Int. J. LifeSc. Bt & Pharm. Res. 2012 Devendra Pandey, 2012

Int. J. LifeSc. Bt & Pharm. Res. 2012Devendra Pandey, 2012DESIGNING A CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM FOR USE WITHREMOTE SENSING TECHNIQUESproblems are present in the application andinterpretation of the obtainable data. Theseinclude changes in definitions of categories anddata gathering methods by source agencies,incomplete data coverage, changeable data age,and employment of mismatched classificationsystems. Current developments in dataprocessing and remote sensing technology makethe need for similar cooperation in land useinventories even more evident and more pressing.Development and approval of a system forclassifying land use data obtained mostly by useof remote sensing techniques, but realisticallycompatible with existing classification systems,are the straight away needed first steps. In themid-1940’s, Francis J. Marschner began mappingmajor land use associations for the entire UnitedStates, using aerial photographs taken during thelate 1930’s and the early 1940’s. Marschnerproduced a set of State land use maps at thescale of 1:1,000,000 from mosaics of the aerialphotographs and then compiled a map of majorland uses at 1: 5,000,000 (Marschner, 1950).There is no single ideal classification of land useand land cover, and it is unlikely that one couldever develop. There are different perspectives inthe classification process, and the process itselftends to be subjective, even when an objectivenumerical approach is used. There is, in fact, nological reason to expect that one detailedinventory should be adequate for more than ashort time, since land use and land cover patternschange in keeping with demands for naturalresources. Each classification is made to suit theneeds of the user, and few users will be satisfiedwith an inventory that does not meet most of theirneeds. In attempting to develop a classificationsystem for use with remote sensing techniquesthat will provide a framework to satisfy the needsof the majority of users, certain guidelines ofcriteria for evaluation must first be established.To begin with, there is considerable diversity ofopinion about what constitutes land use, althoughpresent use of land is one of the characteristicsthat are widely recognized as significant forplanning and management purposes. Oneconcept that has much merit is that land userefers to, “man’s activities on land which aredirectly related to the land” (Clawson and Stewart,1965). Land cover, on the other hand, describes,“The vegetation and artificial constructionscovering the land surface” (Burley, 1961). Thetypes of land use and land cover categorizationdeveloped in the classification system presentedin this report can be related to systems forclassifying land capability, vulnerability to certainmanagement practices, and potential for anyparticular activity or land value, either intrinsic orspeculative.Remote sensing techniques, including the useof conventional aerial photography, can be usedefficiently to harmonize surveys based on groundobservation and inventory, so the potential of atimely and accurate inventory of the current useof the Nation’s land resources now exists. At thesame time, data processing techniques allow thestorage of huge quantities of detailed data thatcan be organized in a diversity of ways to meetspecific needs. The patterns of resource use andresource demand are constantly altering.Fortunately, the potential to obtain data about landuses related to resource development isimproving because of modern technologicalimprovements in remote sensing equipment,interpretation techniques, and data processing(National Academy of Sciences, 1970).This article can be downloaded from http://www.ijlbpr.com/currentissue.php49

Int. J. LifeSc. Bt & Pharm. Res. 2012Devendra Pandey, 2012prepare a sustainable urban development planfor the Gondia Municipal Council and its environsby using GIS Technique. The preparation of ascientific and environmentally compatibledevelopment plan requires consideration of allcomponents of the environment that exist todayand the environment to be created tomorrow.Thus a comprehensive land use plan should interrelate all elements that form a community. Goalsto formulate a sustainable urban land use plan isto focus on all physical, geographic, historic,socio-economic and cultural characteristics of thecity and environ, harmonization of sector wisedevelopment portfolio on the basis of carryingcapacity of the region. To carry out demographicanalysis for identifying areas required for futureurban development, the areas from the classifieddata were studied.Concepts concerning land cover and land useactivity are closely related and in many caseshave been used interchangeably (Anderson,1976). The purposes for which lands are beingused commonly have associated types of cover,whether they are forest, agricultural, residential,or industrial. Remote sensing image-formingdevices do not record activity directly. The remotesensor acquires a response which is based onmany characteristics of the land surface,including natural or artificial cover. The interpreteruses patterns, tones, textures, shapes, and siteassociations to derive information about land useactivities from what is basically information aboutland cover.Some activities of man, however, cannot bedirectly related to the type of land cover. Extensiverecreational activities covering large tracts of landare not particularly amenable to interpretationfrom remote sensor data. The size of theminimum area which can be depicted as beingin any particular land use category dependspartially on the scale and resolution of the originalremote sensor data or other data source fromwhich the land use is identified and interpreted. Italso depends on the scale of data compilation aswell as the final scale of the presentation of theland use information (Sreenivasulu and Bhaskar,2010). When maps are intended as the formatfor presenting land use data, it is difficult torepresent any unit area smaller than 0.10 inch(2.54mm) on a side. In addition, smaller areascause legibility problems for the map reader.Users of computer-generated graphics aresimilarly constrained by the minimum size of thecomputer printout.METHODOLOGYThe overall methodology adopted for this studyis presented in Figures 1, 3 and 4. Populationdata pertaining to 1981, 1991 and 2001 censushave been collected and population projectionsfor the year 2025 have been made by adoptingstandard statistical techniques such as ratiomethod, exponential and conversion methods.Population projections under each scenario aremade by analyzing the observed trends from year2001. The projections obtained by geometricalmethod have been adopted for the study.The total study area is covered in 64 C/3 Surveyof India topographic maps at 1:50,000 scale. Astandard registration procedure has beenadopted. This is done by dividing the entire areainto 5’ x 5’ cardinal (network of latitude andlongitudes) grids. On the basis of this spatialframework, a tile structure has been followed tocapture the data with respect to different themes.OBJECTIVESThe prime objective of the present work is toThis article can be downloaded from http://www.ijlbpr.com/currentissue.php50

Int. J. LifeSc. Bt & Pharm. Res. 2012Devendra Pandey, 2012Finally a composite map has been preparedshowing the Composite Urban LandDevelopment Units.the area. Quite a large numbers of refugeepopulations came to India after independence andsettled at Birsi near Gondi at rehabilitation camp.During 1950-60 Gondia also gained muchIRC-1C LISS-III dated 11 march 2000 P100/R057 image registration has been done byidentifying common ground control points (GCP’s)from the image. Visual interpretation techniqueswere used to study digitally enhanced productson the basis of the image characteristics suchas tone, texture, shape, size, shadow, pattern aswell as the associated elements viz. location andassociation. These elements of interpretationhelped in identifying and delineating various typesof features present in the urban environment andjudge their significance in delineating thematicinformation related to urban land use/cover, hydrogeomorphology, surface water bodies.infrastructure wise, NMD degree level Collegewas established in 1958-59, TB-Hospital startedfunctioning in 1960; Over Bridge was constructedin 1954. After 1st revision of infrastructuredevelopment was not satisfactory. ManoharbhaiPatel college of Engineering was started in theyear 1983. Indira Gandhi stadium wasconstructed by GMC in 1992, apart from aboveKudwa ring road was developed in 1991. Ondated 1 May 1999 Government of Maharashtrahas formed the Gondia as a new district. Gondiadistrict is situated on North-Eastern side ofMaharashtra State having state borders of MadhyaPradesh & Chhattisgarh. The total population ofCASE STUDYDistrict is 1610511. This is underdeveloped districtand most of land is covered with Forest.Gondia urban complex has been chosen for thepresent study. Till the end of 19th century, GondiaWainganga River is the largest and mostimportant river of flowing through the District.was a small hamlet & Fulchur village was themain settlement. The Nagpur-Bengal broadThere are many rice mills in the district, as paddyis the main agriculture crop. Gondia city isgauge railway line was laid in 1905 & Jabalpurnarrow gauge line in 1906, which was the 1stpopularly known as RICE CITY due large numberof rice mills. Gondia district lies at Latitudes 20039’development of Gondia town. In 1911 GondiaChandrapur narrow gauge railway line was laid.to 21038’ North and Longitudes 790 45’ to 800 42’east. Gondia urban complex is urban agglomera-By this time mainly due to improved communicationtion of Tirora, Amgaon, Goregaon, Deori, Salekasaand some other small towns. It is situated on thefacilities provided by Railways, the trade andcommerce of Gondia town has been picked up.central plateau of Sakoli formation with its cardinalpoints 21º 27’ 26" N latitude and 80º 12’ 53" EThe hinter land of Gondia comprises of denseforest which are rich in Tendu, Palas, Teak,longitude an altitude of 318.82 Mts. above MSL.GMC covers an area of 18.60 Sq Km. as shownbamboo, yen etc. These sources also came tobe trapped around 1910-20. As a result of thisin Figure 1. According to census data of 2001the population was 120902 but as on 2011 thesome Bidi industries were started in the town.Few Shellac industries and number of rice millspopulation of GMC is approximately aroundwere also started in the town. By 1930 Gondia132888. In 2001 the number of household washad become a full-fledged commercial center ofThis article can be downloaded from http://www.ijlbpr.com/currentissue.php51

Int. J. LifeSc. Bt & Pharm. Res. 2012Devendra Pandey, 2012Figure 1: Showing the Land Cover/Use of GMC CourtesySource: www.GoogleEarth.Com27702 and as on 2009 the number of householdREGIONAL SETTINGis 30472, (Pandey and Jain, 2010). It is theThe adjoining districts to Gondia are on northernside Blight district of Madhya Pradesh and oneastern side Rajnandgaon district of Chattisgarhstate. To the south and west are Chandrapurdistrict and Bhandara district of Maharashtra asshown in the Figure 2.Railway junction on Nagpur-Kolkata broad gaugerailway line of South-East Central Railway GondiaMunicipal Council is ‘A’ Class Municipal Council.It was established in the year 1919.Figure 2: Showing Location Map of GMCSource: gondia.nic.in/This article can be downloaded from http://www.ijlbpr.com/currentissue.php52

Int. J. LifeSc. Bt & Pharm. Res. 2012Devendra Pandey, 2012LANDSCAPEa) Just prior to 1911, Nagpur – Calcutta broadgauge railway line and Jabalpur, Chandrapurnarrow gauge lines were laid. It was broughtGondia town prominently on the map of India.The land with the town is plain. The east- west ,Kolkata- Mumbai railway track passes alongthe ridge of the area. From Gondia railwaystation land is gently sloping towards north,north- east, and south, south- east respectively.The surrounding area of the town mainlyconsist of plain paddy lands crisis – crossedby number of sub-drains and punctuated bynumber of irrigation tanks except to the westernside, that somewhat consists of hillocks andforest lands. There are few water bodies withinthe developed area. Due to densely populatedsurrounding areas, these water bodies havebecome somewhat firths. It is seen that theterrain is largely undulating plain and interspersedwith more or less level ground in the western part.In some places the slopes are precipitousexposing the rocky outcrops. The hills forms apart of the southern-western branch known of theGangazhari Hill, rising from an elevation of about180 MSL, a great multiplicity of minor drainage’sforms sinuous contours or a fluted pattern on theslope. It has Narrow plateaus rather than sharpridges.b) From 1917 onwards number of Rice – mills,Bidi factories and Shellac factories wereestablished, providing employment to the largesegment of population from surroundingareas.Incremental rate of population was just 3rd&4th decade to 42.21% & 35.86%. In 5th decade itwas increased by 80.54% due to, afterindependence number of Sindhi refugees wereprovided shelter at Birsi (about 14 km. away tothe north of Gondia city), settled at Gondia asshown in the Figure 3 on 1:50000 covers an areaabout 1286 hectors. As per census year 1981population of the town was 100423.As per census year 1991 population of thetown was 109470 and in 2001 it was 120902souls. The land use/cover as shown in the Figure4. It shows, in 9th and 10th decade the rate ofincrement of population has came to the naturalsgrowth rate, vise 9% and 10.42%. It is becauseofDEMOGRAPHYa) Enactments of progressive labor laws,number of industries were shifted to AndhraPradesh, Madhaya Pradesh, Orissa and Biharstates.As per Census year 1981 population of Gondiawas 100423, in 1991 population of Gondia was109470 souls. The census for year 2001population of the town was 120902 souls. Outsof this 23364 were households.b) Due to availability of basic infrastructure andfacilities at the doorsteps of rural areasnumber of Rise mills are established invillages, thus minimizing chances of openingnew Rise mills in the town.GROWTH OF POPULATIONThe population of Gondi was 4457 souls in 1901where as it was 5847 in 1911, shows theincrement about 32%. The increase in populationin during 2nd decade was about 80%; it wasbecause of further reasonsc) Production of Shellac products has been fatlydwindling. Therefore, numbers of Shellacfactories were closed with the results that, onlyThis article can be downloaded from http://www.ijlbpr.com/currentissue.php53

Int. J. LifeSc. Bt & Pharm. Res. 2012Devendra Pandey, 2012Figure 3: Showing Topographic sheet of GMC in 1981 (scale 1:50,000)Figure 4: Map Showing GMC of year 2000 using Satellite LISS III IRS-1CThis article can be downloaded from http://www.ijlbpr.com/currentissue.php54

Int. J. LifeSc. Bt & Pharm. Res. 2012Devendra Pandey, 2012avenues available for employment were inconsumer based industries.This sector covers almost socio cultural needsof the society. 5 primary schools, 3 high schools,Homoeopathy college, T B Hospital, and N M Dand D B Science College are situated in thissector. Engineering and Ayurvedic MedicalCollege are also established about 1 km. awayfrom Kudwa square. Because of above amenitiestrend of development is increased.DISTRIBUTION OF LANDThe development of the town is bisected by east– west, Kolkata-Mumbai railway line. Thenorthern portions, bearing some Bidi industrieswere established in the past. Development ofthis area fulfills the socio – cultural needs of thetown, especially in educational fields. Engineeringcollege, Ayurvedic Medical College, HomoeopathyCollege and most of the High schools are situatedin the north. In north part of the town, developmentis systematic. South part of the city, consistsof congested residential with Commercialdevelopment. Almost commercial amenities arelocated in the southern part of the city. Itshows organic development.Sector No. IIThis sector includes 194 hectors land, partly fromMouza-Kudwa, Gondi (Buzurg) and Katangi Kala.In this sector, 108 hectors is developed land,which is more than 50% of the sector area. Outof total developed area 61 hectors land is underresidential use, it is about 56% of total developedarea. About 20 hectors area is under roads, whichincludes newly developed 30m.wide by–pass roadconnected to Gondia–Balaghat highway. Thissector also shows systematic residentialdevelopment.DISTRIBUTION OF LAND USES1808 hectors land is included in the municipallimit. Till the first revision of development plan 546hectors land was developed. After 1st revision ofdevelopment plan total development area is only717.45 hectors out of which the area underresidential use is 308 hectors as shown in Figure5. It is due to the decreased rate of populationincrement. The Residential development isnearly equal on either sides of the town. 155hectors is under roads and 91.25 hectors land isunder railway line.Sector No. IIIThis sector includes 193 hectors land fromMouza-Nagpura from which 73 hectors land isdeveloped under different users. Out of totaldeveloped area 41 hectors land is underresidential use. It shows the trend of development towards west side of Chandrapur railwayline. It also includes Chandrapur broad gaugerailway line having area about 12 hectors and17 hectors area is under roads. This sector alsoincludes well–developed Sindhi colony besidesrailway water tank. Educational facility includes10 Primary schools, 2 High schools and 2colleges.Sector No. IOut of 1808 hectors of GMC area this sectorshares 253 hectors land. This sector comprisesof above land from Mouza–Kudwa. Out of totalarea, 83.5 hectors of area is under different use.Sector No. IVDue to newly laid 30 m. wide by- pass road, trendIt includes 73 hectors area, out of this 69 hectorsland is developed under various users forcommercial development. Peculiarity of thisof commercial and residential developmentoccurs along both sides of the roads.This article can be downloaded from http://www.ijlbpr.com/currentissue.php55

Int. J. LifeSc. Bt & Pharm. Res. 2012Devendra Pandey, 2012Mouza-Gondia (Buzurg), out of which 97.25hectors land is developed under different users.Out of total developed area 28 hectors land isunder railway, 15 hectors land is under roads and33 hectors land is under residential use. Thissector includes old Gondi (Gaothan) that playedan important role in the development of the town.Civil line area is also included in this sector.Prominently, this sector includes Railways staffquarters, Tahsil Office as well as S.D.O. Office,Irrigation office & staff quarters, P&T Office, BGWHospital and staff quarters, ZP office, GMCsanitary office; Court building etc. accommodatesabout 9 hectors land. This sector also includesentertainment places like Nirmal Talkies, SubhashGarden and Pratap Club etc. As this sector issegregated by Gondia-Amgaon state highway thissector area possesses wide range ofcommunication activities. This area also showsnumber of Rice Mills & Shellac factories alongAmgaon state highway. It includes 8 privatehospitals & public hospital in its vicinity.sector is that, almost commercial developmentis concentrated in this sector. It shows residentialaccommodation of trading communities.Because of commercial potentiality numbers ofhigh rise buildings are being developed in thisarea. It includes Indira Gandhi stadium belongingto GMC, vegetable market, M C office, etc. Itincludes K T S Govt. Hospital and 3 privatehospitals provide health and medical facilities. Ithas 12 Primary schools, 8 High schools and 3Junior Colleges.Sector No. VThis sector comprises of 151 hectors land oftown, from Mouza-Pindkepar and Gondi (Buzurg).Out of total sectored area, 70.5 hectors area isdeveloped. From this developed area 27 hectorsis under residential use, having density ofpopulation 295/hectors. As number of agroindustries are located in this sector considerable7.5 hectors land is under industrial use. Thissector is connected to village Pindkepar andNagpura, which is adjacent to the GMC Boundary.This sector includes Agricultural ProducedMarketing Council yard at which agriculturalproducts are collected from surrounding area.

Int. J. LifeSc. Bt & Pharm. Res. 2012 Devendra Pandey, 2012 of population has been responsible for large-scale environmental degradation. The world population has already crossed 7 billion and is projected to reach 10 billion by 2025. The serious repercussions that the growing impac