Demystifying The Payment Landscape - Barclaycard
Demystifyingthe paymentlandscapePSD2, SCA and the security challenge
2Redefine advantageIntroductionThis whitepaper traces the origins and impact ofthe second Payment Services Directive (PSD2) andStrong Customer Authentication (SCA). It examineshow new technology and regulations are shapingthe payments industry, and what this will mean foreveryone in the payments chain.We look at the rise of fraud and review theauthentication requirements and exemptions underSCA. And we show typical payment journeys indifferent eCommerce situations so that merchantshave a clearer understanding of how payments arechanging, and will continue to change, when PSD2SCA is introduced later this year.David JeffreyJasmine WuMuhammadShoaib ShahidDirector of Fraud,Security andOptimisation,Barclaycard PaymentSolutionsStrategy Manager,Barclaycard PaymentSolutionsProduct Manager,Fraud and Security,Barclaycard PaymentSolutions
3Redefine advantageContentsExecutive summarySection 1: PSD2 and the road to SCASection 2: SCA in practiceSection 3: ConclusionGlossary
Redefine advantageExecutive summaryThe global payments industryis going through unprecedentedchange. Technology is redefiningwhat banking means, howfinancial services are deliveredand by whom.The financial world is now digital,mobile, cross-border, increasinglyconnected and omnichannel,paving the way for new paymentmethods that meet the needsof consumers who expectfrictionless transactions.4
Redefine advantageSecuring the futureWhile technology is taking speed and convenience to new heights, it is alsoenabling cybercrime. A global 2018 study by PwC revealed that 49% oforganisations admitted to being victims of fraud, up from 36% in 20161.The rise accompanies the growth in card-not-present (CNP) transactions,now the primary payment method for eCommerce sales across the globe2.Payment service providers, merchants and regulators face the challenge ofreinforcing eCommerce security, without creating obstacles that could lead to cartabandonment. Much has happened in the decade since the first Payment ServicesDirective (PSD1) was introduced. Fraud losses have risen year-on-year againsta background of rapid digital change, with open banking and FinTechs radicallydisrupting traditional payment methods.Stronger authenticationThe second directive, PSD2, is a response to these changes, bringing regulationsand security measures up to date with SCA.The main objective of SCA is to make European online payments far more secure.From 14 September 2019, all eCommerce transactions (within certain categoriesand values) must be authenticated in line with the new Regulatory TechnicalStandards (RTS).These standards provide the framework for SCA. With only months to go,payment service providers must assess their requirements and ensure thatthe right systems and procedures are in place to be compliant.1 ics/economic-crime-survey.html2 nt-cnp-fraud-problem5
6Redefine advantageHelping merchants make the changeBarclaycard in the new payments worldSCA will have a significant impact on merchants, and a key recommendationis that closer partnerships are required across the payments chain.From the time SCA was announced, Barclaycard has been strongly involvedin industry-wide discussions about the application and implementation of thedirective. We encourage merchants to understand how SCA will impact theircustomer journeys and sales models.Merchant agreements and card scheme rules must be revised to conform withSCA. Merchants are likely to seek support from payment service providers whocan dynamically optimise payment journeys.In preparation for SCA, there have been numerous consultations about theapplication and scope of authentication, and further refinements are likely beforeSCA is rolled out. Exemption applications, for example, may vary across differentindustries, acquirers or countries.Although some uncertainties remain, there are clear priorities for merchants: Get ready for 3-D Secure version 2 (3DS2), the security infrastructure for SCA Consider how fraud solutions can strengthen access to exemptions andmanage liability exposure Assess payment journeys, operating models and the changes that are needed Optimise the use of agreed exemptions Collaborate to find solutions.Our aim is to achieve a balance between managing risks and maintaining thespeed and convenience that payment technology provides – and customersnow expect.
Redefine advantageSection 1:PSD2 and the road to SCAPSD2 is a big step forward for security and hasmany interlocking elements. Here’s how the piecescome together.A new digital frontierThe regulatory environment for European payments is complex and constantlyevolving. New mandates and protocols emerge every year – creating a host ofnew abbreviations and acronyms – while security is constantly playing catch upwith sophisticated fraudsters and the vast amounts of data generated every day.SCA is designed to tackle the rising levels of online fraud and safeguard data.eCommerce – and now especially mobile commerce – is a prime target forfraudsters. In 2012, 140m was lost to eCommerce fraud in the UK alone.By 2017, the figure had more than doubled.3While most people agree that we need stronger measures to prevent online fraud,some feel that heightened security may have a negative effect on the shoppingexperience and impact sales through cart abandonment – which, of course,is another form of loss.This is the challenge that payment service providers face in implementingthe requirements of PSD2. Moreover, it’s been a long journey and manysteps remain.3 a/fraud7
8Redefine advantageWhere did PSD2 come from and where’s it going?Cash is no longer kingPSD2 was officially published by the European Commission at the end of 2015.It followed the first Payment Services Directive (PSD1), which was introduced in2009 and created the legal framework for SEPA (Single Euro Payments Area).Since PSD1 was first implemented, eCommerce has boomed across Europe, whilehuge advances in digital and mobile transactions have bought greater speed andconvenience to shoppers. The scope of the original directive has been overtakenby technology, with third-party providers continually developing new paymentchannels (and fraudsters busily finding ways to exploit them).PSD2 was implemented in January 2018 and applies to all companies in theEuropean Economic Area (EEA) that deal with payments. In addition to thisyear’s 14 September deadline, by which time the technical standards for SCAmust be implemented, all application programming interfaces (APIs) must beready by March. These are the open interfaces that payment service providersneed to comply with SCA. The API technical specifications must be publishedand be publicly available, and testing facilities are also required.PSD2 rding to a 2017 research report from Visa, 77% of Europeans now use theirphones to bank and make everyday payments4. One thing is certain: onlineshopping will only increase, and so will the opportunities for fraud.Internet/eCommerce fraud losses on UK-issuedcards :200 questionsfrom industryFCA finalconsultation(began Oct 18)FraudguidancePercentagechange2019Massadoption3D Secureversion 2.2spec %3%0%36%15%19%19%310.20% 50m4 to-bank-and-make-everyday-payments5 UK Finance, 2018 a/fraud 100m 150m 200m 250m 300m 350m
9Redefine advantageWho’s in control with PSD2?The new payment playersSecurity is just one of the priorities for PSD2. The directive includes 112 articlesand mandates on a range of topics that regulators asked the European BankingAssociation to examine. Along with increased security, the broad aim is toopen the field to new payment service providers and promote competitionand innovation.PSD2 creates two main types of players who will take advantage of banks’open APIs:Banks are now required to offer their APIs to third parties who will then beable to access customers’ data (with their consent) and develop new financialofferings. This means that non-banks can move into the traditional bankingspace and, among other things, make payments on behalf of customers.Because much attention has been given to the democratising effect of PSD2,some observers view it as a free-for-all that places customer data at risk.What, they ask, will happen when banks are no longer in control?Moreover, by opening up customer information to third parties, some believethat PSD2 conflicts with GDPR (General Data Protection Regulation), the othermajor directive introduced in 2018. Whereas GDPR assumes the right to privacyand significantly restricts the way data can be held and used, PSD2 impliesgreater data freedom. However, this ignores the controls provided by SCA,which prioritise customer security and are complementary to GDPR. Payment Initiation Service Providers (PISP) – these are providers who caninitiate payments on behalf of a consumer. They can withdraw money directlyfrom your account with your consent. Account Information Service Providers (AISP) – AISPs have access to theaccount information of bank customers. Access can lead to services suchas analysing a user’s spending behaviour or consolidating a user’s accountinformation from several banks.
10Redefine advantage3-D SecureCurrent authentication practices are based on 3-D Secure (3DS), which standsfor three-domain secure. The three domains are: Merchant acquirer domainThe protocol belongs to a different age and has generally been viewed asdetrimental to customer experience (and one of the main reasons for cartabandonment and poor conversion rates). It has also suffered internationallybecause of the way payments are processed in different markets. Legalframeworks and security requirements vary from country to country andbank to bank, which means adoption has been patchy at best. Issuer domain Network domain (i.e. the payment system).Introduced in 1999, 3DS is a messaging protocol developed by EMVCo, theorganisation responsible for developing the Eurocard, Mastercard and Visaspecifications. Most people who have shopped online will be familiar with thefirst version (3DS1), which enables consumers to authenticate themselveswith their card issuer when they make card-not-present purchases.3DS1 is the password protection that you encounter when completing atransaction, and it involves being redirected to a new page where you mustinput a code. In other words, information to authenticate yourself.There are several drawbacks with this first version, not least a dependency onpop-up windows which are difficult to distinguish from phishing sites because thewindows are served from a domain that cannot be verified. In addition, mobilebrowsers can be a stumbling block because they often lack pop-up functionality.In short, 3DS1 is unsuitable for today’s eCommerce transactions.For these and other reasons, 3DS1 is not an appropriate foundation for PSD2.The solution is version 2 of the protocol, 3DS2, which provides the righttechnology infrastructure for strong customer authentication in the mobile era.
11Redefine advantage3-D Secure 2.0The updated version of the protocol representsa new approach to security – one that’s in keepingwith today’s online and mobile world and is basedon a wider range of data. It eliminates some of thechallenges of 3DS1, and strengthens the ability tomeet Regulatory Technical Standards (RTS). Thestandards were issued by the European BankingAuthority and provide guidance on what constitutesstrong customer authentication.3DS2 TimelineOct 2017Q3 2018Q4 20183DS2 specreleasedEMVCoTest servicebecomesavailablePAS2Testing withEMVCo /VISA andMastercardQ1 2019The advantages of 3DS2 over 3DS1 include: Far more data points to help verify transactions Better risk-based authentication Better performance for end-to-end messageprocessing Integration of the authentication process intomerchant checkout experiences, both for app andbrowser-based implementations (eliminating theredirect issue with 3DS1).3DS2 is scheduled to be in place for issuers andacquirer/gateways by April 2019, ready for thearrival of SCA in September 2019.Apr 2019Sept 2 SCACompliancedateMastercard - Commercialmigration for merchantsVISA - Commercial migration for merchantsend of2020
12Redefine advantageSection 2:SCA in practiceWhat are the requirements forstrong customer authentication,how will they impact purchasing,and what are the exemptions?Changing the rulesTwo-factor authenticationSCA is predicated on a two-factor principle, which means that authentication will require twoout of three possible security checks. Namely: ‘something you know’, ‘something you are’,and ‘something you have’.‘Something you know’ is the familiar username/password approach, while ‘something youare’ adds biometrics to the verification process. A phone or a card would be an example of‘something you have’.The inclusion of biometrics, such as fingerprint or iris recognition, reflects the realitiesof mobile communication and the need to make mCommerce as seamless as possible.3DS2 provides the rails for merchants to flow a much largerrange of optional data points in the authentication process,which will likely result in better and more positive decisionmaking from issuers. With 3DS2 set to be mandatory fromApril 2019, the payments industry will have an up-to-dateinfrastructure to apply SCA. And because the protocolgenerates over 100 data points to help determine thevalidity of a transaction, payments will be more securethan with simple password authentication.SCA applies to customer-initiated online transactionsover 30; however, SCA is also required if there havebeen five exempted transactions or the sum of exemptedtransactions exceeds 150.Although SCA applies only to transactions in the EuropeanEconomic Area (EEA), where both the issuer and acquirerare in the region, the principle of ‘best endeavours’ shouldbe followed when one of the parties is outside the EEA.Most card payments and all credit transfers will require SCA.Somethingyou own:Somethingyou know:Somethingyou are: Mobile phone Wearable device Smart card Token Badge Password Passphrase PIN Sequence Secret question Fingerprint Facial recognition Voice patterns Iris scan Keystroke analysis
13Redefine advantageFrictionless flow versus fraudpreventionSCA has many implications for transactionprocessing and customer experience. Oneadvantage is that shoppers no longer haveto negotiate pop-up windows, while biometricrecognition is a swift, secure, and far more practicalsolution for mCommerce. Few would dispute thebenefits of self-authentication through the tapof a finger or facial recognition.However, what will two-factor authentication meanin reality? Will the additional security requirementscomplicate the shopping experience? When themove to 3DS2 was first discussed, there werefears that every transaction would need to bechallenged, creating frustration, delays, andabandoned purchases.But this is not the case. SCA balances the need forfrictionless flows with the need for strong security.The application of SCA is therefore a matter ofinterpretation, with merchants being allowed to offerfrictionless flow according to, for example, the valueof the purchase and the fraud rate of the acquirerand the issuer.
14Redefine advantageExemptionsThe goal is to increase security but without beingoverly restrictive. Note that issuers (i.e. the banksthat provide payment cards to consumers on behalfof card networks) always have the final say, andmerchants cannot apply exemptions, although acquirerscan on their behalf – but only if the issuer agrees withthe exemption.In addition to exemptions, the following are automaticallyclassed as ‘out of scope’ and not subject to SCA:What exemptions are available at each tier?The higher the transaction value, the less access to exemptionLow value exemption /Contactless exemptionWhitelisting 0 30TRA Exemption – Acquirer fraud rate13 bps for transactions up to 100Whitelisting 31 100 Mail order and telephone order transactions (knownas MOTO)TRA Exemption – Acquirer fraud rate 6 bpsfor transactions up to 250Whitelisting 101 250 Merchant-initiated transactions (provided conditionsare met) ‘One leg out’ transactions (where either the issueror acquirer is outside the EEA). SCA is required onlyon a ‘best endeavours’ basis 251 500 500 TRA Exemption – Acquirer fraud rate 1 bps fortransactions up to 500WhitelistingWhitelisting Anonymous payments.Structured transactions (e.g. recurring exemption or secure corporate payments) – not restrictedby transaction values
15Redefine advantageHere are the principal exemptions:How do the exemptions work?Low value transactionsCard transactions below 30 are deemed low value andnormally exempt from authentication. However, SCA will berequired if the customer initiates more than five consecutivelow value payments or if the accumulated payment valueexceeds 100.Exemption example: WhitelistingCustomers can elect to whitelist a merchant they trust with their issuer: Once whitelisted, subsequent transactions are exempt Only Issuer has control over the listRecurring payments such as subscriptionsRecurring payments of the same value to the samemerchant are exempt, but they will require SCA for theinitial set up. Not exempt: periodic payments to the samepayee where the value changes each time (e.g. a utility bill),but there is some debate whether this would apply undermerchant-initiated transactions.WhitelistingCustomers can ‘whitelist’ trusted merchants. This meansflagging them as ‘trusted beneficiaries’ who do not requireauthentication once an initial check has been made. Issuersare the custodians of the whitelist and may set their owneligibility criteria.Secure corporate paymentsIf a transaction is initiated by a legal entity (e.g. a business)rather than a consumer, and the transaction is processedthrough a secure payment protocol, it will not requireseparate authentication if the alternative controls are secure. Adding, amending or deleting require SCA Merchants cannot maintain the list for this purposeA typical whitelisting transactionCustomermakes apurchaseCustomerinitiates thepaymentonlineSCAtriggeredandcompletedPop-up messageto allow customerto add thismerchant to theirown whitelistThis whitelistwould besecured andmaintainedby IssuerONLY onbehalf of thecustomerThis would not be the only way to ‘whitelist’ a merchant. Industry is working on all thepotentials, as well as rules of the road for the application.
Redefine advantageTransaction risk analysis (TRA)An exemption might apply if a transaction is deemedto be low risk. This is a complex area with manycriteria that require careful scrutiny. For example,risk assessments may be based on geolocationdata or behaviour patterns.The fraud rate of the acquirer is key in determiningwhether TRA can be applied. Even if an acquirer hasa poor fraud rate, transactions under 30 are stillexempt from SCA. If the acquirer has a fraud rate oflower than 13 basis points (bps), which is a measureof the acquirers’ current fraud losses, it can use TRAfor transactions with a value of 100 or less. TRA willencourage acquirers to improve their fraud rates sothey can offer a more frictionless shopping experience.The issuer always has the final say for all transactions.ContactlessTransactions below 50 are exempt for up to fiveconsecutive transactions or an accumulated valueup to 150.Unattended terminalsExemptions typically apply to transport faresor parking fees.16
17Redefine advantageSection 3: ConclusionRegulations are both an opportunity and a challenge. Here are someof the ways you can turn PSD2 into a strategic advantage.It’s a beginning, not an endTesting, testing PSD2 is part of a wave of regulatory reforms that willbring the financial services industry up to date withnew technologies and market developments. Forpayments, 2019 will be a watershed year as the newEU directive takes shape and we move towards theSeptember cutover for SCA. But it won’t stop there:PSD2 must evolve to keep pace with technologicaltransformation and disruption.From 14 March, there is a three-month test phasefor interfaces (ie, open APIs). One of the aims isto ensure they comply with the final RegulatoryTechnical Standards (RTS) on strong customerauthentication. Banks and other account servicingpayment service providers (ASPSPs) must providea testing facility for third-party providers (TPPs).Over the last few months there have beenrefinements to PSD2, following clarifications fromthe EBA and the regulators. In December 2018,EMVco announced tweaks to the 3-D Securespecification. We now have 3DS2.2, an update thatincludes enhancements to optimise the consumerexperience while supporting new authenticationmethods. The enhancements include improvedcommunication between merchants and issuers,which should help to clarify exemptions. Futureiterations of the directive are likely to addressinstant payments and other developments.Walking the lineAs mCommerce expands, the success of SCAwill depend on shrewd interpretation. In 2019,mobile transactions are set to exceed the volumeof eCommerce for the first time globally. Consumersnow expect to use handheld devices to engage andtransact seamlessly with businesses, but that can’thappen if there are too many security hurdles.Clarifications from regulators will help to ensurethe right balance. For example, TRA can promotea smooth purchasing experience and still ensuresecurity, but risk levels and exemptions depend,among other things, on the tolerance of the issuer,the country of jurisdiction, and, of course, differentindustry requirements.It remains to be seen how exemptions will applyand evolve after September. As mentioned on page14, the fraud rate of the acquirer is a key factor indetermining if TRA can replace SCA. As a catalystfor frictionless commerce, acquirers would do wellto improve their fraud rates. Issuer fraud rates arealso important, since anything less than 13 bpsmeans that issuers can choose not to apply SCAif they deem it to be low risk.
18Redefine advantageWho’s now liable?One of the benefits for merchants is that when 3DS2 is applied, they are not liablefor fraudulent transactions. Currently, when the cardholder or issuer disputes anonline transaction (on the basis that it is fraudulent), in most cases merchantswould refund the loss. With 3DS2, as it does today with 3DSv1, liability will shift tothe card issuer/cardholder. This is illustrated in the table opposite. IssuerNon-secure3DS1 & 3DS2Non-secureMerchantMerchant3DS1* & 3DS2IssuerIssuerAcquirer/Merchant3DSBrexit: to be or not to be?In addition to 19 September, there is another important deadline in 2019. On 29March, the UK is due to leave the EU. While it remains unclear how the UK willapproach the requirements of PSD2 following Brexit, many financial institutionsare taking steps to address Brexit, and Barclaycard is no exception. BarclaycardPayment Solutions has implemented its Brexit strategy and is ready to supportall its customers regardless of the political situation. Further information can beviewed s/our-plans-for-brexit3DSFrom April 2019*Visa offers liability shift for merchants attempted 3DS2The road aheadBarclaycard is well prepared for SCA and 3DS2. We will respond to anyrefinements and amendments to the payments infrastructure during 2019 andbeyond, and have been working closely with clients and the payments industrywhile PSD2 has been rolled out. During the SCA transition period, we will help tocreate a balanced and practical view of fraud prevention versus frictionless flow.We’re here to offer insights and guidance so that merchants can apply newregulations in the most practical and effective way. With the right approach,the payments industry can comply with SCA and increase security withoutdamaging consumer experience. At the same time, it can promote innovationand turn disruption into competitive advantage.
19Redefine advantageGlossaryAcquirerAcquirers/acquiring banks process credit or debitcard payments on behalf of merchants. Acquirersare registered members of card schemes (e.g.Mastercard) and acquire transactions on cardnetworks. The network connects acquirers toissuers, enabling transactions to be verifiedand then either approved or declined.AISPAccount Information Service Providers (AISPs)are businesses that can obtain a customer’saccount data and offer bespoke financialproducts and services.APIAn Application Programming Interface (API)facilitates communication between differentcomponents/software.CardholderA cardholder is an individual or business thathas been issued with a card to make credit/debitpayments.Card Not Present (CNP)A card transaction where the shopper does notphysically present the card. Examples include onlinepayments, in-app payments and MOTO (mail order/telephone order) transactions.ChargebackA transaction that is disputed by a cardholder or cardissuer, and reverts to the merchant for resolution.GatewayA software link that provides the interface betweenmerchants and acquirers.GDPRThe EU General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR)is a law introduced in 2018 to strengthen dataprotection and privacy for all individuals within theEuropean Union and the European Economic Area.IssuerA card issuer is a bank or financial institution that‘issues’ branded payment cards to consumers.EBAThe European Banking Authority (EBA) is anEU body that promotes effective regulation andsupervision across the European banking sector.EMVcoThe company that developed the 3-D Securesolution. EMV stands for EuroPay, Mastercardand Visa.
20Redefine advantageMerchantA retailer, or any other entity, that agrees toaccept payment cards to fulfil an order for goodsor services.RTSThe Regulatory Technical Standards (RTS) codifythe regulatory requirements to ensure thatpayments across the EU are secure and efficient.SEPAThe Single Euro Payments Area (SEPA). The aimsof SEPA are to make it easier to transfer money andelectronic payments between the member countries.PISPA Payment Initiation Service Provider (PISP) is athird-party provider that can carry out paymentsdirectly from a customer’s account.SCAStrong Customer Authentication (SCA) is themethod to authenticate who you are when makinga purchase. It is mandatory under PSD2 RTSand requires at least two of three possibleauthentication routes:Knowledge – something the user knowPossession – something the user hasInherence – something the user is.TPPA third-party provider (TPP) is the collective namefor AISPs and PISPs.PSD2The Payments Services Directive 2 (PSD2) is theoverall payments regulation of which SCA is a part.The 3 pillars of PSD2 are: Consumer Protection Strong Customer Authentication Open BankingPSPPSP refers to issuer and acquirer in the cardpayment domain.3-D SecureA security method that prevents fraud duringonline payments. 3DS2 brings a new approachto authentication through a wider range of dataand the addition of biometric authentication.TRATransaction Risk Analysis (TRA) is one of the SCAexemptions that will support frictionless flow.
Find out more atbarclaycard.co.uk/corporate-paymentsCall us on 0800 056 1242Monday – Friday, 9am-5pmCalls to 0800 numbers are free from UK landlines and personal mobiles, otherwise call charges may apply. To maintain a quality service we may monitor or record phone calls. Barclaycard is a tradingname of Barclays Bank PLC. Barclays Bank PLC is authorised by the Prudential Regulation Authority and regulated by the Financial Conduct Authority and the Prudential Regulation Authority (FinancialServices Register number: 122702). Registered in England. Registered No. 1026167. Registered office: 1 Churchill Place, London E14 5HP
Merchant agreements and card scheme rules must be revised to conform with SCA. Merchants are likely to seek support from payment service providers who can dynamically optimise payment journeys. In preparation for SCA, there have been numerous consultations about the . application and scope of
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