the product of diversity on the per-particle
Guyana Mangrove Nursery Manual 10 the seeds must be gently pushed 2cm inside the soft mud of the container. Plant one seed per container. The root part (swollen part) of the red mangrove propagule should be pushed to a depth of about 7 to 8 cm into the soil in the containers. Small sticks are to be tied to the exposed part of the
perikanan payau dengan kolam jebak ataupun keramba jaring apung. Saat ini pemanfaatan tumbuh-tumbuhan di ekosistem mangrove sebagai bahan pangan dan untuk pengobatan semakin meningkat. Buah dari tumbuhan mangrove dapat diolah menjadi bahan pangan pengganti makanan pokok yang mengandung karbohidrat. Dengan demikian, selain beras,
Penelitian Struktur Komunitas Mangrove di Pulau Keter Tengah Kabupaten Bintan Provinsi Kepulauan Riau bertujuan untuk mengetahui struktur komunitas mangrove dan kondisi lingkungannya saat ini (eksisting). Penelitian ini telah dilakukan pada bulan Februari sampai Mei 2013 dengan metode transek kuadran. Jalur transek terpanjang
pada 6 plot. Struktur Komunitas Analisis struktur komunitas pada area Gisik Pantai Pasirmendit, yang kami amati adalah mangrove sejati. Berdasarkan pengamatan, terdapat empat jenis mangrove sejati yang tumbuh di area Gisik Pantai Pasirmendit yaitu,Avicennia marina, Avecennia ovisinalis, Rhizophora appiculata, dan Sonneratia caseolaris.
Korean as a second language (L2). This study quantifies such correspondence at the syllable level by calculating the degree of correspondence in Korean-Chinese syllables. The degree of correspondence between Korean and Chinese syllables was examined. Results show that among the 406 Chinese character families in Sino-Korean words, 22.7% have an average correspondent consistency lower than 0.5 .
