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WAEC Syllabus - www.eresultchecker.comBIOLOGYPREAMBLEThis is an examination syllabus drawn up from the curricula of the member countries ofthe West African Examinations Council. It should be used alongside the appropriateteaching syllabus(es) of the country where the candidates are domiciled.This examination syllabus is divided into three sections: Sections A, B and C. Section Ais for all candidates, Section B is for candidates in Ghana only and Section C is forcandidates in Nigeria, Sierra Leone The Gambia and Liberia.AIMS AND OBJECTIVESThis syllabus is designed to assess candidates’1.understanding of the structure and functions of living organisms as well asappreciation of nature;2.acquisition of adequate laboratory and field skills in order to carry out andevaluate experiments and projects in Biology;3.acquisition of necessary scientific skills for example observing, classifyingand interpreting biological data;4.acquisition of the basic relevant knowledge in Biology needed for futureadvanced studies in biological sciences;5.acquisition of scientific attitudes for problem solving;6.ability to apply biological principles in everyday life in matters that affectpersonal, social, environmental, community health and economic problems;7.awareness of the existence of interrelationships between biology and otherscientific disciplines.SCHEME OF EXAMINATIONThere will be three papers: Papers 1, 2 and 3, all of which must be taken. Papers 1 and 2will be a composite paper to be taken at one sitting.PAPER 1:Will consist of fifty multiple-choice objective questions drawnfrom Section A of the syllabus (the section of the syllabus which iscommon to all countries). It will carry 50 marks and last for 50minutes.1
WAEC Syllabus - www.eresultchecker.comPAPER 2:Will consist of six essay questions drawn from the entire syllabus.The paper will be put into three sections, Sections A, B and C.Section A: Will consist of four questions drawn from Section A ofthe syllabus.Section B: Will be for candidates in Ghana only and will be drawnfrom Section B of the syllabus (ie the section of the syllabusperculiar to Ghana). It will consist of short-structured questions.Section C: Will be for candidates in Nigeria, Sierra Leone, TheGambia and Liberia and will be drawn from Section C of thesyllabus (ie the section of the syllabus containing material for thosecountries only). It will also consist of short-structured questions.Candidates will be expected to answer two questions from SectionA and all the short-structured questions from either Section B orSection C.Each question in Section A will carry 20 marks while thecompulsory short-structured questions in Sections B and C willcarry 30 marks. The total score will be 70 marks. The paper shalltake 1 hour 40 minutes.PAPER 3:Will be a practical test (for school candidates) or a test of practicalwork (for private candidates) lasting 2 hours and consisting of threesections: Sections A, B and C.Section A: This will consist of two compulsory questions drawnfrom Section A of the syllabus, each carrying 25 marks.Section B: This will be for candidates in Ghana only. It willconsist of one question drawn from Section B of the syllabus andwill carry 30 marks.Section C: This will be for candidates in Nigeria, Sierra Leone,The Gambia and Liberia. It will consist of one question drawnfrom Section C of the syllabus and will carry 30 marks.Candidates will be expected to answer all the questions in SectionA and one question in either Section B or C. The paper will carry atotal score of 80 marks.2
WAEC Syllabus - www.eresultchecker.comDETAILED SYLLABUSSECTION A(For all candidates)CONTENTSA.Concept of Living1. Classification(a) Living and non-living things(b)Classification of livingthings into Kingdoms:Monera, Protoctista (Protista),Fungi, Plantae, Animalia.NOTESClassification of objects into living and nonliving, giving examples of each group.Viruses should be mentioned as a linkbetween living and non living things.Kingdom Monera (Prokaryotes), singlecelled, motile or non-motile organismswithout definite nucleus e.g. bacteria andblue-green algae.Major characteristics of the major phyla ofKingdoms Protoctista and Fungi.Kingdom Protista (Eukaryotes), single-celled,motile or non-motile organisms. Cellstructure complex with definite nucleus e.g.Chlamydomonas, Amoeba.Major phyla of Kingdom Protoctista include:Rhizopoda, Zoomastigina, Apicomplexa,Ciliophora, Euglenophyta, Oomycota,Chlorophyta, Rhodophyta and Phaeophyta.Kingdom Fungi (Eukaryotes), mainly nonmotile organisms composed of hyphaecontaining nuclei e.g. moulds, mushroomsand Rhizopus.Major phyla of Kingdom Fungi include:Zygomycota, Ascomycota andBasidiomycota.Kingdom Plantae (Eukaryotes), mainlymulticellular non-motile organisms whichcontain chlorophyll that enable them tophotosynthesize e.g. mosses, ferns, pines, oilpalms and yam plants.Characteristics of the major divisions andclasses: Bryophyta (Hepaticae, Musci),Lycopodophyta, Filicinophyta,Coniferophyta, Cycadophyta andAngiospermophyta (Monocotyledoneae and3
WAEC Syllabus - www.eresultchecker.comDicotyledoneae).Kingdom Animalia (Eukaryotes),multicellular motile organisms that feed onother organisms e.g. corals, worms, insects,snails, fishes, frogs, snakes, monkeys cows.Characteristics of the major phyla and classesof Kingdom Animalia.The external features of the followingorganisms should be mentioned: cockroach,butterfly, Tilapia, toad/frog, lizard, domesticfowl/pigeon.(c) Differences between plants andanimals.2.Organization of life(a) Levels of organization(i) cell (single-celled organisms):Amoeba, Euglena, ParameciumThe examples should be used to illustratedifferentiation and specialization inorganisms.(ii) Tissue: Hydra(iii) Organ (storageorgan) bulb, rhizome and heart.(iv) System/Organ System: Inmammals, flowering plants reproductive system, excretory systemetc.(b)3.Complexity of organizationin higher organisms:advantages anddisadvantages.Forms in which living cells exist:(a)Single and free-living:Amoeba, Paramecium,Euglena, andChlamydomonasThe significance of different levels oforganization including volume/surface arearatio should be mentioned.The structure of these organisms in relation tothe forms of existence should be studied toillustrate dependence and interdependence.4
WAEC Syllabus - www.eresultchecker.com(b)Colony: Volvox(c)Filament: Spirogyra(d)Part of a living organism:Cheek cells, onion root tipcells and epidermis of fleshyleaves.4. (a) Cell structure and functions of cellcomponents.Distinguish groups of cells that form tissuesfrom those that form colonies or filaments.Cell structure should include: Cell wall, cellmembrane, nucleus, cytoplasm, cytoplasmicorganelles: mitochondria, lysosomes,chloroplasts, endoplasmic reticulum,ribosomes, centrosomes, Golgi bodies,chromosomes. The function performed byorganelles should be known.(b) Similarities and differences betweenplant and animal cells.5.The Cell and its environment: Physical andBiophysical processes.(a)(b)(c)6.diffusionosmosisactive transportProperties and functions of the living cell(a) Nutrition(i) Autotrophic(photosynthesis)(ii) Heterotrophic (holozoic)The significance of these processes should bementioned as factors that affect cell activitiesin its environment.Haemolysis, plasmolysis, turgidity andcrenation should be mentioned.These should be mentioned as processesoccurring within living cells.Nutrition in Euglena, Chlamydomonas andSpirogyra should be mentioned.Nutrition in Amoeba and Paramecium shouldbe mentioned.(b) Cellular respirationDefinition and processes of:(i) aerobic respiration(ii) anaerobic respiration(iii) energy releaseA simplified outline of the chemicalprocesses involved in glycolysis and Kreb'scycle; Reference should be made to the roleof ATP.The importance of anaerobic respiration infood processing should be mentioned.5
WAEC Syllabus - www.eresultchecker.com(c) Excretion(i) Excretion in single-celled aquaticorganisms. Diffusion by body surfaceand by contractile vacuole.(ii) Waste products of metabolism.Reference should be made to carbon dioxide,water and ammonia as examples of wasteproducts.(d) Growth(i) Basis of growth - cell division(mitosis), enlargement anddifferentiation.(ii) Aspects of growth:Increase in dry weight, irreversibleincrease in size and length and increasein number of cells.(iii) Regions of fastest growth inplants.(iv) Influence of growth hormones andauxins.Observation of root tip and shoot tip arerequired.Regulation of growth by hormones should bementioned.(v) Growth curvatures (Tropisms)Types of tropisms should be demonstrated.Microscopic examination of the differentregions of growth and development: region ofcell division, elongation, differentiation andmaturation.(e)(f)Development: Enlargementand differentiation.Processes that result in primary and secondarygrowth.Movement(i) Organelles for movement: cilia andflagella,(ii) Cyclosis.(g)Reproduction:Types of reproduction.6
WAEC Syllabus - www.eresultchecker.com(i) Asexual: fission, budding andvegetative propagation.(ii) Sexual: Conjugation, formation ofmale and female gametes(gametogenesis), fusion of gametesfertilization)Prepared slides of:(a) fission in Paramecium(b) budding in yeast and Chlamydomonas;should be observed and drawn.Prepared slides of conjugation inParamecium and Spirogyra should bestudied. The process of meiosis should bementioned.7. (a) Tissues and supporting systems: Skeletonand supporting systems in animals:(i)Biological significance.(ii)Skeletal materials, e.g. bone,cartilage and chitin.(iii)Types of skeleton:exoskeleton, endoskeleton andhydrostatic skeleton.(iv)Bones of the vertebralcolumn, girdles and long bones ofthe appendicular skeleton.(v)Mechanism of support in animals.(vi) Functions of skeleton in animals:Protection, support, locomotion andrespiratory movement.The location and arrangement of skeletal andsupporting tissues in animals should bementioned. Candidates should be familiar withthe general plan of mammalian skeleton and thedifferent types of joints. They should be able toidentify, draw, label and state the functions ofthe individual bones listed in the contentcolumn. Detailed structure of the skull will notbe required. Histological structure of bones andcartilages will also not be required.Candidates should be able to explain how thesefunctions are performed. The relationship ofskeleton and muscles during movement shouldbe used to illustrate the different functions ofthe skeleton.(b) Different types of supporting tissues in plants.The different types of supporting tissues: turgidparenchyma, collenchyma, xylem (wood)sclerenchyma should be studied.(i)(ii)Main features of supporting tissuesin plants.Functions of supporting tissues inplants: strength, rigidity (resistanceagainst the forces of the wind andwater), flexibility and resilience.Candidates should be able to cut and draw thelow power of the T.S. of stem and root of aherbaceous plant and label the different tissues;epidermis, cortex and stele.7
WAEC Syllabus - www.eresultchecker.com8. Transport System:(a)Need for transport:(i) surface area/volume ratio.(ii) substances have to move greaterdistances.(b)Transport in animals.(i) Structure of the heart, arteries,veins and capillaries.(c)Source of materials and forms in which they aretransported and where they are transported toshould be studied.Media of transport: cytoplasm in cells, cell sapor latex in most plants and body fluid ininvertebrates.(ii)Composition and function ofblood and lymph.(iii)Materials for transport:excretory products, gases,digested food, and othernutrients.Transport in plants(i) Uptake and movement of waterand mineral salts in plants.Candidates should be familiar with the generalcirculatory system. Open circulatory systems ininvertebrates. The names of the blood vesselsresponsible for transporting excretory products,gases, digested food and other nutrients shouldbe mentioned.Description of uptake of water and mineralsalts from the soil into a plant. Movementof water and mineral salts through the plant.Experiments using eosin solution to showwater and mineral salts uptake.(ii) TranslocationMovement of organic materials from leavesto roots. Basic theories (Pressure flowhypothesis and cytoplasmic streaming)underlying translocation.Ringing experiment to demonstrate thattransport of synthesized organic nutrientsoccurs through the phloem.(iii) Transpiration8
WAEC Syllabus - www.eresultchecker.comAdvantages and disadvantages oftranspiration. Types of transpiration.Environmental factors affecting transpiration.Determination of the rate of transpiration.(iv) Movement of water tothe apex of trees andherbs.9.(a)Respiratory System:Body surface: cutaneous, gills and lungs.Physiological factors affecting the rise ofwater in the xylem: Root pressure,transpiration, cohesion- tensionmechanism, adhesion, water potentialgradient. Experiments to measure the rate oftranspiration.Characteristics of respiratory surfaces in thesesystems should be studied. Respiratory organsof insects should be mentioned.Candidates should be able to observe, draw andlabel the respiratory organs of a bony fish (e.g.Tilapia) and a small mammal (e.g. rat)(b)Mechanisms of gaseous exchange infish, toad, mammals and plants.10. Excretory Systems and MechanismsTypes of excretory systems: Kidney, stomataand lenticelsRespiratory movements in these animals shouldbe mentioned. The mechanisms of opening andclosing of stomata should be mentioned.Characteristics of excretory organs in thesesystems should be studied. Candidatesshould observe, draw and label the excretoryorgans of a small mammal (e.g. rat).Explanation of the concept of excretion inplants. Excretory products of plants (water,carbon dioxide, oxygen, alkaloids, tannins,gums, resins and acids) should be mentioned.11. Regulation of Internal Environment(Homeostasis)(a) Kidney: Structure and functionsOsmoregulation, excretion and maintenance ofacid-base balance should be mentioned. Theconditions that affect functions of the kidneysuch as the water and salt content of the blood,environmental temperature should also bementioned.Excretory products such as urea, water, salts,uric acid should be mentioned.(b)Liver:9
WAEC Syllabus - www.eresultchecker.comFunctions of the liver.(c)The skin:Structure and function.12. Hormonal Coordination(a)Animal hormones:Site of secretion, functions andeffects of over and undersecretion.Candidates should be able to identify the liver;and its position relative to the gall bladder, bileduct, pancreas, duodenum and stomach.Candidates should observe, draw and label themammalian skin. The regulation of internalenvironment by the skin should be emphasized.Endocrine glands: pituitary, thyroid, adrenal,pancreas, gonads and their secretions should bementioned. The stages in the metamorphosisof toad and the role of thyroxine should bementioned.(b) Plant hormones13. Nervous CoordinationThe effects of auxins on lateral buddevelopment, leaf fall and initiation ofadventitious roots should be mentioned.Reference to crop harvesting, growth and weedcontrol should be made.(a) The central nervous system(i) Components of thecentral nervous system(ii)Parts of the brain and theirfunctions; cerebrum, cerebellum,medulla oblongata, hypothalamusand their functions(iii) Structure and function of the SpinalCord.(b)Candidates should be able to locate the positionof the brain and spinal cord in a dissectedvertebrate and identify the various regions ofthe brain.Peripheral Nervous System.(i)Somatic Nervous System(ii)Autonomic nervous system.Functions of the sympathetic andparasympathetic systems only.(iii) Structure and functions of theneurone.(iv) Classification of neurones.Candidates should observe, draw and label aneurone from a slide.10
WAEC Syllabus - www.eresultchecker.com(c) Types of nervous actions(i)The reflex arc(ii)Reflex and voluntary actions(iii)(iv)Differences between reflex andvoluntary actions.Candidates should perform experiments toillustrate reflex actions such as blinking of theeyes, knee jerk and withdrawal of hand fromhot objects.Conditioned reflex and its role onbehaviour.14. Sense Organs: Structure and function ofthe(a)Afferent (sensory), efferent (motor) andintermediate neurones should be mentionedCandidates should be able to enumerateconditioned reflexes such as salivation,driving a car, walking and swimming.Eye.Candidates should examine the mammalian eyenoting the shape, colour and positions of theoptic muscle and optic nerve.(b)Ear.Mention should be made of eye defects andtheir corrections.15 (a) Reproductive system of mammals(i) Structure and function of male andfemale reproductive systems.(ii) Differences between male and femaleCandidates should examine and draw dissectedreproductive organs.male and female small mammals showing thereproductive organs. They should also draw(iii) Structure of the gametessperm and ovum from prepared slides.(sperm and ovum)(iv) Fertilization, development of theembryo and birth.(v) Birth control(b) Metamorphosis in insects, life histories of Explanation of the different methods of birthcontrol.butterfly and cockroach.11
WAEC Syllabus - www.eresultchecker.com(c)(d)(e)Comparison of reproductionin fish, amphibian, reptile, birdand mammal.Reproduction in floweringplants(i)Arrangements of floral parts of anamed insect-pollinated flower and anamed wind-pollinated flower.(ii)Structure and function of the male andfemale parts of a flower.These examples should be used to illustratecomplete and incomplete metamorphosis. Theperiod it takes to develop from egg to adultshould be studied. The different stages in thelife history of butterfly and cockroach should bedrawn and labelled.Reference should be made to the method offertilization, number of eggs and parental care.Pollination in Plants(i) Types of pollination(ii) Features of cross-pollinated and selfpollinated flowersNamed examples should be used to illustrate thetypes of pollination.(iii) Agents of Pollination(iv) Kinds of placentation: axile, marginaland parietal.(f)(g)The features of the flower should be relatedto the agents of pollination.Process of development ofzygote in flowering plants:Fertilization.(i)Types of fruits (classification).Pollen grains germinated in sucrose solutionshould be observed, prepared slides or chartsshowing various stages of embryodevelopment in flowering plants should beobserved and drawn.(ii) Structure of fruitsFruits should be classified into dry and fleshyfruits.The internal structure of a leguminous fruit,orange, maize and tomato should beexamined and drawn.12
WAEC Syllabus - www.eresultchecker.com(h) Dispersal of fruits and seeds: Agents ofdispersalThe following fruits should be studied asexamples to show the features that aid theirrespective methods of dispersal. Sunflower(achene) Combretum, cotton, Crotalaria/bean,Desmodium, Bidens sp. Tridax sp. and Coconut.B.Plant and Animal NutritionDistinguishing differences between a fruit and aseed should be mentioned.1. Plant Nutrition(a)Photosynthesis:(i) Process of photosynthesis and itschemical equation(ii)Light and dark reactionsBiochemical nature of photosynthesis,photoactivation of chlorophyll resulting in theconversion of light energy to ATP and thereduction of NADP (Biochemical detail is notrequired)(iii) Materials and conditionsnecessary for photosynthesis(iv) Evidence of photosynthesis(b) Mineral requirement of plants(i) Mineral nutrition: Macro andmicro-nutrients(ii) Soil and atmosphere as sources ofmineral elements.The translocating and storage of excess food asa result of photosynthesis should be mentioned.Test for starch in green leaves should be carriedout.Fate of the products of photosynthesis shouldbe mentioned.Macro elements should include: carbon,hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, potassium,phosphorus, magnesium, sulphur, calcium andiron. The micro elements should include:copper, manganese, zinc and boron.Candidates should distinguish between food
BIOLOGY PREAMBLE This is an examination syllabus drawn up from the curricula of the member countries of the West African Examinations Council. It should be used alongside the appropriate teaching syllabus(es) of the country where the candidates are domiciled. This examination syllabus is divided into three sections: Sections A, B and C. Section A is for all candidates, Section B is for .
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