GCSE Religious Studies Christian Beliefs

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GCSE Religious StudiesChristian BeliefsRevision BookletPaper 1: Religious Beliefs and Practices

This personalised learning checklist (PLC) is to help identify what and how to revise.The middle column asks how confident you feel about each topic.Red – Help!Amber – Not 100% but nearly there.Green - Bring it on! I know this!What you need to know1.1 I can explain ideas about the Nature of God.1.2 I can explain the what Christians beliefs about God beingomnipotent, loving and Just1.3 I can explain what is meant by the trinity and the one-ness of God.1.4 I can retell the Genesis creation story and explain what it means forChristians.1.5 I can explain what is meant by the incarnation and link it to Jesusbeing the Son of God.1.6 I can retell the events of the Crucifixion and explain its importancefor Christians then & today.1.7 I can retell the story of the resurrection and ascension of Jesus, andexplain how this affects the Christian beliefs and actions today.1.8 I can link the resurrection to what Christians believe about life afterdeath,1.9 I can explain what is meant by life after death and what Judgementmeans for Christians.1.10 I can explain Christian beliefs about Heaven and Hell.1.11 I can define the terms sin and salvation, and explain what theymean for Christians today.1.12 I can explain how Christians believe Jesus saved them from sin.I can identify at least 3 organisations that work in local communities tohelp others.I can explain who CAFOD are and the work they do in the wider world.RedAmberGreen

Key TermsKey WordAgapeApostles CreedAnglicanAscensionAtonementBaptismCatechism of the tGenocideGospelGraceHistoric TruthIncarnationLord’s PrayerMessiahMiraclesMissionNicene CreedNon-liturgical worshipOmnipotentOneness of GodPenitenceProtestantReconciliationReligious TruthResurrectionRoman CatholicSalvationSanhedrinSecularSt PaulTrinityDefinitionChristian love.A statement of Christian belief from the Early Church.A worldwide denomination that includes the Church of England.Jesus being taken up to heaven on the 40th day after Easter.The action of making amends for wrong doing.A ceremony to welcome a person into the Christian religion.A summary of Roman Catholic teaching.A capital punishment used by the Romans which nails a person to a cross to killthem.The name for the different branches of the Christian church.Christians who take the Bible literally, i.e. word for word true.The deliberate and indiscriminate killing of a group of people, belonging to aparticular ethnic group or nationality.The names of the books about the life of Jesus in the Bible: Matthew, Mark, Lukeand John.Unconditional love that god shows to people who do not deserve it.Facts about historic events, usually from evidenceGod in human form.The prayer Jesus taught his disciples to show them how to pray.The anointed one who is seen as the saviour by Christians.Events that have no scientific explanation for them happening; these wereperformed by Jesus and described in the Gospels.An organised effort to spread the Christian message.A statement of belief used in Christian services.Informal structure found in some church services.The idea that God is all-powerful.The idea that God is ‘one’.To feel regret for someone’s sins.A branch of the Christian church that broke away from the Roman CatholicChurch.The process of making people in conflict friendly again.Knowledge gained through interpretation of religious texts, rather than takingthem literallyThe physical return of Jesus on the third day after he died.The largest Christian group, based in Rome with the Pope as its leader.The saving of the soul from sin.The ruling council of Jews in Israel.Relating to worldly as opposed to religious things.A man who taught the teachings of Jesus – originally Saul of Tarsus before hisconversion.The belief in God the father, God the Son and God the Holy Spirit.

Question 1The 1 mark question Multiple choice There will always be four options given This style of questions features on both paper 1 and paper 2 The distractors will not be trivialPaper 1 – example from Christian beliefsWhich one of the following is the idea that God is three-in-one?A) Atonement B) IncarnationC) Salvation D) TrinityMark scheme content:D) Trinity Question 2The 2 mark question One mark for each relevant pointA short answer is expectedPaper 1 – Example from Christian beliefsGive 2 qualities which Christians believe describe the nature of GodMark scheme content:Omnipotent/ loving/ just/ one/ trinity/ merciful/ forgiving/ omniscient/ eternal Question 3The 4 mark question Influence tested in ‘beliefs’ section of Religion paperYou need to give two answers – each one is worth 2 marks1 mark Simple explanation of a relevant and accurate answer2 marks Detailed explanation of a relevant and accurate answerInfluencePaper 1 – Example from Christianity beliefs.Explain two ways in which belief in the resurrection of Jesus influences Christians today.Influence 1: Belief in the resurrection of Jesus gives Christians faith that they will be raised from thedead. This helps them overcome fear of death and encourages some to lay down their life foe theirfaith. (2 marks)Influence 2: It also creates faith that good can triumph over evil. This helps Christians facepersecution and suffering (2 marks)

Here two influences are explained in detail. In each instance, the first sentence offers a ‘basic explanation’; the secondturns this into a ‘detailed explanation’ Question 4The 5 mark question Different from the 2 mark question as you need an explanation from each beliefA simple explanation is worth one mark, a detailed explanation is worth 2 marksOne extra mark is gained by accurate/relevant reference to a quote from a sacred text.Paper 1 – example from Christian beliefsExplain two Christian beliefs about the incarnation of JesusRefer to Christian teachings in your answer.TChristians believe that Jesus is both fully human and fully divine. This is called the ‘hypostaticunion’. In the Nicene Creed it states that Jesus was ‘begotten of the Father, not made’, suggestingthat he is more than just a human, but God incarnate.Christians also believe that the incarnation of Jesus is an example of Gods loving nature. The NewTestament teaches that Jesus’ death was an atoning sacrifice for the sins of human beings, so thatthe relationship between humans and God could be restores. Christians are encouraged todemonstrate this love to one another. (5 marks)Two reasons have been given with reference to Christian teachings. Question 5 – The BIG one worth 12 marks You should assess different viewpointsIn the study of religions, different views within a religion should be used.In the thematic questions you must include the views of at least on religion you can also use non-religiousviews in these questions.You need a justified conclusionEach argument must be backed up with evidence – quotes.CriteriaA well-argued response, reasoned consideration of different points of view. Logicalchains of reasoning leading to judgment(s) supported by knowledge andunderstanding of relevant evidence and information.References to religion applied to the issue.Reasoned consideration of different points of view. Logical chains of reasoningdraw on knowledge and understanding of relevant evidence and informationClear references to religion.Reasoned consideration of a point of view. A logical chain of reasoning drawing onknowledge and understanding of relevant evidence and information.OrRecognition of different points of view, each supported by relevantreasons/evidence.Maximum of 6 marks if there is no reference to religions or the argument is onesided.Point of view with reason(s) stated in support.Marks10-127-94-61-3

Example one - Paper 1 Christian beliefsIn this answer below developed arguments have been presented in support of the statement and against it followed bya justified conclusion. The arguments against the proposition are more fully developed, but this satisfies expectationsfor a Level 4 answer. Note that this answer, to a Paper 1 study of religion question, is rooted in the differingperspectives within the given religion.“If God were loving. There would be no suffering in the world.’The arguments for this view are very strong. Every day we hear about some natural disaster or terrible act ofhuman wickedness. Most people are horrified and feel pity for the victims. If they could, they would preventsuch suffering. So how can there be an an-loving God? Surely a loving God would do something to stop such evilshappening. Surely he would have created a world where they could not occur. It really seems as if God does notcare.What makes it even worse is that so often those who suffer the most have done nothing to I deserve it, e.g.·Young children born with painful, life-limiting conditions. If there is a loving God why does he not protect theinnocent and vulnerable, as he told the Jews to do in the Old Testament?Christians challenge this view in various ways. One argument is that suffering enables spiritual growth. It bringsout the fighting spirit in us that enables us to develop into mature humans. It encourages us to feel compassionfor and want to relieve the suffering of others. Christians believe that suffering also deepens their relationshipwith God. They realise that they are not self-sufficient, and their trust in him enables them not just to cope but totriumph over suffering.Most Christians also believe that suffering is inevitable if we are to be totally free. God’s gift of free will is one ofhis most precious gifts and without it we would be no more than puppets or a string. Genuine freedom meansthe freedom to make good and bad choices, to show love for others or to inflict suffering.The arguments in support of the statement are persuasive. It is certainly true that suffering often seems to beexcessive and pointless and that it often targets the innocent. Nevertheless, the counter-arguments are evenstronger. Without suffering we would never fully appreciate true happiness and joy. If the weather was alwaysbeautiful sunshine life would be boring but because we have times when it’s wet and miserable, days when thesun shines are special. God in his love designed the world to enable us to experience the fullness of life.Moreover, we learn from suffering as much of it is caused by human action. God has given us the priceless gift offree will and if we misuse it by, for example, going to war or taking illegal drugs then suffering results. God allowsus to learn from our mistakes but he also in love allowed his only Son, although totally innocent, to be crucifiedso that we could be forgiven for our wrongdoing. What a greater love could be shown than this, thus showingthat God is love and that the statement is incorrect!

1.1 & 1.2 NATURE OF GODChristian teachings about God’s omnipotenceChristians believe God is: OMNIPOTENT – this means all powerful. The creation story – God creates the universe inNothing is impossible for God.6 days However, God only performs actions in Noah’s flood – God floods the entire earth for 40accordance with his own nature. Even thoughdaysnothing is impossible for God, there are many 10 Plagues of Israel – God sends 10 plaguesthings God would not do.against the Egyptians as a punishment The created universe is evidence of God’s Marks Gospel – Jesus calms a storm. Jesusomnipotence – only a powerful God could doorders the storm to stop, and it does. Alsothatevidence of Jesus’ divinity Miracles are also evidence of omnipotence e.g. Some people might believe that stories about God’sSt. Bernadette at Lourdesomnipotence are just stories. They might argue that theChurch made them up to show how powerful God is.There might also be natural explanations formiracles.Christian teachings about God’s omnipotence:Christians believe God is: OMNIBENEVOLENT – this means all loving. John 3:16 – “God so loved the world that HeGod is the source of goodness and love in thegave His only son” – Jesus was sacrificed soworldthat the world could be saved. This is anexample of agape, or selfless love, that God’s love is called “agape” –this is a GreekChristians might follow in their own livesword meaning ‘selfless’ or ‘unconditional love’ The Parable of the Prodigal Son – Jesus tells This means God’s love is universal – it is forthe story of a spoiled son who leaves home andeveryone, Christian or notspends all his inheritance. His father welcomes God’s Omni benevolence is linked to beliefshim home and forgives him, even though heabout salvation and atonement (see: Salvation)doesn’t deserve it. This is an allegory for God’s Some people find it difficult to believe that Godloving and forgiving nature.is all loving, as there is so much suffering in theworld (see: Problem of Evil) Others might feel that suffering allows them tohelp others, and practice agape lovethemselves.Christian teachings about God’s justice:Christians believe God is: JUST – this means ‘fair’ (think ‘justice’). The Decalogue, or 10 commandments, wereChristians believe that God does notrules given by God to Moses to ensure thatdiscriminate, and expects his followers to treatpeople lived a good and fair life – Christians andpeople fairly as well.Jews aim to follow these rules The Parable of the Sheep and Goats teaches Atheists might argue that God is not just,because people suffer when they don’t deservethat all people will be judged on how they haveit. Steven Fry used the example of insects thatlived, and the good will be rewarded, and theburrow from the eyes of children and make themwicked will be punished. People who suffer inblind.this life will not always suffer. Christians like John Hick might argue that The prophet Amos taught ‘let justice roll on likea river’ – this suggests that Christians shouldsuffering seems unfair, but there is anunexplained purpose to it. Christians need toencourage justice in the world, and workaccept what they don’t understand and trusttowards making it a fairer place e.g. charityGod.work.How these beliefs influence ChristiansBeliefs about the nature of God might influence Christians in the following ways: The belief that God is all powerful might lead Christians to believe in miracles, such as miraculoushealing. As a result they may pray for God to help people who are sick or dying. The belief that God is loving might lead Christians to follow his example and treat others according toagape love. This might mean they offer help and support to all people, not just those that they personallyknow The belief that God is just means that Christians believe that God will judge them fairly based on howthey have lived their lives. They know that they will be punished for their bad deeds, and also rewarded fortheir good deeds The belief that God is just, and that God is loving, might mean that Christians volunteer for charitableorganisations to help those who are less fortunate. This is a way of practicing agape, and also creating afairer society.

1.3 ONENESS OF GOD AND TRINITYChristian teachings about the TrinityChristianity is monotheistic – this means theyworship only one God. During the baptism of Jesus, a voice fromHeaven states ‘You are my beloved Son’. AtGod’s nature is understood in three ways:the same time, the author describes the Holyo The creator and sustainer of theSpirit descending ‘like a dove’. All threeuniverse (God the Father)persons of the Trinity are present at this time.o The saviour, who lived, died, and livedagain (God the Son) Before the ascension, Jesus tells his followerso The source of strength that Christiansto “make disciples of all nations - baptise infind at work in their hearts (God the holythe name of the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit”spirit) During baptism services, Christians areThe Trinity is a way of understanding thebaptised ‘in the name of the Father, Son, andcomplex nature of God – God is a Trinity ofHoly Spirit’, as Jesus commanded.three ‘persons’ or aspects. Christian prayer often refers to the idea of theTrinity.Some people find the Trinity difficult tounderstand. However, God’s true nature is The Trinity is also a key part of both thebeyond human understanding – this is oneApostle’s Creed and the Nicene Creedway of trying to make more sense of itSymbols of the trinity show the idea of ‘three inone’. They each symbolise that the threepersons of God are part of the same whole.Some examples include:o Equilateral triangleso Shamrocko Borromean ringsHow belief in the Trinity influences Christians The trinity demonstrates unity between the different persons of God. Each is a part of a greater whole.Similarly, Christians believe they should show similar unity in their lives, and be respectful and lovingtowards others Belief in the Trinity influences worship – prayers, church services, and hymns contain references to it. Belief in the trinity also makes Christianity unique amongst world religions, and a Christian may take theirfaith more seriously as a resultArguments against belief in the Trinity Not all Christians are Trinitarian. Some Christians believe the Trinity does not make sense and that there isonly one God – two examples of these are Unitarians, and Jehovah’s Witness’. Some people think beliefin the Trinity is so important that these groups are not denominations of Christianity at all, but a separatereligion. Some religious groups believe that Christianity actually worships three separate Gods, who are linked. Thisis called tritheism. Atheists, such as Richard Dawkins, might argue that because the Trinity is a complex idea that does notmake logical sense, that this confirms the view that religion is outdated and based on superstition, ratherthan factual evidence.

1.2 THE PROBLEM OF EVILChristian teachings about suffering and evilChristians believe that God is all loving, all The story of Adam and Eve teaches howknowing, and all powerful. They also believethat God is fairhumans disobeyed God. Originally, there wasno pain and suffering. Suffering only entered theThe problem of evil is as follows:world because human beings sinned againsto A powerful God could prevent sufferingGod. Some Christians believe suffering is ao A loving God would want to preventpunishment for sin. Another example of this issufferingseen in the story of Noah’s Ark, where Godo An all knowing God would know how tofloods the world to remove all the sinful peopleprevent sufferingfrom it.o A just God would not allow suffering The story of Job offers another possibility.o However, suffering exists. This meansthat either God does not exist, or heSome people believe that suffering is a test ofdoes not have the qualitiesfaith. Humans should trust God through goodChristians believe he has.and the bad. It’s easy to be thankful when thingsgo your way, but more important to keep faithThis is also called the ‘Inconsistent Triad’ –when things go wrongsuffering cannot exist if God is both loving andpowerful. One of those three things must be The story of Job also implies that suffering ispart of God’s plan, and that Christians mustfalsetrust that there is a purpose to their suffering –Moral evil suffering caused by the choices ofeven if they cannot understand it.humans St. Irenaeus believed that suffering was a formSome Christians believe the Devil temptsof education for the soul. It helps us growhumans to make wrong choices – this wouldspirituallymean that the Devil is responsible for evil St. Augustine believed suffering was aOther Christians believe that God gaveconsequence of free will. Suffering occurshumans free will. If they choose to do evilbecause humans make bad choicesthings, that is not God’s fault Suffering brings balance to the world. ToNatural evil suffering caused by the naturalappreciate good, we must also experience bad.world. As this was created by God, many peoplefeel God is responsible for this kind of evil. How beliefs about the problem of evil influence Christians If Christians believe that suffering gives them an opportunity to develop and grow spiritually, then theymay take that opportunity to help others.Additionally, they may believe that it is their responsibility, not God’s, to fix the problems in the world.Most moral evils could be eradicated if people shared wealth more equally and were kinder to one another.If suffering is a test of faith then Christians will be more likely to pray for support and guidanceHow an atheist might respond to Christian arguments about the problem of evil Why would an omniscient (all knowing) God need to test his followers? Surely he would know if they wouldremain good people without causing sufferingIf suffering is a punishment for sin, why do innocent people suffer? What about young children who havenever had the chance to be bad?If suffering is a part of God’s plan, then that proves that he is not all loving – only an evil God would plan formillions of people to be affected by war and famine.

1.4 CREATIONThe role of the Trinity in creationThe story of Creation is found the in book ofGenesis, in the Old Testament of the Bible God created the world, and God is Trinity. Eachpart of the Trinity has a role in the act of Genesis teaches that God created the world in 6creationdays, and rested on the 7th. The creative, life giving part of God is usually Some Christians believe this story has historicreferred to as the Father. Genesis begins withtruth because:“In the beginning, God created the Heavens ando The Bible is the word of God. There arethe Earth”, and the Nicene Creed states “Weno mistakes in the Biblebelieve in one God, the Father .maker ofo God is all powerful, and it makes senseHeaven and Earth”.for an all powerful God to create theuniverse this way In John’s Gospel, there is reference to ‘theWord’ – “In the beginning, there was the Word, Other Christians believe the story has symbolicand the Word was with God, and the Word wasor religious truth. This means that the storyGod through Him all things have been made”.teaches about the nature of God and hiso “Word” refers to Jesus. This shows thatrelationship with humans. They might believeJesus was part of the Trinity long beforethis because:he became incarnate.o The Bible needs to be viewed in ao John’s Gospel states that “the Wordmodern context – science has provenbecame flesh and lived among us for athat the Earth is older than the Biblewhile”, linking the Word with Jesus.claims it iso This passage also shows theo They may believe that religious truthsimportance of Jesus in creation.about the relationship between humans In Genesis, it states ‘the earth wasand God are more important than theformless and the Spirit of God was hoveringhistoric truths of what day God createdover the face of the waters’. This is a referenceeach part of the universeto the Holy Spirit, transforming chaos into Some of the religious truths from Genesisorder. This image of ‘hovering’ is ofteninclude:compared to a dove, which is a symbol for theo God is the sole creator and sustainerHoly Spirit.of the universeo The universe is ordered, not random o God created everything in the universewith a purposeo Humans are created in God’s image,meaning they share some of hisqualities e.g. creativity, ability to formrelationships, free willo Humans have a responsibility to carefor the world God created.,How beliefs about creation might influence Christians The creation story explores the idea that humans are made ‘in the image of God”. This is hugely importantin Christian ethics. All humans deserve respect and fair treatment because all humans are made in theimage of God. All human life is valuable, which has an impact on moral issues such as abortion, war,and capital punishment. As all humans are equal, Christians may work to promote social justice and equality in society Because humans have been given responsibility to care for the world, they may be more likely to worktowards promoting environmental issues such as recycling or green energy. Because the world is made according to God’s structure and order, there is a purpose to everything thathappens. This links with the ‘problem of evil’ topic. This can reassure Christians when things go wrong,that there is a plan behind everything that happens, and they will understand this one day.Historic vs Religious truth Some people may argue that historic truth is more important. Atheists may argue this. Because the timelineof the Biblical creation story has been contradicted by science, atheists may argue that the creation storyhas no value, as it contains no facts about the created world. Christians who believe in the literal creationargue that scientific evidence is flawed – perhaps God created the world to appear older than it is, orperhaps the Devil is trying to lure people away from God Others may argue that the religious truth is more important. This is because historic truth about creationdoes not give guidance on how to live. It could be seen that it is more important to learn that humans havea special role in creation, and that God expects them to care for the world, than the fact that Godcreated plants on the third day of creation. Religious truths also do not rely on historic events: theimportance of humans being made in the image of God remains whether God created the world in 6 days,or whether the world was created by a Big Bang billions of years ago.

1.8 & 1.9 THE AFTERLIFE AND JUDGEMENTChristian teachings about judgementChristians believe in life after death. They believe whenthey die, they will be judged on how they have lived, The Nicene Creed states that “Jesusand this will affect whether they go to a place of rewardwill come in glory to judge the livingcalled Heaven, or punishment, called Helland the dead”. This suggests it is theSon in the Trinity that delivers God is loving and just. Christians trust that he will bejudgementfair when they receive judgement. A loving God is onewho punishes those who deserve it, as well as rewards Evidence for the particular judgementthose who have earned itcomes from a thief who was crucifiedalongside Jesus, who was told ‘today Catholics believe in two judgementsyou will be with me in paradise’,o The particular judgement happens immediatelysuggesting his judgement would beafter death. Most Catholics believe that the deadimmediatewait in either peace of torment, for the finaljudgement. Evidence for the final judgemento The final judgement occurs with the Secondcomes from John’s Gospel, whichComing (or Parousia) of Jesus. The living andclaims no one has yet entered Heaventhe dead will be judged, and they will be– the dead wait for their judgement.resurrected to live forever with God in Heaven, or The Parable of the Rich Man andaway from God in Hell.Lazarus warns of a rich man who issent to Hell, and is unable to cross Catholics also believe in purgatory. This is anintermediate state, where the soul waits if it is destinedfrom there into Heaven. Thefor Heaven. This is a state of cleansing and purification.consequences of human decisions arepermanent Some Christians believe that there is no second coming.They agree that humans will be judged based on how The Parable of the Sheep and Goatsthey have lived, but that the Bible and Jesus were tryingalso states that Jesus will return toto explain the afterlife symbolically.judge the living and dead, and that hewill decide based on whether people They also believe that words cannot explain the afterlifechose to help others during their lives,properly, as no living person has ever experienced it/or ignore people who were suffering.1.10 HEAVEN AND HELL1.8 RESURRECTION Christianity teaches that Heaven is a place of peace and Christians believe that their body willreward.be resurrected, like Jesus’ was afterthe crucifixion. They will be given a People often think of Heaven as a place in the clouds,new, spiritual body, which does notwith Pearly Gates. People also think of people as angels,decay, and will live forever.with wings and halos Life after resurrection would be very The Bible teaches that Heaven is not a physical place,different from mortal life. It is thebut a state of being. It is existence with God, outside ofcontinuation of an individual, but atime and space – an eternity of bliss.different kind of existence. Think about Hell is described as a place of torment, usually a place ofhow a caterpillar changes into afirebutterfly. In the Middle Ages, paintings of Hell (called Doom Belief in the resurrection of Jesus is aPaintings) were used to warn people of thecore part of Christianity. Theconsequences of living a bad life, with demons torturingresurrection is proof that he is the Sonhumans.of God. It is also proof of life after More modern interpretations of Hell have it as a state ofdeath for all Christians. St. Paulseparation from God. By not following God’s teachings,claimed ‘if Christ had not been raised,humans reject him.your faith is futile’. It is therefore human choice, not God’s will, that some No one really knows what thehumans go to Hellresurrection will be like – Christians Some Christians believe that there cannot be a Hell iftrust that God has the answersGod is loving, as a loving God would not send people toeternal punishment for a temporary sin. They might also believe that God can forgive any sins, soeven a person in Hell can be redeemed.How do beliefs about the afterlife and judgement influence Christians If Christians believe their body will be resurrected, then they may choose to be buried rather than cremated.Christians who believe in a spiritual resurrection however may not mind. Christian funerals focus on the next stage of an indiv

GCSE Religious Studies Christian Beliefs Revision Booklet Paper 1: Religious Beliefs and Practices. This personalised learning checklist (PLC) is to help identify what and how to revise. The middle column

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