THE LITTLE RED BOOK OF SANSKRIT PARADIGMS
THE LITTLE RED BOOK OFSANSKRIT PARADIGMSEssential Grammatical Tables for StudentsSixth EditionMcComas Taylor2009i
PrefaceThe key to the successful study of Sanskrit lies in knowing where to look thingsup, in dictionaries, grammars and tables of paradigms. First as a student, and later as a teacher, I used the grammatical tables in the texts written by Macdonell,Coulson, Bucknell and Egenes. Each of these has its strengths, yet none is particularly well suited to the needs of the beginning student. To meet this need, Ihave compiled from the above sources all the most common and useful paradigms that a student is likely to encounter in the first few years of study. I haveattempted to present the information clearly and unambiguously, concentratingon common forms, and omitting rarely encountered ones. While acknowledgingmy great debt to all my kind teachers, I dedicate this slim volume to my dearstudents.ii
1.2.3.4.5.6.7.8.9.10.11.12.13.14.15.16.gaja ‘elephant’. Nominal stems in a – masculinephala ‘fruit’. Nominal stems in a – neutersenā ‘army’. Nominal stems in ā – femininemuni ‘sage’. Nominal stems in i – masculineśuci ‘pure’. Nominal stems in i – neuterśruti ‘scripture’. Nominals stems in i – feminineguru ‘elder’. Nominal stems in u – masculinemṛdu ‘soft’. Nominal stems in u – neuterdhenu ‘cow’. Nominal stems in u – femininedhī ‘intellect’. Nominal stems in ī – feminine, monosyllabicnadī ‘river’. Nominal stems in ī – femininestrī ‘woman’ ( irregular). Nominal stems in ī – femininebhū ‘earth’. Nominal stems in ū – feminine, monsyllabicvadhū ‘woman’. Nominal stems in ū – femininerājan ‘king’. Nominal stems in an – masculineātman ‘self’. Nominal stems in an – masculine12345678910111213141516iii
.nāman ‘name’. Nominal stems in an – neuterkartṛ ‘maker’. Nominal stems in ṛ – masculinepitṛ ‘father’. Nominal stems in ṛ – masculinesvasṛ ‘sister’. Nominal stems in ṛ – femininemātṛ ‘mother’. Nominal stems in ṛ – femininebhagavat ‘blessed’. Nominal stems in at/ant – masculinebhagavat ‘blessed’. Nominal stems in at/ant – neutersumanas ‘benevolent’. Nominal stems in as – masculine/femininemanas ‘mind’. Nominal stems in as – neuterhastin ‘elephant’. Nominal stems in in – masculinedhanin ‘rich’. Nominal stems in in – neutermarut ‘wind’. Nominal stems with consonant endings – masculinevāc ‘speech’. Nominal stems with consonant endings – femininemad/asmad ‘I’/’we’tvad/yuṣmad ‘you’tad ‘he’ – masculine (also yaḥ, kaḥ)tad ‘it’ – neuter (also yat, kim)1718192021222324252627282930313233iv
.tad ‘she’ – feminine (also yā, kā)ayam ‘this’ – masculineayam ‘this’ – neuterayam ‘this’ – feminineasau ‘that’ – masculineasau ‘that’ – neuterasau ‘that’ – femininenayant ‘leading’. Present active participles in at/ant – masculinenayant ‘leading’. Present active participles in at/ant – neuterClass 1, 4, 6 and 10, nī ‘lead’, parasmaipada/active endingsClass 1, 4, 6 and 10, nī ‘lead’, ātmanepada/middle endingsClass 2 (root class), dviṣ ‘hate’, parasmaipada/active endingsClass 2 (root class), dviṣ ‘hate’, ātmanepada/middle endingsClass 2 (root class), as ‘be’, parasmaipada/active endingsClass 2 (root class), han ‘kill’, parasmaipada/active endingsClass 3 (reduplicated class), hu ‘sacrifice’, parasmaipada/activeClass 3 (reduplicated class), hu ‘sacrifice’, ātmanepada/middle endings3435363738394041424344454647484950v
51.52.53.54.55.56.57.58.59.60.61.62.Class 5 (ṇu class) , su ‘press’, parasmaipada/active endingsClass 5 (ṇu class) , su ‘press’, ātmanepada/middle endingsClass 7 (nasal infix class), rudh ‘obstruct’, parasmaipada/activeClass 7 (nasal infix class), rudh ‘obstruct’, ātmanepada/middle endingsClass 8 (u class), kṛ ‘do’, parasmaipada/active endingsClass 8 (u class), kṛ ‘do’, ātmanepada/middle endingsClass 9 (nā class), krī ‘buy’, parasmaipada/active endingsClass 9 (nā class), krī ‘buy’, ātmanepada/middle endingsPerfect paradigms, parasmaipada/active endingsPerfect paradigms, ātmanepada/middle endingsSandhi rules: vowelsSandhi rules: consonants515253545556575859606162vi
The vii
aरlaवvaशśaषṣaसsaहhaviii
Tricky टṣṭaष्ठṣṭhaहृhṛरुruix
Generic endings for Plur.M. F.N.M. F.N.M. -ām-su-ix
Vowel strengthSimple (weak)a, āi, īu, ūṛ, ṝḷguṇa (middle)aeoaralvṛddhi (strong)āaiauār--Use/meaning of eGenitiveLocativeVocativesubject of sentencedirect object of main verbwith, by (with saha and vinā)for and indirect objectfrom‘s – indicated possessionin, on, at (location)direct addressxi
1. gaja ‘elephant’. Nominal stems in a – �gajebhyaḥgajānāmgajeṣugajāḥgaja 1, phala 2, senā 3, muni 4, śuci 5, śruti 6, guru 7, mṛdu 8, dhenu 9, dhī 10, nadī 11strī 12, bhū 13, vadhū 14, rājan 15, ātman 16, nāman 17, kartṛ 18, pitṛ 19, svasṛ 20, mātṛ 211
2. phala ‘fruit’. Nominal stems in a – nibhagavat Error! Bookmark not defined., sumanas Error! Bookmark not defined.,manas 25, hastin 26, dhanin 27, marut 28, vāc 29, mad/asmad 30, tvad/yuṣmad 31, tad/saḥ/yaḥ/kaḥ 32, ayam 35, asau 38, nayant 412
3. senā ‘army’. Nominal stems in ā – �ḥgaja 1, phala 2, senā 3, muni 4, śuci 5, śruti 6, guru 7, mṛdu 8, dhenu 9, dhī 10, nadī 11strī 12, bhū 13, vadhū 14, rājan 15, ātman 16, nāman 17, kartṛ 18, pitṛ 19, svasṛ 20, mātṛ 213
4. muni ‘sage’. Nominal stems in i – �munibhyaḥmunīnāmmuniṣumunayaḥbhagavat Error! Bookmark not defined., sumanas Error! Bookmark not defined.,manas 25, hastin 26, dhanin 27, marut 28, vāc 29, mad/asmad 30, tvad/yuṣmad 31, tad/saḥ/yaḥ/kaḥ 32, ayam 35, asau 38, nayant 414
5. śuci ‘pure’. Nominal stems in i – uciṣuśucīnigaja 1, phala 2, senā 3, muni 4, śuci 5, śruti 6, guru 7, mṛdu 8, dhenu 9, dhī 10, nadī 11strī 12, bhū 13, vadhū 14, rājan 15, ātman 16, nāman 17, kartṛ 18, pitṛ 19, svasṛ 20, mātṛ 215
6. śruti ‘scripture’. Nominals stems in i – tiṣuśrutayaḥbhagavat Error! Bookmark not defined., sumanas Error! Bookmark not defined.,manas 25, hastin 26, dhanin 27, marut 28, vāc 29, mad/asmad 30, tvad/yuṣmad 31, tad/saḥ/yaḥ/kaḥ 32, ayam 35, asau 38, nayant 416
7. guru ‘elder’. Nominal stems in u – ḥgurubhyaḥgurūṇāmguruṣuguravaḥgaja 1, phala 2, senā 3, muni 4, śuci 5, śruti 6, guru 7, mṛdu 8, dhenu 9, dhī 10, nadī 11strī 12, bhū 13, vadhū 14, rājan 15, ātman 16, nāman 17, kartṛ 18, pitṛ 19, svasṛ 20, mātṛ 217
8. mṛdu ‘soft’. Nominal stems in u – dubhyaḥmṛdūnāmmṛduṣumṛdūnibhagavat Error! Bookmark not defined., sumanas Error! Bookmark not defined.,manas 25, hastin 26, dhanin 27, marut 28, vāc 29, mad/asmad 30, tvad/yuṣmad 31, tad/saḥ/yaḥ/kaḥ 32, ayam 35, asau 38, nayant 418
9. dhenu ‘cow’. Nominal stems in u – henuṣudhenavaḥgaja 1, phala 2, senā 3, muni 4, śuci 5, śruti 6, guru 7, mṛdu 8, dhenu 9, dhī 10, nadī 11strī 12, bhū 13, vadhū 14, rājan 15, ātman 16, nāman 17, kartṛ 18, pitṛ 19, svasṛ 20, mātṛ 219
10. dhī ‘intellect’. Nominal stems in ī – feminine, ām/nāmdhīṣudhiyaḥbhagavat Error! Bookmark not defined., sumanas Error! Bookmark not defined.,manas 25, hastin 26, dhanin 27, marut 28, vāc 29, mad/asmad 30, tvad/yuṣmad 31, tad/saḥ/yaḥ/kaḥ 32, ayam 35, asau 38, nayant 4110
11. nadī ‘river’. Nominal stems in ī – �gaja 1, phala 2, senā 3, muni 4, śuci 5, śruti 6, guru 7, mṛdu 8, dhenu 9, dhī 10, nadī 11strī 12, bhū 13, vadhū 14, rājan 15, ātman 16, nāman 17, kartṛ 18, pitṛ 19, svasṛ 20, mātṛ 2111
12. strī ‘woman’ ( irregular). Nominal stems in ī – aḥstrīṇāmstrīṣustriyaḥbhagavat Error! Bookmark not defined., sumanas Error! Bookmark not defined.,manas 25, hastin 26, dhanin 27, marut 28, vāc 29, mad/asmad 30, tvad/yuṣmad 31, tad/saḥ/yaḥ/kaḥ 32, ayam 35, asau 38, nayant 4112
13. bhū’earth’. Nominal stems in ū – feminine, bhuvaḥgaja 1, phala 2, senā 3, muni 4, śuci 5, śruti 6, guru 7, mṛdu 8, dhenu 9, dhī 10, nadī 11,strī 12, bhū 13, vadhū 14, rājan 15, ātman 16, nāman 17, kartṛ 18, pitṛ 19, svasṛ 20, mātṛ 2113
14. vadhū’woman’. Nominal stems in ū – adhūnāmvadhūṣuvadhvaḥbhagavat Error! Bookmark not defined., sumanas Error! Bookmark not defined.,manas 25, hastin 26, dhanin 27, marut 28, vāc 29, mad/asmad 30, tvad/yuṣmad 31, tad/saḥ/yaḥ/kaḥ 32, ayam 35, asau 38, nayant 4114
15. rājan ‘king’. Nominal stems in an – bhyaḥrājñāmrājasurājānaḥrājangaja 1, phala 2, senā 3, muni 4, śuci 5, śruti 6, guru 7, mṛdu 8, dhenu 9, dhī 10, nadī 11,strī 12, bhū 13, vadhū 14, rājan 15, ātman 16, nāman 17, kartṛ 18, pitṛ 19, svasṛ 20, mātṛ 2115
16. ātman ‘self’. Nominal stems in an – yaḥātmanāmātmasuātmānaḥbhagavat Error! Bookmark not defined., sumanas Error! Bookmark not defined.,manas 25, hastin 26, dhanin 27, marut 28, vāc 29, mad/asmad 30, tvad/yuṣmad 31, tad/saḥ/yaḥ/kaḥ 32, ayam 35, asau 38, nayant 4116
17. nāman ‘name’. Nominal stems in an – �mabhyāmnāmnoḥnāmnoḥnāmnī/nāmanīgaja 1, phala 2, senā 3, muni 4, śuci 5, śruti 6, guru 7, mṛdu 8, dhenu 9, dhī 10, nadī 11,strī 12, bhū 13, vadhū 14, rājan 15, ātman 16, nāman 17, kartṛ 18, pitṛ 19, svasṛ 20, mātṛ 2117
18. kartṛ ‘maker’. Nominal stems in ṛ – bhyaḥkartṝṇāmkartṛṣukartāraḥbhagavat Error! Bookmark not defined., sumanas Error! Bookmark not defined.,manas 25, hastin 26, dhanin 27, marut 28, vāc 29, mad/asmad 30, tvad/yuṣmad 31, tad/saḥ/yaḥ/kaḥ 32, ayam 35, asau 38, nayant 4118
19. pitṛ ‘father’. Nominal stems in ṛ – ��upitaraḥgaja 1, phala 2, senā 3, muni 4, śuci 5, śruti 6, guru 7, mṛdu 8, dhenu 9, dhī 10, nadī 11strī 12, bhū 13, vadhū 14, rājan 15, ātman 16, nāman 17, kartṛ 18, pitṛ 19, svasṛ 20, mātṛ 2119
20. svasṛ ‘sister’. Nominal stems in ṛ – t Error! Bookmark not defined., sumanas Error! Bookmark not defined.,manas 25, hastin 26, dhanin 27, marut 28, vāc 29, mad/asmad 30, tvad/yuṣmad 31, tad/saḥ/yaḥ/kaḥ 32, ayam 35, asau 38, nayant 4120
21. mātṛ ‘mother’. Nominal stems in ṛ – ḥmātṝṇāmmātṛṣumātaraḥgaja 1, phala 2, senā 3, muni 4, śuci 5, śruti 6, guru 7, mṛdu 8, dhenu 9, dhī 10, nadī 11strī 12, bhū 13, vadhū 14, rājan 15, ātman 16, nāman 17, kartṛ 18, pitṛ 19, svasṛ 20, mātṛ 2121
22. bhagavat ‘blessed’. Nominal stems in ant/vant/mant – aḥbhagavatāmbhagavatsubhagavantaḥbhagavat Error! Bookmark not defined., sumanas Error! Bookmark not defined.,manas 25, hastin 26, dhanin 27, marut 28, vāc 29, mad/asmad 30, tvad/yuṣmad 31, tad/saḥ/yaḥ/kaḥ 32, ayam 35, asau 38, nayant 4122
23. bhagavat ‘blessed’. Nominal stems in ant/vant/mant – bhagavatsubhagavantiNote: feminine bhagavatī is declined like nadī.gaja 1, phala 2, senā 3, muni 4, śuci 5, śruti 6, guru 7, mṛdu 8, dhenu 9, dhī 10, nadī 11strī 12, bhū 13, vadhū 14, rājan 15, ātman 16, nāman 17, kartṛ 18, pitṛ 19, svasṛ 20, mātṛ 2123
24. sumanas ‘benevolent’. Nominal stems in as – nasaḥbhagavat Error! Bookmark not defined., sumanas Error! Bookmark not defined.,manas 25, hastin 26, dhanin 27, marut 28, vāc 29, mad/asmad 30, tvad/yuṣmad 31, tad/saḥ/yaḥ/kaḥ 32, ayam 35, asau 38, nayant 4124
25. manas ‘mind’. Nominal stems in as – anāṃsigaja 1, phala 2, senā 3, muni 4, śuci 5, śruti 6, guru 7, mṛdu 8, dhenu 9, dhī 10, nadī 11strī 12, bhū 13, vadhū 14, rājan 15, ātman 16, nāman 17, kartṛ 18, pitṛ 19, svasṛ 20, mātṛ 2125
26. hastin ‘elephant’. Nominal stems in in – hastināmhastiṣuhastinaḥbhagavat Error! Bookmark not defined., sumanas Error! Bookmark not defined.,manas 25, hastin 26, dhanin 27, marut 28, vāc 29, mad/asmad 30, tvad/yuṣmad 31, tad/saḥ/yaḥ/kaḥ 32, ayam 35, asau 38, nayant 4126
27. dhanin ‘rich’. Nominal stems in in – nāmdhaniṣudhanīnigaja 1, phala 2, senā 3, muni 4, śuci 5, śruti 6, guru 7, mṛdu 8, dhenu 9, dhī 10, nadī 11strī 12, bhū 13, vadhū 14, rājan 15, ātman 16, nāman 17, kartṛ 18, pitṛ 19, svasṛ 20, mātṛ 2127
28. marut ‘wind’. Nominal stems with consonant endings – aḥbhagavat Error! Bookmark not defined., sumanas Error! Bookmark not defined.,manas 25, hastin 26, dhanin 27, marut 28, vāc 29, mad/asmad 30, tvad/yuṣmad 31, tad/saḥ/yaḥ/kaḥ 32, ayam 35, asau 38, nayant 4128
29. vāc ‘speech’. Nominal stems with consonant endings – gbhyaḥvācāmvākṣuvācaḥgaja 1, phala 2, senā 3, muni 4, śuci 5, śruti 6, guru 7, mṛdu 8, dhenu 9, dhī 10, nadī 11strī 12, bhū 13, vadhū 14, rājan 15, ātman 16, nāman 17, kartṛ 18, pitṛ 19, svasṛ 20, mātṛ 2129
30. mad/asmad �su asmākam/naḥbhagavat Error! Bookmark not defined., sumanas Error! Bookmark not defined.,manas 25, hastin 26, dhanin 27, marut 28, vāc 29, mad/asmad 30, tvad/yuṣmad 31, tad/saḥ/yaḥ/kaḥ 32, ayam 35, asau 38, nayant 4130
31. tvad/yuṣmad �n/vaḥtvayāyuvābhyāmyuṣmābhiḥtubhyam/te ṣmat/ yuvayoḥyuṣmāsu yuṣmākam/vaḥgaja 1, phala 2, senā 3, muni 4, śuci 5, śruti 6, guru 7, mṛdu 8, dhenu 9, dhī 10, nadī 11strī 12, bhū 13, vadhū 14, rājan 15, ātman 16, nāman 17, kartṛ 18, pitṛ 19, svasṛ 20, mātṛ 2131
32. tad ‘he’ – masculine (also yaḥ, bhyaḥtebhyaḥteṣāmteṣu bhagavat Error! Bookmark not defined., sumanas Error! Bookmark not defined.,manas 25, hastin 26, dhanin 27, marut 28, vāc 29, mad/asmad 30, tvad/yuṣmad 31, tad/saḥ/yaḥ/kaḥ 32, ayam 35, asau 38, nayant 4132
33. tad ‘it’ – neuter (also yat, yaḥtebhyaḥteṣāmteṣu gaja 1, phala 2, senā 3, muni 4, śuci 5, śruti 6, guru 7, mṛdu 8, dhenu 9, dhī 10, nadī 11strī 12, bhū 13, vadhū 14, rājan 15, ātman 16, nāman 17, kartṛ 18, pitṛ 19, svasṛ 20, mātṛ 2133
34. tad ‘she’ – feminine (also yā, �tābhiḥtābhyaḥtābhyaḥtāsāmtāsu bhagavat Error! Bookmark not defined., sumanas Error! Bookmark not defined.,manas 25, hastin 26, dhanin 27, marut 28, vāc 29, mad/asmad 30, tvad/yuṣmad 31, tad/saḥ/yaḥ/kaḥ 32, ayam 35, asau 38, nayant 4134
35. ayam ‘this’ – ��ebhyaḥebhyaḥeṣāmeṣu gaja 1, phala 2, senā 3, muni 4, śuci 5, śruti 6, guru 7, mṛdu 8, dhenu 9, dhī 10, nadī 11strī 12, bhū 13, vadhū 14, rājan 15, ātman 16, nāman 17, kartṛ 18, pitṛ 19, svasṛ 20, mātṛ 2135
36. ayam ‘this’ – �ebhyaḥebhyaḥeṣāmeṣu bhagavat Error! Bookmark not defined., sumanas Error! Bookmark not defined.,manas 25, hastin 26, dhanin 27, marut 28, vāc 29, mad/asmad 30, tvad/yuṣmad 31, tad/saḥ/yaḥ/kaḥ 32, ayam 35, asau 38, nayant 4136
37. ayam ‘this’ – imāḥābhiḥābhyaḥābhyaḥāsāmāsu gaja 1, phala 2, senā 3, muni 4, śuci 5, śruti 6, guru 7, mṛdu 8, dhenu 9, dhī 10, nadī 11strī 12, bhū 13, vadhū 14, rājan 15, ātman 16, nāman 17, kartṛ 18, pitṛ 19, svasṛ 20, mātṛ 2137
38. asau ‘that’ – �amīṣāmamīṣu bhagavat Error! Bookmark not defined., sumanas Error! Bookmark not defined.,manas 25, hastin 26, dhanin 27, marut 28, vāc 29, mad/asmad 30, tvad/yuṣmad 31, tad/saḥ/yaḥ/kaḥ 32, ayam 35, asau 38, nayant 4138
39. asau ‘that’ – yaḥamīṣāmamīṣu gaja 1, phala 2, senā 3, muni 4, śuci 5, śruti 6, guru 7, mṛdu 8, dhenu 9, dhī 10, nadī 11, strī 12bhū 13, vadhū 14, rājan 15, ātman 16, nāman 17, kartṛ 18, pitṛ 19, svasṛ 20, mātṛ 2139
40. asau ‘that’ – ūṣuVoc. Nom.Acc.Inst.Dat.Abl.bhagavat Error! Bookmark not defined., sumanas Error! Bookmark not defined.,manas 25, hastin 26, dhanin 27, marut 28, vāc 29, mad/asmad 30, tvad/yuṣmad 31, tad/saḥ/yaḥ/kaḥ 32, ayam 35, asau 38, nayant 4140
41. nayant ‘leading’. Present active participles in at/ant – nayantaḥgaja 1, phala 2, senā 3, muni 4, śuci 5, śruti 6, guru 7, mṛdu 8, dhenu 9, dhī 10, nadī 11strī 12, bhū 13, vadhū 14, rājan 15, ātman 16, nāman 17, kartṛ 18, pitṛ 19, svasṛ 20, mātṛ 2141
42. nayant ‘leading’. Present active participles in at/ant – iNote: Feminine present active participles nayantī decline like nadī42
43. Class 1, 4, 6 and 10, nī ‘lead’, parasmaipada/active anayannayantunayeyuḥ43
44. Class 1, 4, 6 and 10, nī ‘lead’, ātmanepada/middle āmnayeran44
45. Class 2 (root class), dviṣ ’hate’, parasmaipada/active dviṣantiadviṣandviṣantudviṣyuḥ45
46. Class 2 (root class), dviṣ ’hate’, ātmanepada/middle ative1 dviṣeadviṣidveṣaidviṣīya2 dvikṣeadviṣṭhāḥdvikṣvadviṣīthāḥ3 dviṣṭeadviṣṭadviṣṭāmdviṣīta1 dviṣvaheadviṣvahidveṣāvahaidviṣīvahi2 hām3 1 dviṣmaheadviṣmahidveṣāmahaidviṣīmahi2 am3 dviṣateadviṣatadviṣatāmdviṣīran46
47. Class 2 (root class), as ‘be’, parasmaipada/active antusyuḥ47
48. Class 2 (root class), han ‘kill’, parasmaipada/active 48
49. Class 3 (reduplicated class), hu ‘sacrifice’, ��juhvatujuhuyuḥ49
50. Class 3 (reduplicated class), hu ‘sacrifice’, ātm./middle vamjuhvīdhvam3juhvateajuhvatajuhvatāmjuhvīran50
51. Class 5 (nu class) , su ‘press’, parasmaipada/active asunvantusunuyātasunuyuḥPlur.2351
52. Class 5 (nu class) , su ‘press’, ātmanepada/middle unvateasunvatasunvatāmsunvīran52
53. Class 7 (nasal infix class), rudh ‘obstruct’, hanturundhyuḥ53
54. Class 7 (nasal infix class), rudh ‘obstruct’, ātm./middle earundhatarundhatāmrundhīran54
55. Class 8 (u class), kṛ ‘do’, parasmaipada/active akuryāta3kurvantiakurvankurvantukuryuḥ55
56. Class 8 (u class), kṛ ‘do’, ātmanepada/middle urvīdhvam3kurvateakurvatakurvatāmkurvīran56
57. Class 9 (nā class), krī ‘buy’, parasmaipada/active īyātam3krīṇītaḥakrīṇ
The key to the successful study of Sanskrit lies in knowing where to look things up, in dictionaries, grammars and tables of paradigms. First as a student, and lat-er as a teacher, I used the grammatical tables in the texts writ
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