The PC Engineer's Reference Book
The PC Engineer'sReference BookVolume 1 - The BIOS CompanionThe book that doesn’t come with your motherboard!Standard & Advanced CMOS SettingsPOST & Beep CodesNasty NoisesAnd More!Phil Croucher
Legal BitThis book and any included software is sold as is without warranty of any kind, either express or implied, including but notlimited to the implied warranties of merchantability and fitness for a particular purpose. Neither the Author, the Publisher norits dealers or distributors assumes any liability for any alleged or actual damages arising from their use.Translation: Although this information has been gathered from original manufacturer's details or practical experience, it isalways changing, or scarce, so there could be technical inaccuracies or typographical errors. As a result, changes will be made tothe information in this book and included software without reference to anyone, and we don't guarantee that the product suitsyour purposes.In addition, no liability can be accepted for loss of data or business or damage to equipment as a result of using theinformation contained herein—backups are your responsibility.Copyrights, etcWindows, Windows 95, Windows NT, DOS and Xenix are trademarks and Microsoft is a registered trademark of MicrosoftCorporation. Novell and NetWare are registered trademarks of Novell, Inc. Macintosh is a registered trademark of AppleComputer, Inc. VAX is a trademark of Digital Equipment Corporation. 8086, 80286, i386, i486, i486DX, i486DX2, i486DX4,i486SX, and i487SX, Intel OverDrive Processor are trademarks of Intel Corp. UNIX is a registered trademark of UNIXSystem Laboratories. IBM, PC, XT, AT and OS/2 are trademarks of International Business Machines Corp. PCI is aregistered trademark of PCI Special Interest Group. Triton is a trademark of a company in Germany. Any code listings,although obtained from sites that are publicly accessed, may be copyrighted by their respective manufacturers. All otherproprietary trade names, trademarks and names protected by copyright are fully acknowledged. They are mentioned foreditorial purposes, with no intention of infringing them.This book copyright June 2002 Phil Croucher. ISBN 0-9681928-0-7All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form orby any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the author.Electrocution Technical Publisherswww.electrocution.comSourcesWhich are gratefully acknowledged:o Experience.o Many conversations with technicians.o Hundreds of motherboard manuals, not all of which were helpful!o AMI BIOS Tech Ref manual.o MR BIOS Tech Ref Manual. Thanks to Mike at Microid Research!o Readers, including Mick O'Donnell, Martyn Smith, Chris Crook, Chris Nicholson, DartComputers, Pat Tan, John Dallman, Ulf Boehlau, Rick and Tilman at ProData, Adrian Clintof Samsung, Peter Farrow, Kerry and Toni at Award Software, Chuck French at Unicore,Ali Kiafar at ECS/TTX, John Dann at ProData, Jerome Czeikus and Mike Echlin.o amibios.txt, available from Jean-Paul Rodrigue in the University of Montreal, which haduseful snippets, especially the explanation of Fast Decode.o amisetup, a shareware program from Robert Muchsel.
Table of ContentsTHE BIOSHow old is my BIOS?Acer ID StringsALR (Gateway) ID StringsAMI ID StringsNon-AMI Taiwanese boards (1xxx, 8xxx)Non-AMI USA boards (6xxx)ID String Line 1ID String Line 2ID String Line 3IntelAopen ID StringsAward ID StringsByte CodeManufacturer IDChipset IDBIOStar ID StringsDTK ID StringsGateway ID StringsIntel ID StringsMicronics ID StringsMR BIOS ID StringsPackard Bell ID StringsPhoenix ID StringsSony Vaio ID StringsTandon ID StringsTyan ID StringsZeos ID StringsUsing The 3
ii The PC Engineer’s Reference Book Vol 1 – The BIOS CompanionWhat’s in my machine?Where Can I Get A New BIOS?Flash BIOS UpgradesFacilities ProvidedThe Power On Self TestThe Bootstrap LoaderCMOS settingsUtilitiesHardware PerformanceSystem TimingTHE MOTHERBOARDBits and BytesThe Central ProcessorSlots and SocketsThe 8088The 80286The 80386The 80386SXThe 80386SLThe 80486The 80486SXThe 80486SL EnhancedClock DoublingOverclockingThe PentiumPentium ProPentium IIPentium IIIPentium IVCeleronCyrix InsteadIBMAMDIDTTransmetaThe FutureMMXSumming upChip Reference ChartMEMORYStatic RAMDynamic RAMWait statesShadow RAMRandom Access MemoryBase (or conventional) 363737383839394040414142434343434447474749545555
Table Of Contents iiiUpper MemoryExtended MemoryHigh MemoryExpanded MemoryVirtual MemoryShared MemoryCMOS Memory MapBUS TYPESISAEISAMicro Channel ArchitectureLocal BusVL-BUSPCIPCMCIAUSBFireWireEXPANSION CARDSDirect Memory Access (DMA)Base Memory AddressBase I/O AddressInterrupt SettingPERFORMANCEOPEN SESAMESetup DARD CMOS SETUPADVANCED CMOS SETUPADVANCED CHIPSETRefreshData BusCacheingMemoryMiscellaneousVGA BIOSAGPPOWER MANAGEMENTSmart Battery SystemPLUG AND 175176189
iv The PC Engineer’s Reference Book Vol 1 – The BIOS CompanionPCI IdentificationPCI Slot ConfigurationPeripheral SetupSystem Monitor SetupNASTY NOISESALRAmbraAMIASTAwardCompaqDell (Phoenix)IBMMR BIOSMylex/EurosoftPackard BellPhoenixQuadtelTandonERROR MESSAGES/CODESAbnormal System Hardware, Press F1 to enter Setup or any key to continueAMIApricotASTAwardCompaqGeneralHP VectraIBM ATOlivettiPhoenixKNOWN BIOS 01301301301301301302302302
Table Of Contents vWyseZenithWindows 95AwardPOST CODESShutdown or Reset CommandsManufacturing Loop JumperWhat is a POST Diagnostic Card?Obtaining Information About Your ComputerACERALRAmbraAMIArche TechnologiesASTAT&TAwardChips and TechnologiesCompaqDelIDTKEurosoftFaraday A-TeaseHeadstartHPIBMLandmarkMagnavoxMicronicsMR BIOSMylex/EurosoftNCROlivettiPackard oftTandonTandyWyseZenithZeosCHIPSETSBIOS Part Numbers and ChipsetsAwardChipset 6417
vi The PC Engineer’s Reference Book Vol 1 – The BIOS CompanionACC MicroelectronicsACER Laboratories Inc (ALI)AMDAustekChips & TechnologiesContaqEliteFaraday (WD)G-2 Inc/HeadlandHeadlandIntelNVidiaOptiPC ChipsSamsungSIS (Silicon Integrated Systems)SuntacSymphony LabsTexas InstrumentsUMC (United Microelectronics)VIAVLSIWestern DigitalZilogZymosFIXED DISK PARAMETERSAcer v1.00ALR FlexCache Z 33 MHzALR FlexCache 25386/dtAMIAmstrad 2286 v1.10/1.11*ASTAward 14/3.16*/3.20/3.21/3.22/4.00***Award 4.5CommodoreCompaq DeskPro 386/25/33(27)/20e(37)Compaq 386/20Compaq Portable IIICompaq 30431431431432432433433433434434434
Table Of Contents viiMR BIOSNimbus PC386 4.21aNimbus VX386 v155aOlivetti v3.27Olivetti M380cPhilips 2.24Phoenix 1.1 16.H0Phoenix 1.64Phoenix 3.00Phoenix 3.10 01Phoenix 3.10 08APhoenix 3.4Phoenix 3.40Phoenix 3.63TPhoenix 3.06/3.07Phoenix 3.10Phoenix 1.00 ABIOSSamsungSperry PC/ITTandon 001-2.24 000-10Tandon 3.61Toshiba 1.0Victor AT 3.01WangZenithMEMORY CHIPSSIMMs30 pin72 pinDIMMsVideoManufacturersAEPAllianceArray TechnologyAT&TCypress MultichipDense-PacEDIFujitsuGalvantechGoldStar (LGS)HarrisHitachiHyundaiIBMIC 5445446446446446446447447448448448448449450450
viii The PC Engineer’s Reference Book Vol 1 – The BIOS CompanionIDTInmosInovaLifetimeLogic sung/SECSGSSharpSiemensSilicon MagicSonyTexas InstrumentsToshibaValtronicVitarelVitelicWhite TechnologyZyrelUSEFUL 60460461463
The BIOSThe instructions that turn a PC into a useful machine come in three stages, starting with applicationprograms, which are loaded by an operating system, which in turn is loaded by a bootstrap loader inthe BIOS, which stands for Basic Input/Output System. There are several in a PC, a good example beingthe one on the video card that controls the interface between it and the computer. However, we areconcerned with the System BIOS, which is a collection of assembly language routines that allowprograms and the components of a PC to communicate with each other at low level. It thereforeworks in two directions at once and is active all the time your computer is switched on. In this way,software doesn't have to talk to a device directly, but can call a BIOS routine instead. However, thesedays the BIOS is often bypassed by 32-bit software—there are moves to place its functions into theoperating system, starting with Power Management (see ACPI), but there are also moves to do it theother way round, as with the LinuxBIOS, an Open Source project aimed at replacing it with a littlehardware initialization and a compressed Linux kernel that can be booted from a cold start (inside 3seconds at last count). Some access to the Video BIOS is also allowed by some manufacturers.For the moment, though, the System BIOS will work in conjunction with the chipset, which is reallywhat manages access to system resources such as memory, cache and the data buses, and actually isthe subject of this book, as all those advanced settings relate to the chipset and not the BIOS as such.On an IBM-compatible, you will find the BIOS embedded into a ROM on the motherboard, togetherwith hard disk utilities and a CMOS setup program, although this will depend on the manufacturer.The ROM will usually occupy a 64K segment of upper memory at F000 if you have an ISA system,and a 128K segment starting at E000 with EISA or similar. It’s on a chip so it doesn’t get damaged ifa disk fails, as sometimes used to happen on the Victor 9000/Sirius, which had the BIOS and systemon the boot floppy.Older machines, such as 286s, will have two ROMs, labelled Odd and Even, or High and Low (theymust be in the right slots), because of the 16-bit bus, but these days there tends to be only one—lookfor one with a printed label (older 386s sometimes had 4). You can get away with one because BIOScode is often copied into Shadow RAM (explained later), and not actually executed from ROM, butextended memory. In addition, much of the code is redundant once the machine has started, and itgets replaced by the operating system anyway. Newer machines may actually have two BIOSes, so if
2 The PC Engineer’s Reference Book Vol 1 – The BIOS Companionone fails, the back-up kicks in. Well, in theory, anyway – there have been reports of the BIOSesflashing each other out, so later backups have become read-only.A Flash ROM allows you to change BIOS code without replacing chip(s). Flash ROM, or programmableread-only nonvolatile RAM, if you want to be posh, is similar in concept to the EEPROM, being astorage medium that doesn’t need a continuous power source, but deals with several blocks ofmemory at once, rather than single bytes, making it slightly faster, but only just. Also, Flash devicescan be programmed in situ, whereas EEPROMS need a special device.Older BIOSes used EPROMS, which require ultra violet light to erase them, so were a morepermanent solution. Even older BIOSes used PROMs, which can’t be changed at all onceprogrammed. All are considered to be nonvolatile, which means that they don’t need a continuoussource of power to keep information in them. Actually, this does include CMOS chips, as the powerreferred to is mains and not battery power, but the A exam might not agree.As well as ROM space, the BIOS takes 256 bytes of low memory as a BIOS Data Area, whichcontains details about the Num Lock state, keyboard buffer, etc. DOS loads higher than this, so it'squite safe.There are several types of BIOS because so many computers need to be IBM-compatible; they're notallowed to copy each other, for obvious reasons. The BIOS worries about all the differences andpresents a standard frontage to the operating system, which in turn provides a standard interface forapplication programs. PC and motherboard manufacturers used to make their own BIOSes, andmany still do, but most are now based on code from third party companies, the most well-known ofwhich are Phoenix, Award, Microid Research and American Megatrends (AMI). However, all is notwhat it seems! Award Software owns Unicore (aka esupport.com, the upgraders), which in turnowns MR, which does the customised stuff. Phoenix also owns Quadtel and has merged with Award.How old is my BIOS?Microsoft says that any earlier than 1987 are "suspect" for Windows, and there is a list of Known BIOSProblems later on (most BIOSes dated 1990 or later are compatible with OS/2 - Phoenix should be1.03). For IDE systems, the AMI BIOS must be later than 04-09-90, and for SCSI 09-25-88, as longas the SCSI card is OS220 compatible. For RLL and MFM drives, try 9-25-88 or later. The keyboardBIOS for AMI systems must be revision 'F'. If you want to check how old your BIOS is, the date ison the start-up screen, usually buried in the BIOS ID String, which looks a bit like this (121291 is thedate in this AMI f you don’t get one, you can also use debug. The BIOS lives between F000:0000 and F000:FFFF,with copyright messages typically at F000:E000, F000:C000 and F000:0000. Type:debugat the DOS prompt. A minus sign will appear. Press D followed by an address in memory to see the128 bytes’ worth of the values stored there, for example:-d f000:e000ASCII text information will be displayed on the right hand side of the screen.
The BIOS 3You can also use the S command to search for the word “version”, although some computers, IBMand Compaq, for example, don’t use version numbers. In this case, the date will be near F000:FFE0.Quit debug by pressing q at the dash prompt.The AMI WinBIOS has a normal date on the startup screen. Otherwise, as you can see, you don't justget the date; many manufacturers include extras that identify the state of the chipset inside. Forexample, with the AMI Hi-Flex BIOS, there are two more strings, displayed by pressing Ins duringbootup, or any other key to create an error condition.Acer ID StringsIn the bottom left hand corner of the screen:ACR89xxx-xxx-950930-R03-B6The first 2 characters after ACR identify the motherboard. The last few are the BIOS revision. Theones before that are the date (e.g. 5NM9NProductAltos 19000Altos 900/M and 9000/MAcros, PowerAltos 300PowerAcros, PowerAltos 9000/ProAcros, Power, AspireAcerPowerAltos 900/ProAcros, Power, AspireAcros, Power, AspireAcros, PowerAltos 920 and MX3V65XV58V65LAA1G4V20M5M3 (SCSI)M3-EIDEA1GX, -2V30, -2V12LC, -2XProductAcros, Power, AspireAltos 19000 Pro 4AcerAcros PIIEntraAcros, PowerAcrosAcerPowerAltos 7000PAltos 9000AcerPower (590)Acros, PowerAcros, PowerAcros, Power, AspireALR (Gateway) ID StringsBIOS ID 000PIIPIIDual PIIPentiumE-1200PIIPIIPentium 440BXAMI ID StringsThe release number is at the top left of the screen for AMI boards. The ID string is at the bottom leftfor theirs and others. The AMI BIOS and BIOS Plus series (1986-1990) looks like this (for example):DINT-1123-04990-K8Or, in other words:aaaa-bbbb-mmddyy-Kc
4 The PC Engineer’s Reference Book Vol 1 – The BIOS Companionwhere:aaaabbbbmmddyyKcBIOS typeCustomer NumberRelease dateKeyboard BIOS version numberIf the first customer number (in bold above) is 1,2, 8 or a letter, it is a non-AMI Taiwanesemotherboard. If it is 3, 4 or 5, it is from AMI. 50 or 6 means a non-AMI US motherboard and 9means an evaluation BIOS for a Taiwanese manufacturer. Otherwise, there can be up to three lines(from 1991 onwards) at the bottom left of the screen. The first is displayed automatically, the othertwo can be seen by pressing the Insert key. Aside from version numbers, the 1s and 0s indicate thestate of the settings inside. The Hi-Flex BIOS might look like this (from 1991 ain, check the bold numbers in the third set for the manufacturer.Non-AMI Taiwanese boards (1xxx, nufacturerQDIVtech/PC taexpertChapletFair FriendPaokuAquarius SystemsMicroLeaderIwillSenior ScienceChiconyA-TrendUnicornFirst xChaintechPai JungECS (Elite Group)DkineSeritechAcerSun ElectronicsWin olden HorseCT ContinentalRandom ed MarketingDatavanHonotronUnion GeniusNew ParadiseRPT IntergroupsDigital Eqpt IntlIstonLanticAdvanced SemiconductorKingston TechStorage SystemMacrotekCast TechnologyCordial Far EastLaproAdvanced ScientificHigh AbilityGain TechnologyDSG TechnologyChaining ComputerE-SanTaiwan Turbo
The BIOS TasteIntegrated Tech ExpressAchitecAccos1Top-ThunderSan LiTechnical HouseHi-ComTwinheadMonterey IntlSoftekMercuryRio WorksMicroStarTaiwan IgelShining YuanGiantecApplied Component TechSigmaHigh Tech InformationClevoPaladinLeo Systems (FIC)Alpha-TopMirle AutomationDelta ElectronicsQuantaChips & TechnologiesInterlogic Industries/ICPSercomGNSUniversal ScientificGolden WayGigabyteNew Tech IntlSunrexBestekPuretekRiseDFIRever ComputerElite ComputerDarter techDomexBioStarYung LinDataworld IntlLeadman ElectronicsFormosa IndustrialWin TechFree y RueyJetproMitacBek-TronicAnsoonAcer Incorp.ToyenAcer litInterplanetary InfoExpertElechands IntlPowertechOvisInlog MicroTercomputerAnproAxiomNew Union KHPC Direct/ProwareGarnet IntlBrain PowerHTR Asia PacificVeridataSmart D & MLutronSoyoAeontech IntlManufacturing TechSeal IntlRockFreedom DataAquarius SystemsSource of ComputerLannerIpex ITG IntlJoin CorpKou ShengSeahill TechNexcom IntlCAM EnterpriseAaeon TechloguKuei HaoASMTSilver BallyProdisti
6 The PC Engineer’s Reference Book Vol 1 – The BIOS rerMusePortwellSono ComputerLucky StarFour StarGVCDT ResearchArimaModulaPortwellTidalUltima Electroni
o MR BIOS Tech Ref Manual. Thanks to Mike at Microid Research! o Readers, including Mick O'Donnell, Martyn Smith, Chris Crook, Chris Nicholson, Dart . Compaq 386/20 431 Compaq Portable III 431 Compaq SLT/286 432 DTK 432 Epson 433 Ferranti 433 Goldstar 433 Goupil 434 IBM 434 PS/2 434. Table Of Contents vii MR BIOS 434
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