ANGLO-SAXONS AND SCOTS - Pontesburyprimary .uk
ANGLO-SAXONSAND SCOTSYEAR 4name:class:REACH OUT
Knowledge Organiser Anglo-Saxons and Scots Year 4VocabularyTimeline of EventsAnglo-Saxons The name given to the Angles, Saxonsand Jutes, three tribes which camefrom North Germany, Denmark and theNetherlands.410 CE Last Romans leave Britain and the Picts beginto attack the Britons.PictsInhabitants of territories north ofHadrian’s Wall.(Celtic)BritonsInhabitants of the territories we now callEnland and Wales.PaganismA religious practice where peoplebelieved in many gods: each AngloSaxon pagan god controlled an area ofdaily life.ChristianityA religion that believes in one God,based on the life and teaching ofJesus Christ. The leader of the ChristianChurch was the Pope, who lived inRome.HeptarchyRefers to the seven kingdom ofNorthumbria, Mercia, East Anglia, Essex,Sussex, Wessex and Kent.449- Angles, Saxons and Jutes begin to settle.450 CE516 CE Battle of Mount Badon - between Britons andAnglo-Saxons.570 CE Heptarchy emeres in England.597 CE St. Augustine brings Christianity to Englandfrom Rome.600 CE First Law Code written in English inAethelbert’s kingdom in Kent.613 CE Northumbrian kings rule over most of England.731 CE Bede completes Ecclesiastical History of theEnglish People.757 CE Otta becomes king of Mercia and arguablyfirst king of all England.789 CE First recorded Vikin attack (Dorset).793 CE Viking attack on Lindisfarne.KingdomA territory ruled by a king or queen. InSaxon times, kingdom mapped ontoshires.ShireAn area of local government nowcalled a county.Important PeopleSt. Augustine Christian missionary considered to beresponsible for lots of people convertingto Christianity in Britain.KingAethelbertKing of Kent who created the firstGermanic law code in the early 7thCentury.King OffaKing of Mercia, and most of England inmid 8th Century.King ArthurPossibly mythical King of Wessex, famousfor stopping Saxon expansion.BedeMonk in a Northumbrian monastery whowrote a history of the English church andpeople.Anglo-Saxons KingdomsThe Jutes were based in Kent.The Angles settled in East Anglia.The Saxons settled in Essex (East Saxons), Sussex (SouthSaxons), Wessex (West Saxons) and Middlesex (MiddleSaxons)2Anglo-Saxon godsBalderGod of immortality.EostreGoddess of birth and spring.FriggGoddess of love.HelGoddess of death.LokiGod of cunning.SaxnotGod of the family.ThunorGod of thunder.TiwGod of war.WadeGod of the sea.WodenChief god.Anglo-Saxon days of the weekMondaegDay of the Moon.TiwesdaegTiw’s day.WodensdaegWoden’s day.DunresdaegDunor/Thor’s day.FrigadaegFreyja’s day (Woden’s wife).SaeternesdaegSaturn’s day (Saturn was a Romangod).SunnandaegDay of the Sun.
Lesson QuestionYou will learnHow do we knowabout the AngloSaxons? Who Gildas was.Learning Review Who Bede was. The importance of the Anglo-SaxonChronicle.Who invaded Britain The Scots invasion from Ireland.after the Romans The Picts invasions from the north.left? The Angles, Saxons and Jutes.What was life likefor Anglo-Saxons? What Anglo-Saxons ate. What Anglo-Saxon villages looked like. The jobs Anglo-Saxons did. How Anglo Saxon society was organised.What did the AngloSaxons believe? The pagan beliefs of the Anglo-Saxons. The importance of Norse mythologymythology. How Augustine reintroduced Christianity toEngland.What was theheptarchy? About the seven kingdoms of England. The Kings Offa and Egbert. Why Offa built a dyke.Why did the AngloSaxons build forts? Who the Danes were. Why Alfred was ‘Great’. What a Burh was, and why they were built.3
Lesson01How do we know about the Anglo-Saxons and Scots?1. When did the Anglo-Saxons and Scots invade and live in Britain?Who invaded Britain before? Who invaded after?2. Write down everything that you already know about the Anglo-Saxons and Scots.TermDefinitionDark AgesThe period of history during which there aren’t many written records.ArtefactsObjects made by people from the period being studied.ExcavatedDigging up artefacts that have been buried over time.VvenerableWell respected, or trustworthy.LegendA story set in actual history, but which we don’t have any evidence for.Where’s the evidence?We have lots of written evidence of what lifewas like during Roman Britain, because theRomans were so good at keeping writtenrecords. However, after the Romans left Britainin around 410 CE we don’t have much writingfrom England. We know that lots of peopleinvaded England and there was lots of fighting,but the facts aren’t clear.Figure 1: People re-enacting what Anglo-Saxons peoplemight have looked like4 Lesson 1
Sometimes this period is called the DarkAges because historians find it difficult tobe really sure about events that took place.Although we don’t much writing, we do havesome archaeological evidence – artefactsand buildings that have been excavated.For example, in 2010, a huge collection oftreasure from this time was discovered: theStaffordshire Hoard.4. What do you think school would belike if one day all of the teacherswent home, and the children wereleft by themselves?Gildas the Wise3. Which of these statements moreaccurately describes ourunderstanding of Anglo-Saxontimes? Historians know lots about Anglo-SaxonBritain because there are so manybooks from the period. Historians aren’t sure about life in AngloSaxon Britain because there isn’t muchwritten evidence.Very few people would have been able toread and write at this time, and historiansthink that Britons were not very organisedafter the Romans left. What we do know isthat this seems to have been a very bloodyand violent time, with lots of fighting. Theymust had got so used to the Romans being incharge and running everything!One of the people who did write about lifein England was called Gildas, who was amonk. He was born about a hundred yearsafter the Romans left, in about 500 CE. wassometimes known as Gildas Sapiens (or Gildasthe Wise). He wrote a book called De Excidioet Conquestu Britanniae which means On theRuin and Conquest of Britain. It was all aboutthe Romans and Saxons arriving in Britain, andhow the Celts living there did such a bad job atdefending themselves. You need to rememberthat Gildas was a Christian monk, and hespends a whole section of the book accusingdifferent Kings of lots of sins.One of the events that Gildas wrote about wasthe Battle of Badon Hill which we will look atin lesson three. Some people think that KingArthur was the leader of the Britons at this time,but Gildas doesn’t mention him. There arelots of legends like King Arthur from this time.Legends are stories set in actual history, but wedon’t have any proof they really happened.Lesson 1 5
The Venerable BedeAlthough Gildas wrote a lot about life in AngloSaxon Britain, it is difficult to know how much ofit was true. He was cross with the Kings for notliving like proper Christians, and cross with theinvaders for their extreme violence and greed.A monk who tried to write more carefullyabout the period was Bede the Venerable. Heis sometimes known as the ‘Father of EnglishHistory’ because he wrote all about the churchand the history of people in England. Bede alsotried to make sure that all of the things that hewas writing were actually true and really tookplace.Bede wrote his book, an Ecclesiastical Historyof the English Peoples in about 730 CE, a fewhundred years after Gildas was writing.5. Do you think that Bede’s work ismore or less reliable than Gildas?More reliable/Less reliableAnglo-Saxon ChronicleThe last main source of written evidence wehave about life from the fourth to the tenthcentury is the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle. KingAlfred the Great had the good idea to writedown a list of all of the events that had takenplace over the last 500 years.6. What are the three main sourcesof written evidence we haveabout life in Anglo Saxon Britain?6 Lesson 1The Anglo-Saxon period and the Dark Ages area fascinating time because so much seemedto be changing in Britain. But remember thatit is difficult to be sure of exactly what washappening, and when.7. Imagine in a thousand years, futurehistorians are trying to find out whathappened in the twenty first century.What evidence could they look at?
Lesson02Why did Vortigen make a deal with the Anglo-Saxons?Retrieval Practice1. ‘Historians have a very good idea about what life in Anglo-Saxon England was like.’True / False2. Name the three main written sources we have about life in Anglo-Saxon England:a.b.c.3. Why did the Romans leave Britain:a. They didn’t like the weather.b. Their empire was being attacked in Europe.c. The people in Britain were rebelling against them all of the time.d. It was too expensive to have such a big empire.4. Name a battle that Gildas wrote about:The Battle of5. Why are the Dark Ages called the Dark Ages?a. We don’t know much about what happened at this timeb. People didn’t have electricity so their homes were dark.c. There wasn’t as much sunlight so the days were darker.d. Everyone wore dark clothing.Lesson 2 7
TermDefinitionTribeA community of people who live and work together, with a common leader.BarbarianTribes who fought against the Roman empire, mostly from Germany andnorthern Europe.PictsThe people who lived in North Britain, which we now call Scotland.ScotsA group of people who lived in Ireland, and ended up settling in what we nowcall Scotland.RebellionWhen people fight against or resist the person or people in control, usually usingviolence.Britain in the fifth centuryThe Romans had a special word for anyonewho wasn’t a member of the Roman Empire;they called them barbarians (or strangers). Inthe fourth century, the Romans Empire wasbeing attacked by barbarian tribes all overEurope: The Goths, the Vandals, the Huns, theFranks and the Saxons. Perhaps most famous ofthese is Attila the Hun, who is pictured below.Attila invaded Roman cities and defeatedRoman armies all over Europe.The barbarian attacks led to the end of theRoman Empire, which had become too bigto defend itself. From 383 CE to 410 CE, theRoman leaders and armies left Britain forever.There will still people left in Britain, of course.The Celts, who had lived in Britain before theRomans arrived, became known as RomanoBritons or just ‘Britons’. People living in what wenow call Scotland were called the Picts at thistime. In Ireland, there were people called theScots (who would go on to invade and settle inwhat we call Scotland today).1. Read the last paragraph again.Can you label the map of GreatBritain below to show where the‘Scots’, ‘Picts’ and ‘Britons’ lived?8 Lesson 2
The invasions beginWith the Romans gone, the Britons were veryvulnerable to attack. The Scots would crossthe Irish sea and raid Wales and the west ofEngland. The Picts would attack from the northand raid the northern English towns.2. Add arrows to the map on theprevious page to show theseinvasions.The Britons couldn’t fight back effectivelyagainst the Scots or the Picts. They neededhelp. Just across the North Sea in Europe, therewere three barbarian tribes who were veryeffective fighters: the Jutes, the Angles andthe Saxons. Bede and Gildas both wrote thatan English Chief called Vortigern (Vortigernactually means Great Chief) invited these tribesto England to help them fight against the Scotsand Picts. In return the British paid tribes gold,and gave them land in the south and east ofEngland. Many people in these tribes wantedto move to Britain anyway, because there wasnot much farmland where they lived.3. Can you match these people withthe areas that they came from?Area PeopleJutland SaxonsAngeln JutesSaxony AnglesThe Saxons could see that the British were notgood fighters, and used this to their advantage,taking more land and demanding moremoney from Vortigern. Two famous brotherscalled Hengist and Horsa led a Saxon armyagainst the Brits. Gildas reported that this wasa very violent time, with entire villages beingburnt down by the Saxons. The Angles andthe Saxons (or Anglo-Saxons) took completecontrol of the east of England, whilst the Britonsstayed in the west.4. Why did the British welcome theinvaders from Jutland, Angeln andSaxony?One British chief did try to fight back againstthe Saxons after they started taking so muchland. Ambrosius Aurelianus, whose parentshad been killed by the Saxon invaders, led agroup of British in a rebellion. Legends say thatAurelianus was the nephew of King Arthur, butthere are no records in the three main writtentexts that Arthur actually existed. At the Battleof Badon Hill, the Saxon army was defeated.However, it was only one victory, and over thenext few centuries the Anglo-Saxons took moreand more land.This is why the east of the country today iscalled East Anglia, and our whole country iscalled England, (Angle-land). Other towns andcities today still have Anglo-Saxon names.Lesson 2 9
So, by about 600 CE our country looked verydifferent. The Scots had settled in Pictland,alongside the Picts. The country wouldn’t beknown as Scotland until 843. The Anglo-Saxonswere mixing and gaining more land, changingthe culture of Britain.10 Lesson 2Have a look at the map below. It shows whatBritain looked like in about 600 CE. Can youfind where you live? Would you be a Briton, anAngle, a Saxon or a Jute?
5. “Making a deal with the Angles, the Saxons and the Jutes in 449 CEwas a good idea.”Do you agree, or disagree?Give reasons for your opinion. Use the following vocabulary as you speak in the debate:VortigenHorsa Hengistraids RomanScots farmlandPicts invasionbarbarianLesson 2 11
Lesson03What was life like for Anglo-Saxons?Retrieval Practice1. What were the names of the two Saxon brothers who legends say invaded England?and2. Gildas was known as Glildas Sapiens. What word most closely matches withthe meaning of Sapiens:a. Religiousb. Angryc. Priestd. Wise3. What was the name of the monk who wrote the Ecclesiastical History ofthe English Peoples?4. Give two reasons that the Anglo-Saxons came to England:a.b.5. What did Romans call foreigners who weren’t in their empire?b12 Lesson 3
TermDefinitionCropsPlants that you grow which you can eat, like vegetables and salad.ThatchedWhen straw or dried vegetation is layered to make a roof. Keeps the rain outand the heat in.MeadA sweet alcoholic drink, made from honey.CeorlA poor common person, or peasant, Usually a farmer or a craftsman.ThaneA village chief, leader of the local tribe.CyningThe Anglo-Saxon word for King. The war-chief and leader of many tribes.A simple lifeWhilst living in England, the Romans hadestablished large towns and cities with buildingsmade out of stone and brick. They built largebathhouses and villas. The Anglo-Saxons chosenot to live in these cities. Instead, they movedout into the countryside and built much smallerhouses with lots of land to farm. These villageswould be centred around a larger housecalled the hall, where the chief would live.Most people at this time, then, were farmers or‘ceorls’: they grew crops and kept animals.The houses were very basic. The walls weremade out of wood, with a thatched roof. Theyhad just one, big room, with an open fire on abig stone in the middle. Everyone would sleepin the main room together. If it got cold outside,(or if there was a fox about) they would bringthe farm animals into the house too!The Chiefs house was called a hall, and wasmuch bigger. On special occasions like festivalsand celebrations, all of the villagers would goto the chief’s Hall and have a feast together.At a feast villagers might enjoy some roastedmeat and some mead (a kind of sweet beermade out of honey).Normally, though, most Anglo-Saxon wouldn’thave been able to eat meat regularly. It wastoo expensive to kill an animal just for its meat,and hunting wild animals was too difficultand time-consuming. Instead, they would eatthings that were easy to grow like cereals,bread, wheat, fruit and vegetables.1. Why do you think that the AngloSaxons wouldn’t want to live in theRoman buildings?An example of pottage, made in modern times.Lesson 3 13
A common meal was pottage. Here is how youmake it:1. Boil a big pot of water.2. Throw in some grains, like oats, wheat andbarley.3. Chop whatever vegetables you have andadd those to the mix.5. Add some egg yolks if you have some.6. Drop in any stale bread.7. Sprinkle in any herbs you find.8. Boil for two to three hours, until everythingis completely soft and the whole mixture isthickened.4. If you have any meat or fish, put that in aswell.2. What food that we eat today does this remind you of?3. Most animals on farms aren’t only used for their meat.Talk to your partner about the other things that these animals give us:14 Lesson 3
Life on the farmLife on an Anglo-Saxon farm was very toughindeed. As soon as you were big enough, aboutten years old, you had to start working. If yourparents were very rich then you might have hada teacher. Schools didn’t really exist though, somost people didn’t learn to read or write. Thejobs were different for men and women.4. See if you can guess who didwhich jobs by putting a tick ineither men or women:JobMen? Women?Ploughed the fieldsWeaved basketsChopped down treesFight in the armyKnitted clothesMade pots out of clayMade weapons out ofmetalMade wooden bowls,wheels and furnitureMaking cheese bychurning milkCooked meals andmade breadWent hunting and fishingNot everyone in Anglo-Saxon England livedlike this. The village chief or ‘thane’ would bein charge of the whole village. The only personmore important than them was the ‘cyning’or King of a large are. Anglo-Saxon Englandeventually broke into seven kingdoms. Therewere also slaves, who had no real rights.Lesson 3 15
Lesson04What did Anglo-Saxons believe?Retrieval Practice1. Anglo Saxon diet had lots of roasted meat for most people:True / False2. Where did the Scots originally come from?a. Germanyb. Irelandc. Denmarkd. Scotland3. What is mead?4. Which famous ‘barbarian’ defeated many Roman armies?the Hun.5. What would a typical job be for a woman in Anglo-Saxon England?16 Lesson 4
TermDefinitionPaganismAny religion which is more local, often worshipping Gods that represent nature.PolytheismThe belief in many Gods and Goddesses.Winter SolsticeThe day of the year with the least sunlight, usually around 21 December.FestivalA special event where everyone celebrates something together.Blodmonath‘Blood Month’, which took place in November. Pagan Anglo-Saxons wouldsacrifice of animals to the Gods and spirits.ConvertTo change someone’s mind, especially about religion.Many GodsTowards the end of Roman rule in Britain,Christianity had started to be introduced.However, most people in Britain at this time werepagans, which describes more local religions inwhich people worship Gods and spirits associatedwith nature. Some people became Christians,but most remained pagan. Worshipping lots ofGods is called polytheism. (Poly many; theism belief in God or gods.)The Anglo-Saxons were pagans too, but theybrought their own Gods and Goddess, those ofNorse mythology. The main God was Woden,who is similar to the Viking God Odin. Lots of theAnglo-Saxon Gods and Viking Gods were similar.Each God represented a different part of nature,or something that was important to people livingat that time.There were many Gods worshipped by the AngloSaxons. They main ones we know about otThunorTiwWadeWaylandChief God (of Wisdom)Goddess of LoveGod of ImmortalityGoddess of BirthGoddess of LoveGoddess of DeathGod of CunningGod of the FamilyGod of ThunderGod of WarGod of the SeaGod of MetalworkingThere may have been other Gods that wedon’t know about. Some of our days of theweek came to be named after these Gods.1. Can you match the days of theweek to the Gods or aspects ofnature?MondayWoden’s DayTuesdaySun’s DayWednesdaySaturn’s Day (Roman)ThursdayTiw’s DayFridayFreyja’s DaySaturdayMoon DaySundayThunor’s DayPagan festivals and ritualsWe don’t know a lot about how the AngloSaxon pagans worshipped their Gods,because the Christian monks didn’t want towrite about other religions. However, Bededoes write a little bit about Pagan festivals, andwe also have some archaeological evidence.For example, whole animal carcasses havebeen found, which showed that pagans mayhave sacrificed animals to the Gods and thenburied them.Lesson 4 17
This probably happened in November, whichBede says was Blodmonath, or Blood Month.Since winter was setting in, this was a goodtime to sacrifice animals like oxen (large cows)which were getting old. It would give thepeople lots of meat ready for the winter.Another special day was the winter solstice,which is the shortest day of the year. This usuallyhappens around December 21, and so the 25thDecember became the first day of the newyear for the Anglo-Saxons. They would havea big feast, drink ale and mead, and burn ayule log on the fire. Many people believe thatearly Christians chose 25th December to beChristmas day because people were alreadycelebrating on this day anyway.2. What is similar and different about paganism and Christianity?Only PaganismSimilarThe return of ChristianityIn 596 CE the leader of the Roman Catholicchurch, Pope Gregory, met a group of AngloSaxon slaves in Rome. When he discoveredthat they were pagans, he decided to sendsome monks on a special mission to Englandto convert everyone to Christianity. The monkhe chose to lead the mission was calledAugustine, and he arrived in Britain the nextyear. As soon as he arrived, he found the Kingof Kent, Aethelbert. The King was a pagan,but Augustine thought that if he could converthim (change his religion) to Christianity, otherswould do the same.18 Lesson 4Only Christianity
The King had already married a princesscalled Bertha who was one of the few peoplein England at the time who believed inChristianity. Augustine and Bertha teamed upto convert Aethelbert to Christianity, and theysucceeded. Augustine baptised Aethelbert,who commanded all of his people to changetheir religion to Christianity too.Augustine was allowed to build a monastery,which is a large building where monks can alllive. The monastery was in Canterbury, andso Augustine became known as Augustine ofCanterbury. To the north and west of England,people were also being converted by theScots, the Irish and the Welsh. More and moremonasteries and churches were built, andby 700 CE most people living in Britain wereChristians.3. Unscramble these sentences about the beliefs of the Anglo Saxonsin England, led by Augustinea group of monks arrivedin 596,which means they believed in many GodsAnglo-Saxons were polytheisticafter Norse Godsof the week are namedmany of our dayshis wife Berthaand Augustineto convert toChristianity byKing Aethelbertwas convincedAn important pagan festivaltook place on 25th September,around the winter solsticeLesson 4 19
Lesson05What was the Heptarchy?Retrieval Practice1. Who was the most important God for pagan Anglo-Saxons?a. Wodenb. Wodinc. Odind. Thor2. Which King did Bertha and Augustine convert to Christianity?King of3. ‘Life on an Anglo-Saxon farm was very easy for the people living there.’True / False4. Who was more important in Anglo-Saxon society:a. A ceorlb. A thanec. A slave5. When did Vortigern invite the Angles, the Saxons and the Jutes to Britain?a. 410 CEb. 449 CEc. 485 CEd. 878 CE20 Lesson 5
TermDefinitionHeptarchyThe name given for the seven kingdoms that were in Britain duringAnglo-Saxon times.BretwaldaA king who claimed to be in charge of all of England.KingdomAn area of England ruled over by one King, usually a great warrior.DykeA long barrier or wall made out of earth, by digging and piling it up.ArchaeologistA person who digs up artefacts and buildings from the past andstudies them.ExcavatedThe process of digging up objects and buildings from the past.Aethelbert, who we met in the last lesson, wasthe King of an area called Kent. It is in thesouthwest of England, and is still know as Kenttoday. But this wasn’t the only Kingdom. Byabout 600 England had split into seven clearkingdoms. We call the seven kingdoms theheptarchy. Each had their own King, who madelaws and protected his people. They wouldinvade each others lands, and sometimes oneKing would claim to be the leader of all ofBritain, or the bretwalda. It would be difficulutto keep control of the whole country, becauseof the large area.1. Can you divide the blank map ofthe UK into the seven kingdoms?2. The names of the differentkingdoms give us some cluesabout who lived there.Can you match them?WessexEast SaxonsMerciaEast AnglesNorthumbriaSouth SaxonsEast AngliaPeople of the MarchesEssexWest SaxonsKentNorth AnglesSussexThe Canti (Saxons)The biggest and most powerful kingdoms in theheptarchy were Northumbria and Mercia, butas time went on Wessex became more andmore powerful until it ruled over all of England.We don’t know about all of the Kings who ruledthe seven kingdoms, but there are stories aboutsome of them who are written about in theAnglo-Saxon Chronicle. There were also somecoins made which show us who was King.Lesson 5 21
3. Can you draw a thick red lineon your map below to show whereOffa’s dyke would have been?King Egbert of WessexKing Offa of MerciaOne of the Kings we know most about is KingOffa, who ruled over the powerful MerciaKingdom from 757 CE to 796 CE. A Kingwould have to have been a mighty warriorduring this time, and Offa won many battlesagainst neighbouring Kingdoms. He invadedEast Anglia and Kent and controlled most ofWessex as well. He built a huge dyke along thewestern border of Mercia to make it difficult forthe Welsh to invade his Kingdom. A dyke is abarrier or kind of wall made by piling earth up.You can still see bits of the dyke today!Mercia didn’t stay as the most powerfulKingdom forever. In 802 a new king in Wessexfought back against the Mercians. King Egbertinvaded nearby Kingdoms of Sussex, Essex andKent. With his bigger army, he invaded Merciaand in 829 defeated the King of Mercia,who was called Wiglaf. Egbert couldn’tkeep control of all of these kingdoms, but itweakened Mercia and made Wessex the newmost powerful Kingdom.4. Complete these sentences.In the middle of thecentury, the most powerful kingdom inEngland was .To stop the Welsh invading,built a huge along theborder. Then, a new king of Wessex, called, invaded Mercia andweakened the kingdom forever.Power was always changing hands inAnglo-Saxon times!22 Lesson 5
Weapons and WarfareWe know quite a lot about the weapons usedby Anglo-Saxons in their battles, becausethey were made out of metal and have beenexcavated by archaeologists. We have foundswords, spears, axes, helmets, parts of shieldsand chainmail. Some weapons have evenbeen found which are made out of gold!5. Have a look at these artefacts anddiscuss with your partner whatbattles might have been likeduring Anglo-Saxon times.Lesson 5 23
Lesson06Why did the Anglo-Saxons build burhs?Retrieval Practice1. Name three jobs that an Anglo-Saxon farmer may have had to do:a.b.c.2. What was the name of the monk who brought Christianity back to England in 596.3. Why did Offa build his dyke?a. To help with farming.b. To make it difficult for other Anglo-Saxon kings to invade.c. To make it difficult for the Welsh to invade.d. To make it difficult for the Scots to invade.4. Label this map of Britain with the names of the seven kingdoms: Mercia Northumbria East Anglia Wessex Kent Sussex Essex24 Lesson 6
TermDefinitionRaidTo quickly attack and steal things from a village or town.VikingsInvaders from Scandinavian countries who raided other places.BretwaldaA king who claimed to rule over all the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms and people.FertileLand which has lots of nutrients, so is easy to grow crops in.DanesAnother name for the Viking invaders.DanelawThe area of land given to the Vikings in the east of EnglandInvaders from the East1. Look at the statue of Alfred theGreat. What clues can you seeabout the sort of leader he was?The Anglo-Saxons had invaded England fromacross the sea. From the 8th century, newinvaders were sailing to England to raid thevillages near the coast. These new invaderswere from Scandinavian countries like Norway,Sweden and Denmark. These new invaderswere called Vikings.These invaders meant that the Anglo-Saxonssometimes had to work together to fight themoff. Although Egbert was the first king to unitethe kingdoms and rule over all of England,perhaps the most famous and successfulbretwalda was Alfred the Great.Alfred had many achievements. He was saidto be very well educated, as well as being agreat military leader. He made the economymuch better for Anglo-Saxons, meaning therewas more money available for people. He alsobuilt more schools across the kingdom so thatmore people could learn to read and write.ClueThis tells me that2. If you were leader of all theAnglo-Saxon Kingdoms, whatdecisions would you make?Lesson 6 25
Building BurhsAlfred did lots of different things to try andkeep the Vikings out. The Ango-Saxons calledthe invaders the Danes because many ofthem came from Denmark. He made dealswith them, giving them money and land. TheVikings wanted the treasure that the AngloSaxons had been making, and some of themwanted to stay and live on the land which wasvery fertile. The area of land that Alfred gaveto the Danes was in the east of England, andbecame known as Danelaw.One of the most important things that Alfreddid was build Burhs. These were huge forts withhigh walls around them. They were very difficultto attack and could be easily defended by thepeople inside. There were already some fortsthat the Romans had left behind, but Alfredgave orders to build many more in the placesthat the Vikings were attacking.A drawing of what a typical Anglo-Saxon Burh mighthave looked like.These Burhs grew in size and would include thehouses of the villagers. They became the firsttowns in Anglo-Saxon England.
The Angles, Saxons and Jutes. What Anglo-Saxons ate. What Anglo-Saxon villages looked like. The jobs Anglo-Saxons did. How Anglo Saxon society was organised. The pagan beliefs of the Anglo-Saxons. The importance of Norse mythology mythology. How Augustine re
2. Which of these foods do you think Anglo-Saxons would have eaten? Tick all that apply. 3. Which of these drinks do you think Anglo-Saxons would have drunk? Tick all that apply. 4. How could an Anglo-Saxon earn a living for his family? Tick all that apply. 5. Which of these statements best describes how Anglo-Saxon society was organised? 6.
Saxons. The Angles and the Saxons (or Anglo-Saxons) took complete control of the east of England, whilst the Britons stayed in the west. 4. Why did the British welcome the invaders from Jutland, Angeln and Saxony? One British chief di
Anglo-Saxons 1 Title: Anglo-Saxons A team of history researchers are commissioned by the BBC to do the background reasearch for a series of programmes called ‘The Really Interesting History of Britain’. They visit an Anglo
Anglo-Saxon literature included epic poetry, sermons, Bible . legal works, chronicles and riddles. Famous works include the poem Beowulf and The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle – a collection of writing important for early English history. Anglo-Saxons Before your visit .
Anglo-Saxon harp skilled storytellers and honored members of society. sang of heroic deeds regarded as equals to warriors The Anglo-Saxon Invasion. 8th–9th centuries Vikings, called Danes, invade Britain King Alfred the Great against the Danes 878 King Alfred unifies the Anglo-Saxons
unites Anglo‐Saxons against the invading Danes. Saxon clans impose _ on the island for six centuries Angle and. History of the Times The spread of _ helps unify the Anglo‐ Saxons. The Anglo ‐ Saxon Legacy
Tiny pieces of stone or grit (the Anglo-Saxons didn’t eat stones on purpose, but tiny bits of the quern stones used to grind the grains would have rubbed off and ended up in the flour used for bread – this did mean that Anglo-Saxons often had bad teeth!) Apple pips
know not: Am I my brother's keeper?” (Genesis 4:9) 4 Abstract In this study, I examine the protection of human rights defenders as a contemporary form of human rights practice in Kenya, within a broader socio-political and economic framework, that includes histories of activism in Kenya. By doing so, I seek to explore how the protection regime, a globally defined set of norms and .
