Human Sexuality, Fourth Edition - Sinauer Associates
HumanSexualityFOURTH EDITIONSIMON LEVAY JANICE BALDWINSinauer Associates, Inc. PublishersSunderland, Massachusetts U.S.A Sinauer Associates, Inc. This material cannot be copied, reproduced, manufacturedor disseminated in any form without express written permission from the publisher.LEVAY4E FM.indd III10/20/11 2:53 PM
Brief ContentsCHAPTER ONESexuality: Pathways to Understanding 3CHAPTER TWOSex and EvolutionCHAPTER THREECHAPTER FOURCHAPTER FIVECHAPTER SIXWomen’s BodiesMen’s Bodies295987Sex Hormones and the Menstrual CycleSexual Development153CHAPTER SEVENGender 191CHAPTER EIGHTAttraction, Arousal, and Response 219CHAPTER NINECHAPTER TENSexual Behavior 251Sexual Relationships 283CHAPTER ELEVENFertility, Pregnancy, and ChildbirthCHAPTER TWELVEContraception and AbortionCHAPTER THIRTEENCHAPTER FOURTEENSexuality across the Life SpanSexual Orientation319357399447CHAPTER FIFTEENAtypical Sexuality 483CHAPTER SIXTEENSexual DisordersCHAPTER SEVENTEEN119517Sexually Transmitted Diseases545CHAPTER EIGHTEENSexual Assault, Harassment, and Partner Violence 579CHAPTER NINETEENSex as a Commodity607 Sinauer Associates, Inc. This material cannot be copied, reproduced, manufacturedor disseminated in any form without express written permission from the publisher.LEVAY4E FM.indd VI10/20/11 2:53 PM
ContentsCHAPTER ONESexuality: Pathways to UnderstandingWhy Study Human Sexuality? 3Sex Research Has Developed fromConverging Strands 4Observational studies began with Aristotle 4Sexual ethics have religious roots 5Sex researchers emerged in the late nineteenthcentury 6BOX 1.1 Freud and Hirschfeld: ContrastingTheories on Sexual Orientation 8Psychological anthropologists investigated nonWestern perspectives on sex 8Feminists campaigned for sexual reforms 10Biomedical research had a practical impact on people’ssex lives 11Sexuality Can Be Studied with a WideVariety of Methods 12Biomedical research focuses on the underlyingmechanisms of sex 12Psychologists take diverse approaches to sexuality 133BOX 1.2 Meet My Dads 15Sociologists focus on the connection between sexand society 16Sociologists may take an ethnographic approach 18The economic approach weighs costs andbenefits 18Sex research is becoming a discipline in itsown right 19Religions Offer Diverse Teachings onSexuality 19BOX 1.3 Sexual Health for the Millennium 20Catholicism teaches conservative attitudes towardsexuality 20Protestant teachings are more flexible 21Judaism spans a spectrum 22Global religions are embedded in diversesocieties 22Sex Education Faces SignificantObstacles 23 Sinauer Associates, Inc. This material cannot be copied, reproduced, manufacturedor disseminated in any form without express written permission from the publisher.LEVAY4E FM.indd VII10/20/11 2:53 PM
VIII CONTENTSCHAPTER TWOSex and Evolution29Diverse Methods of Reproduction HaveEvolved 29Rival Theories Offer Explanations forSexual Reproduction 31BOX 2.1 The Cellular Basis of Reproduction 32Sexual reproduction may limit harmful mutations 33Sexual reproduction may generate beneficial genecombinations 34Future research may solve the puzzle 35Why Are There Two Sexes? 35BOX 2.2 The Paradox of Sexless Species 36Hermaphrodites combine male and femalereproductive functions 37Can there be more than two sexes? 38Why are there equal numbers of males andfemales? 38Evolution Has Led to Diverse Methods ofSex Determination 39Sex may be determined by chromosomes 39Sex may be determined by temperature 40Sexual Selection Produces Anatomical andBehavioral Differences between Malesand Females 41Males and females follow different reproductivestrategies 41Females and males are exposed to differentreproductive risks 42Males often compete for access to females 42Females often choose among males 43Sometimes males make significant investments inreproduction 45BOX 2.3 When Males Get Pregnant 46If males invest, sexual selection may workdifferently 46Diverse Relationship Styles HaveEvolved 48Social and sexual arrangements are not necessarilythe same 48Male promiscuity offers obvious evolutionarybenefits 49Why are females promiscuous? 49Female promiscuity leads to adaptive responsesby males 50Males may copulate with females by force 51Sometimes, Helping Relatives ReproduceIs a Good Strategy 52Kin selection explains some altruistic animalbehavior 53Sex Has Acquired Other Functions beyondReproduction 53BOX 2.4 Does Sexual Morality Have anEvolutionary Basis? The Case of Incest 54Female and male bonobos engage in nonreproductive sex 55Bonobos use sex for conflict resolution and allianceformation 56CHAPTER THREEWomen’s Bodies 59A Woman’s Vulva Includes Her Mons,Labia, Vaginal Opening, and Clitoris 59BOX 3.1 Genital Cosmetic Surgery 62There is more to the clitoris than meets the eye 62BOX 3.2 Female Circumcision 64The appearance of the vaginal opening is variable 65The Vagina Is the Outermost Portion of theFemale Reproductive Tract 67The G-spot is a controversial erogenous zone 69The Anus Can Also Be a Sex Organ 69The Uterus Serves a Double Duty 70Cancer can affect the cervix or the endometrium 70BOX 3.3 Genital Self-Examination 71Other uterine conditions include fibroids,endometriosis, abnormal bleeding, and prolapse 73Should hysterectomy be so common? 74The Oviducts Are the Site ofFertilization 74BOX 3.4 Hysteria 75The Ovaries Produce Ova and SexHormones 76The Breasts Have Both Erotic andReproductive Significance 77 Sinauer Associates, Inc. This material cannot be copied, reproduced, manufacturedor disseminated in any form without express written permission from the publisher.LEVAY4E FM.indd VIII10/20/11 2:53 PM
CONTENTS IXBreast cancer mortality can be reduced 78Many factors affect the risk of breast cancer 79Early detection is important 80BOX 3.5 Breast Self-Examination 81Treatment depends on the diagnostic findings and thewoman’s choice 82Most women with breast cancer return to anactive sex life 83BOX 3.6 Is There Sex after Mastectomy? 84CHAPTER FOURMen’s Bodies 87The Male External Genitalia Are the Penisand Scrotum 87The penis combines erotic, reproductive, andexcretory functions 88BOX 4.1 Male Circumcision 90BOX 4.2 How Big Should a Penis Be? 93The scrotum regulates the temperature ofthe testicles 94The Testes Produce Sperm and SexHormones 95BOX 4.3 Disorders of the Testicles 97Other glands contribute their secretions tothe semen 98What is semen? 99BOX 4.4 Disorders of the Prostate Gland 100The Nervous System Orchestrates SexualArousal 103Erection can be mediated by a spinal reflex 103BOX 4.5 The Nervous System 104Erectile tissue forms a hydraulic system 107Muscles are also involved in erection 109The brain influences erection 110Ejaculation Requires Coordination ofMuscles and Glands 111Emission is the passage of semen into the urethra 111Ejaculation is caused by contractions of many musclesin the pelvic floor 112Nudity Is Culturally Regulated 113CHAPTER FIVESex Hormones and the Menstrual Cycle 119Sex Steroids Consist of Three Groups 119BOX 5.1 Testicles by the Ton—The Discovery of SexSteroids 121Testosterone is a sex hormone in both menand women 123Estradiol is synthesized from testosterone inboth sexes 124Progesterone is a female hormone 124Sex steroids activate specific receptor molecules 124Proteins and Peptide HormonesAre Gene Products 125Oxytocin is secreted by neuroendocrine cells of thehypothalamus 125GnRH stimulates the release of pituitary sexhormones 125The pituitary gonadotropins are follicle-stimulatinghormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) 126Other pituitary hormones include prolactin and growthhormone 127Protein hormones are secreted by other tissues 128Prostaglandins and Monoamines AlsoInfluence Sexual Functions 128A Brain–Pituitary–Testis Feedback LoopControls Testicular Function 128The regulation of testosterone levels andspermatogenesis is coupled 128Testosterone and inhibin exert negative feedback ongonadotropin release 129Testosterone has multiple functions in men 129BOX 5.2 Steroids and Sports 131Estradiol has wide-ranging effects in men’s bodies 132Menstruation Has Biological and SocialAspects 132BOX 5.3 Attitudes toward Menstruation 133 Sinauer Associates, Inc. This material cannot be copied, reproduced, manufacturedor disseminated in any form without express written permission from the publisher.LEVAY4E FM.indd IX10/20/11 2:53 PM
X CONTENTSWomen use pads, tampons, or cups duringmenstruation 134The Menstrual Cycle Involves the Ovaries,Brain, Pituitary, and Uterus 136The cycle is of variable length 136The cycle consists of menstrual, follicular, andluteal phases 136BOX 5.4 Menstrual Synchrony: Reality orMyth? 137The menstrual phase is triggered by a drop inprogesterone levels 137The follicular phase is marked by the maturation ofovarian follicles 138During the luteal phase the uterus is prepared forpregnancy 142CHAPTER SIXSexual DevelopmentSex steroids affect systems in women besides thereproductive tract 143The menstrual cycle influences sexuality 144Menstrual Problems Are Common butTreatable 145Menstrual pain might or might not reflect underlyingpelvic disease 145Premenstrual syndrome has physical and psychologicalaspects 146Menstruation stops during pregnancy—and for manyother reasons 147Sex Hormone-Related Compounds Exist inthe Environment 148BOX 5.5 Sex Hormones in the Environment 149153Humans Pass through Distinct Stages ofDevelopment 153Fertilization Is the Fusion of One Spermwith One Ovum 154The conceptus implants in the uterine wall 155During embryonic life, the body plan and organsystems develop 157Fetal life involves growth and functionalmaturation 157Genetic Sex Is Determined atFertilization 158Sex is usually determined by the presence or absenceof the Y-linked gene SRY 159SRY and other genes direct the development ofthe gonads 159BOX 6.1 Atypical Development: ChromosomalAnomalies 160Sexual Development Involves Growth orBreakdown of Precursor Structures 161Primordial germ cells migrate into the developinggonads 161BOX 6.2 Atypical Development: GonadalIntersexuality 162Male and female reproductive tracts develop fromdifferent precursors 163BOX 6.3 Atypical Development: AndrogenInsensitivity Syndrome 164Male and female external genitalia develop from thesame precursors 165BOX 6.4 Atypical Development: CongenitalAdrenal Hyperplasia 167The gonads descend during development 168BOX 6.5 Atypical Development: 5α-ReductaseDeficiency 169BOX 6.6 Atypical Development: Hypospadias andMicropenis 170Hormones Influence the SexualDifferentiation of the Central NervousSystem 171The CNS contains sexually dimorphic structures 171Sexual dimorphism arises as a consequence ofdiffering hormonal levels during a sensitiveperiod 172Early Hormonal Exposure Influences LaterSexual Behavior 174Experiments on rodents show activational andorganizational effects of androgens 174Primates have multiple sensitive periods 175Other Y-Linked Genes Besides SRYInfluence Development 176External Factors Influence Prenatal SexualDevelopment 177Biological and social factors interact postnatally 177Puberty Marks Sexual Maturation 178The pubertal growth spurt occurs earlier in girls thanin boys 178Puberty is marked by visible and invisible changesin the body 179 Sinauer Associates, Inc. This material cannot be copied, reproduced, manufacturedor disseminated in any form without express written permission from the publisher.LEVAY4E FM.indd X10/20/11 2:53 PM
CONTENTS XIWhat drives puberty? 181The body may signal its readiness for pubertyto the brain 182BOX 6.7 Atypical Development: Precocious andDelayed Puberty 183Sex hormones may have organizational effectsat puberty 184Intersexuality Raises Complex Social andEthical Issues 185BOX 6.8 My Life With Androgen InsensitivitySyndrome 185Dietary changes may be the reason puberty isbeginning earlier 183CHAPTER SEVENGender 191Gender Is a Central Aspect ofPersonhood 191Gender Research Has Emerged from aHistory of Sexism 192Gender Identity May Be Discordant withAnatomical Sex 193Men and Women Differ in a Variety ofCognitive and Personality Traits 193Gender is molded by socialization 202Cognitive developmental models focus on thoughtprocesses 205BOX 7.2 The Boy Who Was Raised as a Girl 206Gender Development Involves ComplexInteractions 208Transgender People Cross Society’sDeepest Divide 208Differences in sexuality include attitudes toward casualsex, jealousy, and frequency of masturbation 194Many gender differences arise early in life 196Transexuals are of more than one kind 209BOX 7.3 Transgenders in Cross-CulturalPerspective 210Biological Factors Influence Gender 197Changing sex is a multistage process 212Evolutionary forces act differently on malesand females 197Experiments demonstrate a role for sexhormones 199BOX 7.4 How Should We Treat Gender-DysphoricChildren? 214Some transgenders do not want surgery 215Transgenders and transexuals struggle for awarenessand acceptance 215BOX 7.1 “Eggs at Twelve” 201Life Experiences Influence Gender 202CHAPTER EIGHTAttraction, Arousal, and Response 219Sexual Attraction: It Takes Two 219Beauty is not entirely in the eye of the beholder 220Culture influences the attractiveness of bodies 222BOX 8.1 Beauty and Culture 224Attractiveness involves senses besides vision 226Behavior and personality influence sexualattractiveness 227Familiarity may increase or decrease attraction 228Perceived attractiveness varies around themenstrual cycle 230Some people do not experience sexual attraction 230Sexual Arousal Has Multiple Roots 232Fantasy is a common mode of sexual arousal 232Rape fantasies may be aversive or erotic 234Arousal occurs in response to a partner 235Hormones influence sexual arousability 236Conditioning may influence arousal 237BOX 8.2 Aphrodisiacs and Drugs 238Sexual Arousal Follows a ResponseCycle 239In the excitement phase, genital responses begin 240In the plateau phase, arousal is maintained 241Orgasm is the climax of sexual arousal 242 Sinauer Associates, Inc. This material cannot be copied, reproduced, manufacturedor disseminated in any form without express written permission from the publisher.LEVAY4E FM.indd XI10/20/11 2:53 PM
XII CONTENTSBOX 8.3 Female Ejaculation 243Men experience a refractory period 246Brain imaging suggests where orgasm may beexperienced 244In the resolution phase, arousal subsides 245The phases may be linked in different ways 245Some people experience multiple orgasms 246BOX 8.4 Women and Men Describe TheirOrgasms 247CHAPTER NINESexual BehaviorThe Masters and Johnson cycle may beincomplete 247251People Derive Pleasure from DiverseSexual Behaviors 251Masturbation Is a Very Common Form ofSexual Expression 253Negative attitudes toward masturbation are stillprevalent 253BOX 9.1 The Dreaded M Word 254Several demographic factors influencemasturbation 255Women use more diverse techniques of masturbationthan men 256Gay people masturbate more than heterosexuals 256Different cultures have different attitudes towardmasturbation 257The Kiss Represents True Love—Sometimes 258Sexual Touching Takes Many Forms 258Oral Sex Is Increasingly Popular 259Fellatio is oral stimulation of the penis 259Cunnilingus is oral stimulation of the vulva 260Most Sexual Encounters IncludeCoitus 261Coitus can be performed in many differentpositions 261The man-above position is the traditionalfavorite 262Anal Sex May Be a Part of EitherHeterosexual or Male HomosexualBehavior 265BOX 9.3 The Crime of Sodomy 266Men and Women May Have DifferentPreferences for Sexual Encounters 267Sex Toys Are Used to Enhance SexualPleasure 268There are Cultural Variations in SexualBehavior and Attitudes 270The Kama Sutra is the classic work on how tomake love 270BOX 9.4 What is “Great Sex”? 271The Aka emphasize the importance offrequent sex 272BOX 9.5 Dry Sex 273Many Disabled People Have Active SexLives 274Arthritis is the number one disability affecting sex 274BOX 9.6 On Seeing a Sex Surrogate 275Spinal cord injuries present a major challenge to sexualexpression 276Many intellectually disabled people are competent tomake sexual choices 278BOX 9.2 Progress in Coitus Research 263The women’s movement encouraged alternativepositions 264 Sinauer Associates, Inc. This material cannot be copied, reproduced, manufacturedor disseminated in any form without express written permission from the publisher.LEVAY4E FM.indd XII10/20/11 2:53 PM
CONTENTS XIIICHAPTER TENSexual Relationships 283Sexual Relationships Are Motivated byMany Factors 283Moral Judgments about Sex Depend on ItsContext 283BOX 10.1 Who May Marry? 284Demographic factors affect sexual attitudes 285Americans’ Attitudes Have Changed overTime 286Attitudes in other countries differ from those in theUnited States 287Casual Sex Has More Appeal to Men thanto Women 288BOX 10.2 Getting the BUG 289Hooking up—The new norm? 290Casual sex is more accepted in the gay malecommunity 292Negotiating sex involves flirting 293Dating Relationships Are Often ShortLived 294First dates may follow a script 294Same-sex dates have their own scripts 295Dating relationships may evolve rapidly 296Love Cements Many SexualRelationships 296There are different kinds of love 296Romantic love may be a human universal 296BOX 10.3 Love in Literature 297Being in love may be the justification formarriage or sex 298People fall in love with attractive persons who showsome interest in them 298Researchers are probing the biologicalbasis of love 298One theory proposes that love has threecomponents 299BOX 10.4 This Is Your Brain in Love 300Unrequited Love Is Painful for BothParties 303Rejection in love damages self-worth 303BOX 10.5 Love Stories 304The rejector may experience guilt 305Life Experiences Mold Our SexualRelationships 305Relationship styles are influenced by childhoodattachments 306Couples in Relationships Resemble EachOther 306Communication Is a Key Factor in theSuccess of Relationships 307Communication may be inhibited by upbringing orby the gender barrier 308Marriage and relationship education teachescommunication skills 308How couples deal with conflict affects the stabilityof their relationship 309Love, Jealousy, and Infidelity May BeIntertwined 311Jealousy can have a positive function 311Jealousy can become a high-stakes game 312Extra-Pair Relationships Have Many Stylesand Motivations 313Personal and evolutionary factors influenceinfidelity 313BOX 10.6 We Just Clicked 314Extra-pair relationships are uncommon 315 Sinauer Associates, Inc. This material cannot be copied, reproduced, manufacturedor disseminated in any form without express written permission from the publisher.LEVAY4E FM.indd XIII10/20/11 2:53 PM
XIV CONTENTSCHAPTER ELEVENFertility, Pregnancy, and ChildbirthPregnancy and Childbirth Raise MajorHealth Concerns 319Pregnancy Is Confirmed by HormonalTests 320The Likelihood of Pregnancy Can BeMaximized by Tracking Ovulation 321Infertility Can Result from a Problem in theWoman or in the Man 322A variety of factors can reduce sperm counts 322In vitro fertilization can circumvent many spermproblems 322BOX 11.1 Are Sperm Counts Declining? 323Sperm can be donated 325Abnormalities of the female reproductive tract mayreduce fertility 326Failure to ovulate can be dealt with by drugs or byoocyte donation 326Surrogate mothers bear a child for someone else 326BOX 11.2 Designer Gametes 327Adoption is limited by the supply of healthyinfants 328Fertility declines with age 328Many Embryos Do Not Survive 329Rh factor incompatibility can threaten secondpregnancies 330Ectopic pregnancy can endanger themother’s life 330Pregnancy Is Conventionally Divided intoThree Trimesters 331The fetus secretes sex hormones to sustainpregnancy 331BOX 11.3 Myths of Pregnancy 332Women may experience troublesome symptomsduring early pregnancy 333Prenatal care provides health screening, education,and support 333Adequate nutrition is vital to a successfulpregnancy 334Tobacco, alcohol, drugs, and radiation can harmthe fetus 335319The Second Trimester Is the Easiest 336Tests can detect fetal abnormalities 337BOX 11.4 Choosing Children’s Sex 338Sex during pregnancy is healthy 339Moderate exercise during pregnancy is beneficial 340The Third Trimester Is a Time ofPreparation 340A hospital is the best location for childbirth ifcomplications are foreseen 341Childbirth classes prepare parents for birth 342The fetus also makes preparations for birth 343Labor Has Three Stages 343Animal studies suggest that the fetus issues the signalfor parturition 343The first stage of labor is marked by uterinecontractions and cervical dilation 344The second stage is the delivery of the baby 345The newborn child adapts quickly 346The third stage is the expulsion of the placenta 347Premature and delayed births are hazardous 347BOX 11.5 Cesarean Section 348The Period after Birth Places ManyDemands on Parents 349Postpartum depression may be accompanied bydisordered thinking 349Childbirth and parenthood affect sexuality 350Breast-Feeding Is the Preferred Method ofNourishing the Infant 351Lactation is orchestrated by hormones 351The content of breast milk changes over time 351Infant formula is an alternative to breast milk 352Breast-feeding has many advantages and somedrawbacks 352Biological Mechanisms May Contribute toMaternal Behavior 353 Sinauer Associates, Inc. This material cannot be copied, reproduced, manufacturedor disseminated in any form without express written permission from the publisher.LEVAY4E FM.indd XIV10/20/11 2:53 PM
CONTENTS XVCHAPTER TWELVEContraception and Abortion357Birth Control Has a Long History 357Feminists led the campaign to legalizecontraception 358Contraception has not yet solved the problem ofunwanted births 358BOX 12.1 Margaret Sanger and the Birth ControlMovement 359Different users have different contraceptiveneeds 360Physical Methods Block SpermTransport 361Male condoms are reliable when properly used 361Female condoms are relatively intrusive 364Diaphragms and cervical caps are inconvenient buthave few side effects 365Spermicides are not very reliable whenused alone 366Intrauterine devices require little attention 367Hormone-Based Methods Are Easyto Use 369Combination pills offer health benefits 369Continuous use of combination pills eliminatesmenstrual periods 371Progestin-only pills have fewer side effects 372Hormones Can Be Administered byNon-Oral Routes 373The withdrawal method is simple but challenging 379Noncoital sex can be used as a means of avoidingpregnancy 379There Are Contraceptive Options afterUnprotected Coitus 380Sterilization Is Highly Reliable 381Vasectomy is a brief outpatient procedure 382Tubal sterilization is more invasive and expensive 383Disabled Persons Have SpecialContraceptive Needs 385New Contraceptive Methods Are underDevelopment 385BOX 12.2 Abortion in the United States: Some KeyStatistics 386Several Safe Abortion Procedures AreAvailable 386Vacuum aspiration is the standard first-trimestersurgical method 387Dilation and evacuation is used early in thesecond trimester 387Induced labor and hysterotomy are performed late inthe second trimester 388Medical abortions are two-step procedures 388BOX 12.3 Does Abortion TraumatizeWomen? 390Abortions do not cause long-lasting ill-effects 390Depo-Provera lasts three months 373Transdermal patches last a week 374Vaginal rings last three weeks 375Implants are extremely reliable 376Americans Are Divided on Abortion, butMost Favor Restricted Availability 390The abortion debate focuses on specific issues 392The availability of abortion varies by location 393Behavioral Methods Can BeDemanding 376Some Countries Use Birth Control toRegulate Population Growth 395In fertility awareness methods, couples avoid coitusduring the fertile window 377CHAPTER THIRTEENSexuality across the Life Span399Some Forms of Childhood SexualExpression Are Common 399In contemporary Western culture, children areinsulated from sex 400Some children engage in solitary sexual activity 400BOX 13.1 Talking with Children about Sex 401Interpersonal sexual activity can occur duringchildhood 402Cultures vary in their attitudes toward childhoodsexuality 403Some Children Have Sexual Contacts withAdults 403 Sinauer Associates, Inc. This material cannot be copied, reproduced, manufacturedor disseminated in any form without express written permission from the publisher.LEVAY4E FM.indd XV11/2/11 2:05 PM
XVI CONTENTSMost adult–child contacts involve older childrenand are single encounters 403Some kinds of adult–child sex are more harmfulthan others 404Strategies to prevent adult–child sex are quiteeffective 405Preadolescence May Be Marked by anIncrease in Sexual Interest 405BOX 13.2 Sex and Suggestibility 406Preadolescent children segregate by sex 406Strict gender norms may traumatize children whobecome gay adults 407Adolescence Is a Time of SexualExploration 408Many cultures have puberty rites 408There are social influences on teen sexualbehavior 409Males masturbate more than females 410The sexual behavior of American teens has increasedand diversified 410BOX 13.3 Losing It 412Noncoital sex is popular among teens 412Teen Sexuality Is Central to IdentityDevelopment 414Is dating outdated? 414Teen pregnancy is declining but is still toocommon 415In Young Adulthood, Conflicting DemandsModerate Sexual Expression 416Most young men and women have only a few sexpartners 417Cohabitation Is an Increasingly PrevalentLifestyle 417Marriages preceded by cohabitation may be lessdurable 418Cohabitation has diverse meanings 419Marriage Takes Diverse Forms 420The formalization of sexual unions has social andpersonal functions 420BOX 13.4 Mormon Polygamy 420Many societies have permitted polygamy 421Polyamory includes a variety of nonmonogamousrelationships 422The Institution of Marriage IsEvolving 423Companionate marriage makes the availability ofdivorce a necessity 424Marriage is becoming a minority status 424Most Married Couples Are Satisfied withTheir Sex Lives 425Marriage makes sex more satisfying for women 426The frequency of sex declines during marriage 426BOX 13.5 Contrast Effects and Marital Woes 427Women’s marital satisfaction declines duringmiddle age 428Many Factors Bring Relationships toan End 429Dissimilarity between husbands and wives shortensmarriages 430Marital Disruption Can Have Negative andPositive Consequences 430Divorced men and women can suffer physical,psychological, and economic damage 430Divorce may be the start of a new life 431Most divorced people remarry 431Does marriage have a future? 432Menopause Marks Women’s Transition toInfertility 433Menopause may be caused by depletionof oocytes 434Women may experience a decline in sexual desireat menopause 434Decreased hormone levels affect a woman’sphysiology 434Hormone therapy can reduce menopausalsymptoms 435Postmenopausal hormone therapy iscontroversial 436There are ethnic differences in the psychologicalexperience of menopause 437Men’s Fertility Declines Gradually withAge 437The Sex Lives of Old People HaveTraditionally Been Ignored 438Aging is accompanied by physiological changes in thesexual response 438Medical conditions, drugs, and social factors canimpair the sexuality of older people 439Coping strategies may require flexibility 439Some older people remain sexually active 440Sex can be highly rewarding for old people 441BOX 13.6 Sex and Death among WelshCheesemakers 442 Sinauer Associates, Inc. This material cannot be copied, reproduced, manufacturedor disseminated in any form without express written permission from the publisher.LEVAY4E FM.indd XVI10/20/11 2:53 PM
CONTENTS XVIICHAPTER FOURTEENSexual Orientation 447There Is a Spectrum of SexualOrientations 447Sexual Orientation Is Not an IsolatedTrait 449BOX 14.1 Boys Will Be Girls 450Diverse Theories Attempt to Explain SexualOrientation 451Freud proposed psychodynamic models 451Sexual orientation has been attributed tosocialization 451Biological theories focus on prenatal hormonesand genes 452The Basis for Defining Homosexual PeopleHas Changed over Time 454Homosexuals were thought of as gender inverts 456Gay people were later subdivided on the basis ofgender characteristics 456The Gay Community Has Struggled forEqual Rights 457The gay rights movement began in Germany 457BOX 14.2 Harvey Milk 459BOX 14.3 Gay Marriage in America 460Gay rights are a global issue 460Growing Up Gay Presents Challenges 462Coming out is a lifelong process 465BOX 14.5 Gay Meccas: West Hollywood andNorthampton 466Lesbians and gay men are well represented in certainoccupations 467Gay People Who Belong to MinoritiesHave Special Concerns 468Gay Sex Has Its Own Style 468Some gay people are parents 470The children of gay parents generally thrive 471Changing One’s Sexual Orientation isDifficult or Impossible 472Homophobia Has Multiple Roots 472Cultural indoctrination transmits homophobia acrossgenerations 473Homosexuality is seen as transgressive 474Overcoming homophobia is a grassrootsenterprise 475Bisexuals Are Caught between TwoWorlds 476The prevalence of bisexuality depends ondefinitions 476Bisexuals face prejudice 477BOX 14.6 Scenes from Bisexual Life 478BOX 14.4 Hatred in the Hallways 463CHAPTER FIFTEENAtypical Sexuality 483BOX 15.1 Rubber Fetishism and the Internet 487Exhibitionists expose themselves to nonconsentingpersons 494Voyeurs are aroused by watching others 495Frotteurism involves surreptitious physicalcontact 495BOX 15.2 Heterosexual Transvestic Fetishism 489BOX 15.3 Frotteurism on Public Transit 496Sexual Variety Is the Spice of Life 483Most fetishisms are related to the body 484People cross-dress for a variety of reasons 486Some men are aroused by transgenders 490Sadomasochism involves the infliction or receipt ofpain or degradation 490“Adult babies” reenact infancy 491Paraphilia Is the Psychiatric Termfor Problematic Sexual Desire orBehavior 492Some Adults Are Sexually Aroused byChildren 496Pedophilia and child molestation are notsynonymous 497BOX 15.4 Should Hebephilia be a Paraphilia? 498Attraction may be to girls, boys, or both 499It is uncertain whether pedophiles have distinctivepersonalities 499 Sinauer Associ
Human Sexuality SIMON LEVAY JANICE BALDWIN FOURTH EDITIONFOURTH EDITION Sinauer Associates, Inc. Publishers Sunderland, Massachusetts U.S.A . CHAPTER ONE Sexuality: Pathways to Understanding 3 CHAPTER TWO Sex and Evolution 29 CHA
Discovering Human Sexuality FIFTH EDITION Welcome to Discovering Human Sexuality, 5E! To help you get off to a smooth start this term, this Student Quick Start Guide will cover essential information about using and accessing your text's digital resources within your school's learning management system (LMS) via Oxford Learning Link Direct.
National Sexuality Education Standards Introduction and Background The goal of the National Sexuality Education Standards: Core Content and Skills, K–12 is to provide clear, consistent and straightforward guidance on the essential minimum, core content for sexuality education that is developmen-
historical overview of sexuality education in the modern world. This also includes a brief account of single-sex education in America. The second chapter deals with the Islamic philosophy of sexuality education. It gives some indications about sexuality education during the contemporary as well as the early periods of Islamic history.
This course is an introduction to the scientific study of human sexuality. Topics covered may include sexual development, sexual orientation, sex practices, sexuality across the lifespan, sexual dysfunction and sexually . Reading Material Discovering human sexuality 4th edition Levay, Baldwin and Baldwin B
views human sexuality as one expression of the holiness and beauty that God the Creator are beings created in the image of God, they are of inestimable value and worth. As a result we believe that human sexuality is meant to include more than the sensual experience, and is a gift of God designed to re ect the whole of our physical and
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN SEXUALITY Sexuality is an essential and integral part of all stages of human life, yet the topic is still taboo . If a card has been misplaced, have a participant put it under the
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