BIOLOGY - CISCE
BIOLOGY (863)CLASS XIIThere will be two papers in the subject:Paper I: Theory: 3 hours . 70 marksPaper II: Practical:.3 hours . 15 marksProject Work 10 marksPractical File 5 marksPAPER I- THEORY: 70 MarksThere will be no overall choice in the paper. Candidates will be required to answer all questions. Internalchoice will be available in two questions of 2 marks each, two questions of 3 marks each and all the threequestions of 5 marks each.S. No.UNITTOTAL WEIGHTAGE1.Reproduction16 Marks2.Genetics and Evolution15 Marks3.Biology and Human Welfare14 Marks4.Biotechnology and its Applications10 marks5.Ecology and Environment15 MarksTOTAL70 Marks1
Structure of microsporangium, T.S. ofanther microsporogenesis, structure anddevelopment of pollen grain, viability ofpollen grain, economic importance ofpollen grain. Pistil – structure ofmegasporangium (L.S. ofanatropousovule), megasporogenesis, structure anddevelopment of female gametophyte.PAPER I –THEORY – 70 MarksAll structures (internal and external) are requiredto be taught along with diagrams.1. Reproduction(i) Reproduction in OrganismsModes of reproduction - asexual and sexualreproduction; asexual reproduction - binaryfission, sporulation, budding, on in plants.Pollen-pistil interaction in terms ofincompatibility/compatibility,eventsleading to fertilisation, definition of triplefusion and double fertilization. ryony, parthenocarpy to beexplained briefly.Definition of life span; life span of a feworganisms (banana, rice, rose, banyan,butterfly, fruit fly, tortoise, crocodile, parrot,crow, elephant, dog, horse, and cow).Post-fertilisation events - embryo formation(dicot); types of endosperm (cellular,nuclear and helobial); definition ofperisperm.Asexual reproduction – definition, types(binary fission in Amoeba and Paramoecium,budding in yeast and Hydra, conidia inPenicillium, zoospores in Chlamydomonas,gemmules in sponges), definition of clone.(iii) Human ReproductionMicroscopic anatomy of testis and ovary;gametogenesis - spermatogenesis andoogenesis; menstrual cycle; fertilisation,embryo development upto blastocystformation, implantation; pregnancy andplacenta formation (elementary idea);parturition (elementary idea); lactation(elementary e propagules (tuber of potato,rhizome of ginger, bulbil of Agave, leaf budsof Bryophyllum, offset of water hyacinth,runner of grass, sucker of pineapple, bulb ofonion).Sexual reproduction: Plants – definition,phases of life cycle (juvenile/vegetative,reproductive and senescence), unusualflowering phenomenon (bamboo andStrobilantheskunthiana).Animals–continuous and seasonal breeders (definition,differences and examples).Internal structure of testis and ovary to betaught with the help of diagrams;gametogenesis- spermatogenesis (includingspermiogenesis and spermiation) oogenesis;hormonal control of gametogenesis, structureof sperm and mature ovum, menstrual cycle- different phases and hormone action,menarche and menopause, physico-chemicalevents during fertilisation, implantation,embryonic development up to blastocystformation, important features of humanembryonic development (formation of heart,limbs, digits, appearance of hair on head,eyelashes, separation of eye lids, externalgenital organs and first movement of foetuswith reference to time period) placenta andits functions. Parturition; lactation –hormonal control and importance.Chromosome number in the cells of housefly, fruit fly, butterfly, human beings, rat,dog, maize, apple, onion, cat, rice,Ophioglossum; differences between asexualand sexual reproduction.(ii) Sexual reproduction in flowering plantsDevelopment of male and femalegametophytes; pollen-pistil interaction;double fertilization; post fertilizationevents - development of endosperm andembryo, special modes - apomixis,parthenocarpy, polyembryony.Pre-fertilisation structures and events.2
(iv) Reproductive Healthback cross and test cross, definitions to betaught with simple examples using Punnettsquare. Incomplete dominance with examplesfromplants (snapdragon - Antirrhinum)and co-dominance in human blood group,multiple alleles – e.g. blood groups,polygenic inheritance with one example ofinheritance of skin colour in humans(students should be taught examples fromhuman genetics through pedigree charts.They should be able to interpret the patternsof inheritance by analysis of pedigree chart).Biological importance of Mendelism.Pleiotropy with reference to the example ofstarch synthesis in pea seeds. Chromosomaltheory of inheritance; autosomes and sexchromosomes (sex determination in humans,fruit fly, birds, honey bees and grasshopper),definition and significance of linkage andcrossing over. Mutation: spontaneous,induced, gene (point – transition,transversion and frame-shift); chromosomalaberration: euploidy and aneuploidy; , colour blindness, sickle cellanaemia; chromosomal disorders: Down’ssyndrome, Klinefelter’s syndrome, Turner’ssyndrome.Need for reproductive health and preventionof Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs);birth control - need and methods,contraception and medical termination ofpregnancy (MTP); amniocentesis; infertilityand assisted reproductive technologies IVF, ZIFT, GIFT (elementary idea forgeneral awareness).Definition of reproductive health, programsof reproductive health (family planning,RCH), contraceptive methods and theirmethodsofaction(natural-periodicabstinence, withdrawal or coitus interruptus,lactational amenorrhea; artificial – barriers,IUDs, oral pills, implants and surgicalmethods, definition of medical termination ofpregnancy (MTP) and reasons for it; causesof infertility. Amniocentesis and its role indetectinggeneticdefects.Assistedreproductive technologies: IVF, IUT, ZIFT,ICSI, GIFT, AI, IUI. - definition andapplication only. Causes, symptoms andmethods of prevention of sexually transmitteddiseases (gonorrhoea, syphilis, asis, hepatitis- B, AIDS).(ii) Molecular basis of Inheritance2. Genetics and EvolutionSearch for genetic material and DNA asgenetic material; structure of DNA andRNA; DNA packaging; DNA replication;central dogma; transcription, genetic code,translation; gene expression and regulation- lac operon; human genome project;DNA fingerprinting.(i) Principles of inheritance and ; deviations from Mendelism incomplete dominance, co-dominance,multiple alleles and inheritance of bloodgroups, pleiotropy; elementary idea ofpolygenic inheritance; chromosomal theoryof inheritance; chromosomes and genes; sexdetermination - in humans, fruit fly, birdsand honey bee; linkage and crossing over;mutation; Mendelian disorders in humans;chromosomal disorders in humans.Properties of genes such as ability toreplicate, chemical stability, mutability andinheritability. Search for DNA as geneticmaterial - Hershey and Chase’s experiment,double helical model of DNA (contributionsof Meischer, Watson and Crick, Wilkins,Franklin and Chargaff); Differences betweenDNA and RNA; types of RNA (tRNA, mRNAand rRNA, snRNA, hnRNA); central dogma –Explanation of the terms heredity andvariation;Mendel'sPrinciplesofinheritance; reasons for Mendel's success;3
concept only; reverse transcription (basicidea only), Meselson and Stahl’s experiment,replication of DNA (role of enzymes, namelyDNA polymerase and ligase), transcription,essential features of genetic code. Definitionof codon. Protein synthesis - translationin prokaryotes. Gene expression inprokaryotes; lac operon in E. coli.-for example genome similarity, universalgenetic code; Darwin's finches (adaptiveradiation).Darwinism: salient features of Darwinism,contribution of Malthus, criticism ofDarwinism. Examples of natural selection –Long neck of giraffe, industrial melanism,resistance of mosquitoes to DDT andresistance of bacteria to antibiotics, NeoDarwinism (Modern Synthetic Theory);Variation - causes of variation, Hugo deVries theory of mutation - role of mutation inevolution;Hardy Weinberg’s : gene migration or gene flow,genetic drift (Founder’s effect, bottle-neckeffect), mutation, genetic recombination andnatural selection, types of natural selection(directional, disruptive and stabilizing).HumanGenomeProject:goal;methodologies [Expressed Sequence Tags(EST), Sequence Annotation], salientfeatures and applications. DNA fingerprinting – technique, application and ethicalissues to be discussed briefly.(iii) EvolutionOrigin of life; biological evolution andevidencesforbiologicalevolution(palaeontology, comparative anatomy,embryology and molecular evidences);Darwin's contribution, modern synthetictheory of evolution; mechanism ofevolution - variation (mutation andrecombination) and natural selection withexamples, types of natural selection; geneflow and genetic drift; Hardy - Weinberg'sprinciple; adaptive radiation; humanevolution.3. Biology and Human Welfare(i) Human Health and DiseasesPathogens; parasites causing humandiseases(commoncold,dengue,chikungunya, pneumonia, malaria, ringworm) and their control; Basic concepts ofimmunology - vaccines; cancer, HIV andAIDS; Adolescence - drug abuse.Origin of life - abiogenesis and biogenesis,effect of oxygen on evolution to show thatreducing atmosphere is essential for abioticsynthesis. Modern concept of origin of life,Oparin Haldane theory, definition ofcoacervates, vestigial organs; Miller andUrey experiment. Evidences of evolution:morphological evidences, definition anddifferences between homologous andanalogous organs (two examples each fromplantsandanimals).Embryologicalevidences – theory of recapitulation,definition and differences between ontogenyand phylogeny. Palaeontological evidence –definition of fossils. Geological time scale(with reference to dominant flora and fauna)Biogeographical evidence – definition ofbiogeography, molecular (genetic) evidencesCommunicable and non-communicablediseases; modes of transmission, causativeagents, symptoms and prevention; viraldiseases (common cold, chikungunya anddengue), bacterial diseases (pneumonia,diphtheria and plague), protozoal diseases(malaria, graphic outline of life cycle ofPlasmodium); fungal (ringworm); cancer types of tumour (benign, stics of cancer cells (loss ofcontact inhibition and metastasis).Immunity (definition and types – innate andacquired, active and passive, humoral andcell-mediated), Interferons – definition,source and function; structure of a typicalantibody molecule, types of antibodies - IgG,4
(Himgiri), Brassica (Pusa swarnim),cauliflower (Pusa shubhra, Pusa snowball K– 1), Cow pea (Pusa komal), chilli (Pusasadabahar)],(ii) insect resistance [examplesof some insect resistant varieties ofcrops – Brassica (Pusa Gaurav), flatbean (Pusa sem 2, Pusa sem 3), okra (Pusasawani, Pusa A–4)], (iii) improved foodquality (biofortification, e.g., wheat – Atlas66, maize hybrids, iron fortified rice). Tissueculture (technique and application –micropropagation, somaclones, disease freeplants and somatic hybridisation), single cellprotein – source and significance.IgA, IgM, IgD and IgE (function andoccurrence, e,g. in serum, saliva, colostrum);vaccination and immunisation, allergies andallergens – definition and general symptomsof allergies; autoimmunity, primary andsecondary lymphoid organs and tissues, briefidea of AIDS – causative agent (HIV), modesoftransmission,diagnosis(ELISA),symptoms, replication of retrovirus in theinfected human cell (including diagram) andprevention.Drugs: effects and sources of opioids,cannabinoids, cocaine and barbiturates.Reasons for addiction; prevention andcontrol of drug abuse.(ii) Strategies forproductionenhancementin(iii) Microbes in Human WelfareIn industrial production, sewage treatment,energy generation and microbes asbiocontrol agents and biofertilisers.foodImprovement in food production: greenrevolution, plant breeding, tissue ure and animal husbandry.Use of microbes in: (i) Industrial products:beverages (with and without distillation);sources (microbes) and uses of organicacids, alcohols and enzymes (lipase,pectinase, protease, streptokinase) inindustry,source(microbes)andapplications of Cyclosporin-A, Statins;(ii) Production of biogas (methanogens,biogas plant, composition of biogas andprocess of production); (iii) Microbes asbiocontrol agents (Bacillus lovirus),and (iv) Microbes asbiofertilisers (Rhizobium, Azospirillum,Azotobacter, Mycorrhiza, Cyanobacteria),IPM - harmful effects of chemicalpesticides.Measures for proper maintenance of dairyfarms; apiculture and pisciculture –definition, brief idea and advantages of each.Animal breeding - brief idea of inbreeding,out-breeding, cross-breeding and artificialinsemination, Multiple Ovulation EmbryoTransfer Technology (MOET). Advantages ofartificial insemination.Plant breeding – a brief reference to greenrevolution. Steps in plant breeding(germplasm collection, evaluation, selection,cross hybridisation or artificial hybridisation(concept of emasculation and ,testing,releaseandcommercialisation of new cultivars),advantages of mutation breeding, examplesof some Indian hybrid crops like wheat, rice,maize, sugarcane, millet. Definition ofheterosis and inbreeding depression.4. Biotechnology and its Applications(i) Biotechnology - Principles and processesGenetic Engineering (recombinant DNAtechnology).Definition and principles of biotechnology;isolation of genomic (chromosomal) DNA(from plant cell, by cell lysis), isolation ofgene of interest (by electrophoresis), steps ofApplication of plant breeding for (i) diseaseresistance [examples of some diseaseresistant varieties of crops for example wheat5
5. Ecology and Environmentformation of recombinant DNA, discovery,nomenclature, features androle ofrestriction enzymes (EcoRI) and role ofligase; cloning vectors (features of a goodcloning vector, examples of cloning vectorslike pBR322, Agrobacterium, retroviruses,bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC), yeastartificial chromosome (YAC)), methods oftransfer of rDNA into a competent host, e.g.by direct-method (temperature shock),microinjection, gene gun,methods ofselection of recombinants (antibioticresistance, blue-white selection), cloning ofrecombinants, i.e., gene amplification (by invivo or in vitro method - using PCRtechnique), bioreactor (basic features anduses of stirred tank and sparged tankbioreactors), downstream processing.(i) Organisms and PopulationsOrganisms and environment: habitat andniche,populationandecologicaladaptations; population interactions mutualism,competition,predation,parasitism; population attributes - growth,birth rate and death rate, age distribution.Definition of ecology; definition of habitatand niche.Definition of population; populationattributes: sex ratio, types of agedistributionpyramidsforhumanpopulation; definition of population density,natality,mortality,emigration,immigration, carrying capacity. Ways tomeasure population density. Calculation ofnatality and mortality.Population growth: factors affectingpopulation growth and population growthequation; growth models: exponentialgrowth and logistic growth along withequations, graph and examples of the same;life history variations: definition ofreproductive fitness and examples.(ii) Biotechnology and its applicationsApplications of biotechnology in health andagriculture: human insulin and vaccineproduction, stem cell technology, genetherapy; genetically modified organisms Bt crops; transgenic animals; biosafety issues,biopiracy and biopatents.In agriculture: for production of cropstolerant to abiotic stresses (cold, drought,salt, heat); pest-resistant crops (Bt-crops,RNAi with reference to Meloidogyneincognita); crops with enhanced nutritionalvalue (golden rice).In medicine: insulin, gene therapy - withreference to treatment of SCID, moleculardiagnosis by PCR, ELISA and use ofDNA/RNA probe.Transgenic animals for bioactive productslike alpha-1-antitrypsin for emphysema,alpha-lactalbumin; vaccine safety testing,chemical safety testing; study of diseases.Role of GEAC, definition and two examplesof biopiracy, biopatent; ethical issues.Population interactions – definition , competitive release andGause’sPrincipleofCompetitiveExclusion), predation (adaptations inorganisms to avoid predation), parasitism(ecto-, endo-, and brood parasites),commensalism, amensalism.(ii) ty and decomposition; energyflow; pyramids of number, biomass,energy; nutrient cycles (phosphorous);ecological succession; ecological services carbon fixation, pollination, seed dispersal,oxygen release (in brief).Definition and types of ecosystems;structure of ecosystem (brief ideaabout biotic and abiotic components).Effects of abiotic factors (temperature,water, light, soil) on living organisms,6
and fragmentation, over-exploitation, alienspecies invasion, co-extinction).definition of stenothermal, eurythermal,stenohaline and euryhaline), responses toabiotic factors (regulate, conform, migrate,suspend). Allen’s rule.Biodiversity conservation: In-situ methods protected areas: biosphere reserves, nationalparks, wildlife sanctuaries, sacred groves;ex-situ methods - captive breeding, zoo,botanical gardens, cryopreservation, wildlife safari, seed banks. Definitions andexamples of each of the above. Hotspots,Ramsar sites and Red Data Book.Structure and function of pond ecosystem;ecosystem functions: (i) Productivity –gross primary productivity (GPP), netprimaryproductivity(NPP)andsecondary productivity (ii) mification and mineralization), factorsaffecting rate of decomposition (iii) Energyflow. Various types of food chains – grazingand detritus, food webs, trophic levels,ecological pyramids – energy, number andbiomass (iv) Nutrient cycle – definition ofbiogeochemical cycles – sedimentary cycle(Phosphorous).The place, year and main agenda of historicconventions on biological diversity (theEarth Summit and the World Summit).(iv) Environmental IssuesAir pollution and its control; waterpollution and its control; radioactive wastemanagement; any one case study assuccess story addressing environmentalissue(s).Definition of PAR, 10% Law, standing cropand standing state.Control devices for air pollution such as:scrubbers and electrostatic precipitators,catalytic converter, CNG, Bharat stages,noise pollution: harmful effects and control;thermal pollution, eutrophication - culturalor accelerated, BOD, effect of sewagedischarge on BOD and dissolved oxygencontent in river; case studies of waste watertreatment (FOAM and EcoSan); integratedorganic farming, contribution of RameshChandra Dagar,biomagnification; solidwaste management, Radioactive wastemanagement, e-waste.Succession: definition to explain themeaning, kinds of succession (hydrarch,xerarch; primary and secondary successionwith examples), definition of pioneercommunity, climax community and sere;significance of ecological succession.Ecological services and their cost.(iii) Biodiversity and its ConservationConcept of biodiversity; patterns ofbiodiversity; importance of biodiversity; lossof biodiversity; biodiversity conservation;hotspots, endangered organisms, extinction,Red Data Book, biosphere reserves, nationalparks, sanctuaries and Ramsar sitesA brief understanding of the concept ofdeforestation (slash and burn agriculture orjhum cultivation’s contribution). Montrealprotocol. Any one of the following casestudies as success stories addressingenvironmental issues: Chipko Movement,Joint Fo
Biology and Human Welfare . 14 Marks : 4. Biotechnology and its Applications : 10 marks . 5. Ecology and Environment . 15 Marks : TOTAL . 70 Marks : 2 . PAPER I –THEORY – 70 Marks. All structures (internal and external) are required to be taught along with diagrams. 1. Reproduction (i) Reproduction in Organisms Modes of reproduction - asexual and sexual reproduction; asexual reproduction .
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