The Revival Styles - Nashville, Tennessee
The Revival Styles1900-1945Nashville Old House SeriesArchitectural Style and Sensitive RehabilitationAn assortment of revivalsof past architectural styles, including Colonial, Tudor, and Spanish, providedan alternative to the Craftsman bungalow. The ColonialRevival features a number of variations, including Dutch, anddraws inspiration from the Georgian and Adam styles thatdominatedColonialAmerica. Although inuse throughout theUnited States from the1880s to the 1950s,revival houses were popular in Nashville beginning in the 1920s. Thesehouses were rarely historic replicas, but wereinstead loose variationsof the original styles.Local Dutch Colonial RevivalEarlier Victorian styles,such as Queen Anne, often incorporated revival elements intotheir designs in order to remain current with architecturaltrends.Both Colonial and Dutch Revival architecture reflected apatriotic nostalgia. America's centennial celebration in 1876 iscredited in part to jumpstarting this revival of colonial styles.In addition, society experienced great changes including rapidindustrialization, urbanization, and immigration. In her bookBuilding the Dream, Gwendolyn Wright claimed the simplicity of the English Colonial Revival "evoked the moral tone ofrestraint and sound judgment," and was "an architecturalexpression of the entire country's common heritage of goodH IST ORICAL BACKGROUNDLocal Transitional Colonial RevivalNashville Old House SeriesMetropolitan Historical Commissionsense and egalitarian principles."Tudor Revival styles emerged in the early 1900s andremainedpopularthrough 1940. This styledraws loosely uponMedieval English architecture and freely mixeswith various Americanstyles. There are severalvariations of the TudorRevival(includingElizabethan, Jacobean,Local Tudor Revivaland Norman) with anassortment of façade materials-brick, stone, stucco, or wood.Mediterranean and Spanish Revival houses were much lesscommon in Nashville than Tudor and Colonial Revival styles.These houses, which typically feature stucco surfaces and redtile roofs, were much more common in California and theSouthwest. A local example of this style is Little Hollywood,a small neighborhood in East Nashville with several smallSpanish Revival houses.Early twentieth century mail-order catalogs featured prefabricated houses with the various revival styles available.Companies like Sears, Roebuck and Company, Gordon-VanTine Company, and Montgomery Ward and Company weresuccessful mail-order businesses. Catalogues served the majordemand for housing during the early twentieth century andpopularized the revival styles.A simple cross-gable design based loosely on the TudorRevival emerged from the 1930s Depression era. ThisMinimal Traditional style, with its low roof pitch and flusheaves, generally lacked decorative detailing, but would occasionally feature Tudor or Colonial Revival elements. This styleremained popular in Nashville through 1960.Nashville neighborhoods mainly featured two types ofrevival styles: Tudor and Colonial. Colonial Revival architecture has endured and remains popular because of its simplicityin design and ornamentation, and its affordability. Examples ofthe revival styles can be found in many of Nashville's earlysuburban neighborhoods including Richland-West End,Cherokee Park, and Inglewood.(615) 862-79703000 Granny White PikeNashville, TN 37204Page 1
The Revival Styles1900-1945I DENTIFYINGS TYLESTHESeveral revival styles differing significantly from one another are featured within this pamphlet. They wereespecially popular after World War I,and are common within Nashville's historic suburbs. As with some Craftsmanstyle houses, revival houses often featured garages. For the first time,domestic architecture reflected theimportance of the automobile to thesuburban resident.English Colonial RevivalThe solid, clean lines and symmetri-Local Colonial Revivalcal patterns of Colonial Revival architecture were a welcome change fromeclectic Victorian era designs.Construction materials included mostcommon supplies suchTudor Revivalas brick, stone, andTudor Revivalweatherboard. Unlikehouses featured aoriginal Colonial archicross-gable laytecture, double-hungout with a steeplywindows often featuredpitched roofs, tallmulti-pane upper sashesnarrow windowsand single-pane lowerthat were usuallysashes.grouped together,Local Tudor RevivalThis was the mostmassive chimcommon revival variation in Nashville neys, and half-timbering. Chimneyand throughout the United States. This pots often graced the tops of chimneys.style typically included a rectangular A common element among Tudorplan, a symmetrical façade, an accentu- Revival houses is the round-archedated central entrance with a pediment doorways.supported by pilasters, and a door oftensurrounded by a fanlight and sidelights. Spanish Colonial RevivalThese designs were typically largerThis revival style is most commonthan original Colonial domestic archi- in the southern and western Unitedtecture, and featured either one or two States, but scattered examples exist instories with hipped or side-gabled Nashville, especially in Littleroofs. The later Cape Cod variations Hollywood. Common characteristicswere just one story. The popularity of include brick or stucco walls, Spanishtraditional styles influenced by the mission characteristics, round archedColonial Revival endures to the pres- windows, terra cotta details, and flat orent.low-pitched roofs covered with redclay tile. In addition to residentialDutch Colonial Revivaldesign, this style was used in commerDutch Colonial Revival styles cial and religious buildings. Variationsincluded either front or side-facing of Spanish Colonial Revival architecgambrel roofs with dormer windows ture date from 1890 to the 1950s.and were typicallyone-and-one-half stories. Although originalDutch Colonial architecture never includeddormers, the sidegabled roof examplestypically featured afull-width shed dormeron the facade.Local Spanish RevivalLocal Tudor RevivalNashville Old House SeriesMetropolitan Historical Commission(615) 862-79703000 Granny White PikeNashville, TN 37204Page 2
The Revival Styles1900-1945The generalideawhenrehabilitating arevival-style house, or any old house, is to create a comfortable, livable environment, compatible with the lifestyle ofthe present, while retaining its architectural character--thatwhich makes it and its neighbors an important document ofour past. The National Park Service defines rehabilitationas a "process of making possible a compatible use for aproperty through repair, alterations, and additions while preserving those portions or features, which convey its historical, cultural, or architectural values." While the terms"restoration" and "reconstruction" imply a somewhat rigiddepiction of a specific period, as with a historic house museum, rehabilitation simply suggests sensitivity to the historicintegrity of the property.For most people a period restoration is neither financially feasible nor practical. What makes sense in most cases isa sensitive, careful rehabilitation. Homeowners within historic and conservation zoning districts must apply for permitsthrough the Metro Historical Commission and follow specified design guidelines.In planning a rehabilitation, one must determine thearchitectural character of the house. This is largely a matterof architectural style but goes beyond style alone. Characteralso involves the relationship of the house to the street, itsyard, and to surrounding structures. These relationshipscombine with architectural style to create the character ofthe house. Together houses create the character of thestreet, and streets form the character of the entire neighborhood.In determining architectural character, it is helpful to look at a house as two layers. The firstis the structure itself: the walls, openings for windows anddoors, the configuration of the roof and chimneys. Theseconstitute the basic form of the house. They form the core towhich finish materials are applied. The final appearance ofthe house depends heavily on its basic form. In planningrehabilitation, priority should be given to maintaining thebasic form or returning to the original form if alterations havebeen made.The second layer consists of finish materials, both functional and decorative. This includes visible masonry, siding,roof materials, doors and window sashes, and all sorts of decorative trim. The porch, both functional and decorative, isalso of paramount importance to the character of the house.Finish materials are of secondary importance only in thatthey are applied to the basic form and are in that sensedependent upon it. If lost or altered, finish treatments canusually be returned to original configuration with a great dealless trouble and expense than can the basic form, yet theirimportance to the character of the house should not be underestimated.S ENSITIVE R EHABILITATIONA RCHITECTURAL C HARACTERNashville Old House SeriesMetropolitan Historical CommissionKey TermsRestoration: act or process of accurately depicting theform, features, and character of a property as it appeared ata particular period by means of the removal of features fromother periods in history and reconstruction of missing features from the restoration period.Reconstruction: act or process of depicting, by means ofnew construction, the form, features, and details of a nonsurviving site, landscape, building, structure, or object forthe purpose of replicating its appearance at a specific periodin its historic location.Preservation: act or process of applying measures necessary to sustain the existing form, integrity, and materials ofan historic property.Siding/Finish MaterialsWoodLapped wood siding, often called clapboard or weatherboard, was commonly used on Colonial Revival style houses.Wood was also used in entryway features and decorative trim.As such, wood was painted. Colonial Revival houses weretypically painted white, further reflecting their stylistic simplicity. The siding was of varying sizes, with earlier housestypically featuring narrower clapboard.(615) 862-79703000 Granny White PikeNashville, TN 37204Page 3
The Revival Styles1900-1945C HARACTER , C ONTINUEDMasonryBrick was usually smooth-finishedand dark red, laid with very narrowmortar joints. The mortar could be tinted red or left white. Buff brick alsoappeared during this period, usuallywith black mortar.Stone was a fairly commonplace residential building material in Nashville.It was often rock-faced (left rough andrandom on the visible side) with narrow,beaded mortar joints. Details, such asTwo Views of theSame HouseBasic Formwindow and door lintels, were usuallysmooth-finished. However, Tudorstyles often featured rough-cut stonesurrounding doors or windows.In 1929, construction companiesbegan marketing simulated masonry, avariety of products created to imitatestone. These products included suchitems as concrete blocks cast to resemble rock-faced stone and Perma-Stone, amolded wall facing made of aggregates,cement, crushed quartz, mineral colors,and metallic hardeners. Simulatedmasonry was also used as a remodelingmaterial.Stucco was used as a surface material especially on Spanish andMediterranean Revival houses. Also, itwas frequently combined with wood fora half-timbered effect in Tudor-influenced styles.Asphalt and asbestos shinglesThese were becoming popular as aroofing material in the early twentiethcentury. They were also often usedinstead of wood shingles as siding.Finish Materials inPlaceNon-original surface finishesRoll siding, aluminum and vinyl siding are not appropriate to revival stylehouses and should be removed. Painton masonry is also generally inappropriate. Its removal, while desirable,should be carefully thought out.Roof MaterialsThe vast majority of Nashville'srevival style houses were roofed withasbestos or asphalt composition shingles. The visual effect was often quitesimilar to the composition shingles inuse today. Less frequently roofs fea-Nashville Old House SeriesMetropolitan Historical Commission(615) 862-7970tured slate or terra cotta tiles. Thesematerials most frequently appeared onMediterranean and Spanish Revivalhouses. Although an entire roof of terracotta tiles was only occasionally used inNashville, decorative ridge caps of terracotta tiles were commonly used oncomposition shingle roofs of variousstyles of houses.Paint ColorsColonial Revival houses with clapboard siding were typically paintedwhite to reflect simplicity in design andornamentation. Other revival stylehouses with clapboard siding typicallyfeatured a light, refined paint color.Brick and stone houses were notoriginally painted, as these materialswere often used together for a decorative effect, especially on TudorRevivals. For instance, round-archdoorways sometimes have cut stoneprojecting into the surrounding brick.SettingRevival style houses are generallylocated in Nashville’s early automobilesuburbs. Generally, these houses werebuilt on deep, narrow suburban lots.The houses are meant to be seen primarily from the street, and thus the streetfaçade is the most important. The sideof a house was meant to be seen indetail only if the house was on a corner.Front yards were small, rear yards weresomewhat larger, and side yards virtually non-existent. Houses built in thisway tend to create a visual rhythmalong the street. The rhythm is disturbed by vacant lots and modern infill,which stray too far from the norm insize or placement on the lot.3000 Granny White PikeNashville, TN 37204Page 4
The Revival Styles1900-1945R EMOVALOFM ATERIALSRemoving features of a house thatare not original is usually an appropriate treatment and often, but not always,a desirable course of action. Carefulthought should be exercised beforeremoving anything. Anything activelydetrimental to the structure of thehouse, like aluminum or vinyl siding,should be removed. Other additions tothe house such as wrought iron porchcolumns or inappropriate window sashare generally replaced with somethingmore appropriate during the course ofthe rehabilitation.Other considerations, however,may enter into the decision. Consider,for example, rooms that have beenadded to the rear of a house in recentyears. The addition is not especiallycompatible with the style of the original house, but it is not visible from thestreet and does little to compromise thecharacter of the house. If the space isneeded inside and the addition is structurally sound, it would be foolish toremove it. Always think about itbefore removing anything.degree of educated guesswork isoften necessary in replacing whatis missing. This is fine if carefully done, but regrets can arise if additional evidence proves the reconstruction of a missing feature to be inept or,worse, if the "restored" feature turnsout never to have existed at all. Avoidexpensive mistakes, and know whatyou are doing when replacing missingparts.Any rehabilitation, no matter howcareful, will involve not only changingthe present appearance of the house butalso making some changes from whatis known or believed to be its originalappearance. This is fine if changes aremade in a way that is sensitive to thearchitectural character of the house.Change is not inherently bad, but avoidinsensitive change.R EPLACING W HAT ’ S M ISSINGOver the years, most old houseshave lost something--bits and pieces ofdecorative trim, or a mantel or lightfixture. It is always appropriate torestore missing parts of a house if twothings are known: first, that the featurebeing restored was indeed there originally, and second, what the featurelooked like. Ideally, everyone couldhave an old photograph or originalarchitectural plans as a guide in replacing missing parts of the house. This israrely the case, however, and someRehab AdviceRehab AdviceW i n d o w sashes. Most windows featured astyles differ as double-hung sash (the type that slideswidely as the up and down to open and shut) withrevival styles themselves. Often, they multiple lights over one (meaningwere installed in pairs or in groups of several panes of glass in the top halftwo or three, resulting in a square or and a single pane in the bottom). Ofhorizontal windowcoursethereCasement Windowswere variationsopening with verticaldivisionsof the doublebetween the indihung window,vidualwindowbut they wereW INDOWSNashville Old House SeriesMetropolitan Historical Commission(615) 862-7970RememberReplace a feature if:It originally existed withinthe structure.It is known what the featurelooked like.Rehab Adviceinvariably rectangular and tallerthan wide.Unlike originalColonialarchitecture, the double-hung windows in Colonial Revival housesoften included multi-pane upper sashes and single-pane lower sashes.Tudor Revival houses sometimesfeatured casement windows, which3000 Granny White PikeNashville, TN 37204Page 5
The Revival Styles1900-1945W INDOWS , C ONTINUEDhave hinges and generally open outward.As energy conservation becomesmore important, many people feel theneed to install storm windows. Thisaddition can be handled so that it doeslittle damage to the integrity of anolder house. There are two generalrules to follow: first, the storm window should be made to fit in the original window opening exactly. Itshould not overlap onto the wall surface or be patched in to a larger opening. Second, the storm windowshould be an appropriate color match-ing that of the sash behind it, andshould never be left raw aluminum.Aluminum storm windows can beordered in colors from the factory.Aluminum storms can also be paintedif the factory film is removed orallowed to weather off.Much like frequent addition to the frontlier Adam andwindows, the door of many old houses is aFederalstyles.front doors in storm door. While storm doorsMostColonialrevival houses were varied. Most often do have their functional merRevivalhousesthey were largely wood with small its, they obscure the details offeatured little morepanes of glass near the topthe door behind,than an accentuatat about eye level. Bothdetails that wereed entrance with aTudorandSpanishmeant to be seen. If adecorative crownColonial RevivalRevivals often had similarstorm door must besupportedbystyle entrances with heavyused, it should be a single pilasters. A portico with a curvedboard-and-batten doors.pane of glass from top to bot- underside appeared on few originals,Beyond this the decoratom in a frame of unobtru- but is common during the Revivaltive treatment varied so Typical Revival doors sive color, though the reflec- period. Often Colonial Revival entrywidely that it is difficult to encompass tion on the glass still obscures a clear ways featured sidelights and curved orall the typical styles.view of the door behind it.triangular pediments.If an original door is missing, anTudor Revival houses featuredeffort should be made to find an Porchessimilar small entryway porches, butappropriate replacement. SometimesRevival stylewith an English Medieval accent.a new door must be used, but flush houses generallySimple arched doorways with heavydoors and have small entryboard-and-batten doors were commoni n a p p r o - wayporchesentrances.priate pan- rather than theA feature common in Revivaleled doors large full-width A V O I Dstyles was the side porch. These oneshould be porches featuredstory porches with flat roofs were nota v o i d e d . on area bungalows and turn-of-the- usually found on the original stylesAn unfor- century houses. Colonial Revival that the Revivals mimicked. They aret u n a t e l y entrances reflect variations of the ear- either open or enclosed.Tudor and SpanishE NTRYWAY SNashville Old House SeriesMetropolitan Historical Commission(615) 862-79703000 Granny White PikeNashville, TN 37204Page 6
The Revival Styles1900-1945Early twentieth centurysuburbs, suchas Inglewood, Cherokee Park, andRichland-West End in Nashville,were originally designed to accommodate modern transportationneeds. Neighborhoods includedpaved roads, curbing, sidewalks,and driveways.Automobilesbecame especially popular duringthe decade between 1910 and 1920,a period during which the Nashvillesuburbs were developing. Earlydesigns usually incorporatedgarages for automobiles behind theresidences, while later plans of the1940s and 1950sintegratedattached garages into the designs ofhouses. Often builders designed agarage in a similar style to thehouse.Some Dutch ColonialRevival houses, for example, feature a similarly constructed gambrel roof garage.An historic garage is as important to the integrity of a propertyand neighborhood as the houseitself, and steps should be taken toretain the historic character of thegarage. Generally, the same ideas ofrehabilitation apply to both housesand garages, especially if a garageis visible from the street.G ARAGESExterior wood,whether used assheathing for theentire house or as a porch and trimwork on a masonry house, has bothfunctional and decorative importance.WOODNashville Old House SeriesFunctionallythe roof is oneof the mostimportant elements of the house andoften the first to need rehab attention. Nothing much can be done tothe rest of the house if the roof is notsound. Visually the roof is also ofgreat significance. Its design is oneof the basic visual elements thatmake up the style and architecturalcharacter of a house. Roof designinvolves roof pitch and contours,roofing materials, and decorativetrim. All these things need carefulconsideration in rehab planning.The plan, outline, pitch, andheight of the roof make the framework to which roofing material isapplied and are basic to the visualcharacter of the entire house. Inmost cases, the roof configuration isoriginal and should be retained. Anyadditions to the house or changesmade in the roof itself should notseriously interfere with the roof configuration as seen from the street.The overwhelming majority ofrevival houses were roofed withasbestos or asphalt shingles. Theseusually resembled the visual effectachieved with present-day composition shingles. Texture was relativelysmooth, and the pattern was regular.Colors used varied widely. MostROOFSFunctionally, wood serves eitherwholly or in part as the exterior shell ofthe house and must withstand theoften-harsh assaults of wind, rain, sun,and changing temperatures. To thisend, wood is painted. EventuallyMetropolitan Historical Commission(615) 862-7970revival houses have been re-roofedone or more times but usually withcomposition shingles not unlike theoriginal roofing. Finding a properroofing material is usually not amajor problem in the rehabilitationof revival style houses.A few Nashville revival stylehouses were originally roofed withslate or terra cotta tile. This is especially true with the Mediterraneanand Spanish Revivals. Such roofingis extremely durable and is often inexcellent shape fifty or sixty yearsafter construction. Leaking can bedifficult to locate and repair in suchroofs, but it can be done. Since thereis very little available in the way ofvisually appropriate substitutes forsuch roofs--especially for tile roofing--every effort should be made tosave them.When dealing with roofing orother surface materials, questions ofa technical nature tend to arise.Detailed technical information isbeyond the scope of this publication.Rather, the material here, like the restof the pamphlet, is intended to present an overall approach to rehabilitation and the conservation of architectural character. More detailed technical information is available at theoffice of the Metropolitan HistoricalCommission.weather will deteriorate paint, and seeing that this protective coating isrenewed periodically is vital.Unpainted wood deteriorates very rapidly. Occasionally stain was usedrather than paint. Stain alone was3000 Granny White PikeNashville, TN 37204Page 7
The Revival Styles1900-1945Manypeoplewho aredistressed by the idea of having tokeep wood painted, an ongoing maintenance necessity, have had theirwooden houses, or wooden portionsof masonry houses, covered with"low maintenance" siding. These sidings range from the asbestos shinglesand roll siding of some years ago tothe aluminum or vinyl siding mostoften installed today. All such sidings damage the house. At the veryleast, even the most careful installation will damage the visual integrityof the house, and few installations arecareful. Further, such sidings areprone to trap moisture behind them,which rots the wood underneath.Because the siding remains new looking for a time, moisture-related problems often go undetected and causeA DD - ON S IDINGWOOD, C ONTINUEDoften used on wooden shingles usedas siding. Stain with a coating of varnish was often used on front doors.As decorative treatment, woodwas used in a variety of ways.Renovation should always preserveas much of the original fabric of thehouse as possible. If deteriorationnecessitates replacing wood, theform of the original should be duplicated. This might prove difficult insome cases, but preserving the character of the house is worth the effort.serious structural damage.If such siding is already on ahouse, it should be removed now!Often the excuse is heard, "I don'twant to take the siding off becauseI'm afraid of what I might find under-Brick is designed to withstand weather without paint or any other protectivecoating and to look good while doing it.As such, brick is a relatively maintenance free material.Unless it has been the victim of serious neglect or outrightabuse, brick usually requires little attention in the rehabprocess.In this brief publication, it is not possible to get into adetailed discussion of the causes of brick and mortar deterioration. Very often it stems from excess water, eitherleaking from faulty gutters anddownspouts or seeping upwardfrom the ground. There are otherpossible causes as well, and thecause of the deterioration shouldbe found and corrected beforeNormal Mortarany time or money is spent onB RICKNashville Old House SeriesMetropolitan Historical CommissionProper paint andstain colors alsoplay a vital role inthe architecturalcharacter of therevival-style house.The MetropolitanH i s t o r i c a lCommission has atHalf-timberingits office several is commonlyexcellent publica- found on Tudortions on proper Revivals.paint colors, whichare available for consultation.neath." This excuse is the very reasonto take the siding off. Any deterioration present under the siding is notgetting better and is probably gettingworse. Remove the siding and makenecessary repairs as soon as possible.repairs. When repairs are made, three important propertiesof the masonry should be carefully considered:softness/hardness, dimension, and color.Old brick and old mortar areconsiderably softer than brickand mortar in general use today.Modern firing produces brickthat is very hard, and modernmortar containsPortlandcement, also very hard. Old, Improper Repointingsofter brick can be seriouslydamaged in the normal cycle of expansion and contractioncaused by extremes of temperature if hard, inflexible, newmasonry materials are placed against it. When a hole ispatched or missing mortar replaced, the materials added tothe wall should match the softness of those original to thewall.(615) 862-79703000 Granny White PikeNashville, TN 37204Page 8
The Revival Styles1900-1945Difficulties in colormatching arise in partfrom the vast variationin brick and mortar composition and manufacture over theyears and in part from natural aging and the accumulationof grime that occurs over time. Bricks can often be foundto approximate the color of original bricks. Mortar tintingcan be more difficult and requires a good and willingmason. An exact color match on brick and mortar is hardbut not impossible to achieve.Brick used in revival style houses usually had sharpedges and corners, and was laid with relatively narrowmortar joints. When making repairs, carefully match thesize and shape of original brick and mortar. Problems mostfrequently arise from improper replacement of missingmortar, called repointing or tuckpointing. Too often,repointed joints are much wider than original joints, drastically altering the appearance of the wall.B RICK , C ONTINUEDPaint and BrickAs previously stated, brick does not require a coatingof paint to be functional or attractive. Very few brick historic houses were painted originally. Most builders likedBrickcanbecleaned of dirt andpaint effectively withsafe chemical methods in most cases. Under no circumstances should sandblasting or any other kind of abrasivecleaning be used. This kind of process does not reallyclean the brick. It removes the outer layer, exposing therough, softer, more porous inner core of the brick. Italso wreaks havoc on mortar. The appearance of thebrick suffers as a result; but even more important, exposing the inner brick makes it much more vulnerable to theB RICK C LEANINGNashville Old House SeriesMetropolitan Historical Commissionthe way brick looked, often laying it in fancy patterns orcombining it with stone for decorative effect. Over theyears, some old houses were painted to disguise additionsor to hide dirt or sloppy repair work. In very few cases,virtually none here in Nashville, was a brick house of anytype painted to begin with. To paint such a building now,for the first time, is to detrimentally alter the architecturalcharacter of the house.Aside from aesthetics, painting brick raises practicalquestions. Paint is an ongoing maintenance responsibility,expensive and a bother. Painting brick introduces a maintenance problem to a material that should be largely maintenance free. It rarely helps with moisture problems asmany people have hoped it would. So why paint?A painted house usually can be effectively and safelycleaned, but careful thought is in order before this isundertaken. It would be helpful to know why the housewas painted in the first place. Was it to hide alterationsand repairs? Was it to keep deteriorating mortar in place?If this is the case, cleaning could be
revival styles: Tudor and Colonial. Colonial Revival architec-ture has endured and remains popular because of its simplicity in design and ornamentation, and its affordability. Examples of the revival styles can be found in many of Nashville's early suburban neighborhoods i
May 02, 2018 · D. Program Evaluation ͟The organization has provided a description of the framework for how each program will be evaluated. The framework should include all the elements below: ͟The evaluation methods are cost-effective for the organization ͟Quantitative and qualitative data is being collected (at Basics tier, data collection must have begun)
Silat is a combative art of self-defense and survival rooted from Matay archipelago. It was traced at thé early of Langkasuka Kingdom (2nd century CE) till thé reign of Melaka (Malaysia) Sultanate era (13th century). Silat has now evolved to become part of social culture and tradition with thé appearance of a fine physical and spiritual .
On an exceptional basis, Member States may request UNESCO to provide thé candidates with access to thé platform so they can complète thé form by themselves. Thèse requests must be addressed to esd rize unesco. or by 15 A ril 2021 UNESCO will provide thé nomineewith accessto thé platform via their émail address.
̶The leading indicator of employee engagement is based on the quality of the relationship between employee and supervisor Empower your managers! ̶Help them understand the impact on the organization ̶Share important changes, plan options, tasks, and deadlines ̶Provide key messages and talking points ̶Prepare them to answer employee questions
Dr. Sunita Bharatwal** Dr. Pawan Garga*** Abstract Customer satisfaction is derived from thè functionalities and values, a product or Service can provide. The current study aims to segregate thè dimensions of ordine Service quality and gather insights on its impact on web shopping. The trends of purchases have
Chính Văn.- Còn đức Thế tôn thì tuệ giác cực kỳ trong sạch 8: hiện hành bất nhị 9, đạt đến vô tướng 10, đứng vào chỗ đứng của các đức Thế tôn 11, thể hiện tính bình đẳng của các Ngài, đến chỗ không còn chướng ngại 12, giáo pháp không thể khuynh đảo, tâm thức không bị cản trở, cái được
Revival is the resurrection life of Christ coursing through the Church 19. Revival is the Church crowding the upper room in mighty conquering power 20. Revival is our mouth filled with laughter and our tongue with singing 21. Revival is the falling of God’s fire upon the Church 22. Revival
AS 8 PROTEIN SYNTHESIS QUESTIONSHEET 10 (b) (i) genetic code on DNA is copied into mRNA; double helix of DNA unwinds (in region to be copied); complementary nucleotides line up along coding strand of DNA; A to U and C to G; assemble together to make a complementary strand of mRNA; under influence of RNA polymerase; mRNA unzips from DNA template and passes to ribosomes; max 5 (ii) ATP provides .
