C ONTENTS
C ONTENTS3THE POLAROID CAMPAIGN4THE BOSTON COMMUNITYORGANIZES AGAINSTAPARTHEID5THE STUDENT DIVESTMENTCAMPAIGN6SOUTH AFRICAN WOMEN'SDAY-AUGUST 97LEGISLATIVE INITIATIVES8-9KEEP SANCTIONSUNTIL DEMOCRACY10-13NELSON MANDELATIMELINE14-15AFRICAN NATIONALCONGRESS TIMELINE16.:.17FUND FOR A FREESOUTH AFRICA (FREESA)18-19CREDITS AND THANKS28RESOURCES29THE NATIONAL ANTHEM:NKOSI SIKELEL' !AFRICA30-31THE FREEDOM CHARTER·· .'.,,.: .,
HE POLAROIDCAMPAIGNTHE MAsSACHUSETTS MOVEMENTto disengage American societyand business from apartheid waslaunched in October of 1969 whentwo courageous and committedworkers at the Polaroid Corporation, Caroline Hunter and KenWilliams, protested that company'sinvolvement in the South Africanpass system through the "InstantI.D. 2 System." This photographicprocess was being used by theSouth African government as partof their Pass Law system that required all blacks to carry a passbook, used mainly to control theirmovements.Establishing the Polaroid Revolutionary Workers Movement, Hunterand Williams staged a series of protest and leaflet campaigns that costthem their jobs. Ultimately, however,their actions led Polaroid to attempta kind of precursor to the "SullivanCode" approach, and then, in keeping with assertions of the prodemocracy forces in South Africathat such business involvementadds more strength to the systemthan to its opponents, to pull out ofSouth Africa altogether.
HE BOSTONCOMMUNITYORGANIZES AGAINSTAPARTHEIDTHE BOSTON COMMITTEE FOR TIIELiberation of Southern Africa(BCL5A) was formed followingthe Soweto uprising in 1976 andincluded representatives of theAfrican National Congress and .Boston area solidarity and studentgroups. The BCLSA, led by ThembaVilakazi, worked to draw attentionto the oppressive character ofapartheid, and to highlight itssignificance for women, especiallyfollowing the banning of WinnieMandela. One BCLSA campaigncalled for a boycott of the FirstNational Bank of Boston becauseof its investments in South Africa.TransAfrica's first local chapterwas the .Boston Chapter, foundedin 1978 by Willard Johnson. Insupport of the Free South AfricaMovement demonstrations at theSouth African Embassy in Washington, the TransAfrica Boston Chapterfounded the Boston Free SouthAfrica Movement as a coalition withthe other local anti-apartheid groups.This movement not only succeeded in convincing the SouthAfrican Honorary Counsul toresign, but after eight months ofdemonstrations and scores ofarrests of prominent community,religious and academic leaders andDR.WILLARD JOH NSON, REPRESENTATIVE MEL KING , COUNCILLOR CHARLES YANCEY (LEFT TORIGHT) WERE AMO NG THE ACTIVISTS THAT SUCCEEDED IN CONVINCI NG THE SOUTH AFRICANHONORARY CONSUL TO RESIG N.elected officials including GeorgeWald, Williard Johnson Steve Lewis,Karen Fields, Bill Sutherland andMarily Richardson. The campaignconvinced the Deak-Perrera Company, the country's largest currencyand precious coins dealer, to ceaseto handle the Krugerrand, SouthAfrica's gold coin. These demonstrations were instrumental in thenational ban on Krugerrand salesas part of the 1986 national comprehensive sanctions bill.Locally, Shell Oil, a company withmajor holdings in South Africa, wasboycotted by a coalition of laborunions and community organizations, successfully impacting onsales. Charles Laquidara and KatyAbel of WBCN Radio helped organize the "Shell Shock" campaign in1988, which called on listeners withShell Oil credit cards to returnthem to the company. By the endof the campaign well over 1,000listeners had responded.4"POLITICAL DECISION BASED ONCOLOUR IS ENTIRELY ARTIFICIAL AND,WHEN IT DISAPPEARS, SO WILL THEDOMINATION OF ONE COLOURAGAINST ANOTHER."Nelson Mandela at the Rivonia Trial, 1964
HE STUDENTDIVESTMENTCAMPAIGNTHE STUDENT DIVESlMENT MOVEMENTin Massachusetts commenced inthe early 1970s with demonstrations at Harvard University underthe leadership of Law School student Randall Robinson and DivinitySchool student Chris Nteta, to havethe university divest itself of its vastholdings in companies involvedthroughout oppressed SouthernAfrica. One such company, GulfCompany in Angola, subsequentlybecame the target of a nationalboycott organized by Robinson,Willard Johnson and others whowould later found TransAfrica.LINCOLN-SUDBURY REGIONAL HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS PARTICIPATE IN A STUDENTS RALLY ON THEBOSTON COMMON."WE CALL ON OUR WHITE COMPATRIOTS TO JOIN US IN THE SHAPINGOF A NEW SOUTH AFRICA."Nelson Mandela at Cape lllwn, February 11, 1990In 1977, Hampshire Collegebecame the first in the nation todivest its endowment of holdingsin firms with investments in SouthAfrica. Following suit was SmithCollege and statewide demonstrations, protests and sit-ins bystudents at many other collegesand universities, including TuftsUniversity, Brandeis, M.I.T, BostonUniversity, Clark University, andthe University of Massachusettsat Amherst.The divestment movement atHarvard has expanded to the5alumni, who have sought to electpro-divestment candidates tothe Board of Overseers. BishopDesmond Tutu holds a seat on theBoard as a result of these efforts.
5OUTH AFRICANWOMEN'S DAY -AUGUST9''Now you have touched the womenYou have struck a rockYou have dislodged a boulderYou will be crushed. "Women's Anti-PassCampaign Song, 1956In 1955 the government of SouthAfrica announced that Africanwomen would be issued passes.Up until then, only men had beenrequired to carry passes.The first big protest againstpasses for women took place inOctober 1955 with 2,000 women,converging on Pretoria.The women's anti-pass movement, lead by Lilian Ngoyi,President of the Women's Federation, grew as marches anddemonstrations took place nationwide. On August 9, 1956, 20,000women from all over the countryassembled in Pretoria to protest.Women were eventually forced tocarry pass books, but in honor ofthe courageous resistance displayedby so many women, August 9 hassince been designated "Women'sDay" in South Africa.In 1985, Women for Racial andEconomic Equality organized aSouth African Women's Day marchin Boston to pay tribute to thevaliant struggle being waged by thewomen of South Africa.J UANITA WADE PARTICIPATI NG IN A S O UTH AFRICAN WOMEN'S DAY CELEBRATION, AUG UST69, 1986.
EGISLATIVEof South Africa related assets. SubMovement toward divestmentsequently, Boston and Cambridgein Massachusetts quickened inalso have passed ordinances to1980 with the introduction of aINITIATIVESdivest pension funds of Southbill by Rep. Mel King and Sen. jackINSPIRED BY AFRICAN NATIONALAfrica connections and to preventBackman to require divestment ofCongress and Zimbabwe liberation state employee and public schoolpurchases from businesses withmovement leadership, State RepSouth African ties. In Boston, theteachers' pension funds from allresentative Mel King introducedordinance was co-sponsored byfirms "doing business in or withlegislation in 1976 to prohibit theCouncillors Charles Yancey andSouth Africa." It was the moststate from purchasing South AfriBruce Bolling, and in Cambridgecomprehensive state divestmentcan, Rhodesian and Portugueseby Councillor Saundra Graham.legislation at the time.colonial goods and to restrict theIn January 1988, GovernorTo support this legislative iniuse of Massachusetts ports forMichael Dukakis signed an executiative, Boston Coalition for theimports from these areas, and totive order banning purchases byLiberation of Southern Africa, thedeny tax and other privileges toAfrican Liberation Support Commit- the state from companies doingbusinesses with trade or investment tee, TransAfrica Boston and othersbusiness in South Africa.ties to them.The latest effort of the Massathen created Mass-Divest, whichchusetts movement is to promote agrouped together more than fifty"selective purchase bill" sponsoredorganizations."OUR FIGHT IS AGAINST REAL,The act finally became law inby Representative Byron RushingAND NOT IMAGINARY, HARDSHIPS. .that would restrict the state gov1983, and has brought about theBASICALLY, WE FIGHT AGAINSTernment from purchasing fromdivestment of millions of dollarsTWO FEATURES WHICH ARE THEbusinesses with South African ties.HALLMARKS OF AFRICAN LIFEIN SOUTH AFRICA . THESEFEATURES ARE POVEKIY ANDLACK OF HUMAN DIGN/1Y . "Nelson Mande la at the Rivo nia Trial, 1964While this legislation was un successful, in 1977, Massachusettsbecame the first state to pass aresolution encouraging corporations licensed in the state to endtheir business involvement in SouthAfrica and two years later bannednew investment of pension funds insuch corporations and banks withSouth Africa connections.0bii:t;; z007
kEEP SANCTIONSUnder apartheid the blackmajority is divided into threeUNTIL DEMOCRACYmain population groups - African,Colored and Indian. Areas ofSOUTI-1 AFRICA IS A LAND OF EXTREME WEALTI-1 FOR TI-IE WHITEland have been identified for eachracial group, the best land beingminority and extreme poverty for the oppressed majorityreserved for whites.Whites, 16 percent of the population, receive more than 60It is estimated that by 1983 atleast 3.5 million people had beenpercent of all income, making them among the richest peopleuprooted and "resettled" elsewherein the attempt to redraw the map ofin the world and the country's blacks among the poorest.South Africa along apartheid lines.From the arrival of the first white settlers in the mid-17thUnder the new map, Africans, whocentury, blacks have been excluded from decision making. They make up 73 percent of the population are forced onto 13 percent ofhave been relegated to the most menial jobs and the least pro- the land.Nelson Mandela, like otherductive land. Through their superior armed force, the whiteAfricans, cannot vote. The whitegovernment created legislativeminority has created a racially segregated society that allowsbodies for the Colored and Indianfor white domination in land populations in 1986, but theseownership, the legal sys- entities exercise no real controland are at the mercy of the whitetern, administration,parliament.It is 30 years since the Africandistribution ofNational Congress first issued awealth and in every call for an economic isolation ofSouth Africa. The ANC was at thatsphere of socialtime under the leadership ofAlbert Luthuli, the first Nobelrelations.Peace Laureate from South Africa.Apartheid ("sep- That call was echoed as early as1962 by Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.,arateness") officiallywho observed that in apartheid, theworldwas witnessing the reincarcame into being with thenation of the nightmarish ideologyvictory of the Afrikaanerand practices of naziism.Nationalist Party in 1948. Their apartheid policy has created acomplex network of laws to control and direct the black population. Apartheid is a form of violence that operates every momentof every day8
According to a report of the U.S.Senate Subcommittee on Africa, "thenet effect of American investmenthas been to strengthen the economic and military self-sufficiencyof South Africa's apartheid regime."U.S. investment has tended to concentrate in the most crucial sectorsof the South African economyautomobiles, oil and energy, andcomputers. By strengthening theapartheid economy, U.S. involvement served to increase the abilityof the white minority governmentto preserve its power.Economic sanctions offer theinternational community a means ofcontributing to the process of transformation in South Africa, and ofimposing a greater morality on theoperations of the world economy.There are some who say that ifU.S. corporations stay in SouthAfrica, but demand integration ofworkplace facilities, they can have agreater impact on South Africa. Afew integrated workplaces, however,will exercise no leverage on theSouth African government to abolish the apartheid system; onlywithdrawal of U.S. corporationsfrom the South African economyrelieving the government of crucialinternational financial support will exert that crucial leverage. Thishas been demonstrated by the willingness of the deKlerk governmentSome say that blacks in SouthAfrica suffer most from the economic crisis that is a result ofeconomic sanctions. Apartheid hasresulted in far greater suffering.The oppressed in South Africa willpress on with their struggle for justice, irrespective of the costsentailed in the pursuit of this goal.It is precisely to reduce the costs inhuman blood that black South Africans have been willing to pay theprice and face the sacrifices that arenecessarily entailed in the disruption of the South African economy.to begin a dialogue with the AfricanU.S. sanctions have been a sigNational Congress. The economy of nificant factor in the success of thedemocratic movement in SouthSouth Africa will never succeed aslong as strong sanctions are in place. Africa. Internationally, sanctionsIt is this pressure that will insurehave cost the South African regimethat the dialogue will continue andmore than 32 billion dollars since1985. Sanctions have worked. It iseventually lead to the creation of afree, democratic and non-racialessential that the economic isolationgovernment.of the South African government bemaintained and strengthened untilthe establishment of a just anddemocratic order."!HAVE FOUGHT AGAINST WHITEShortly after his release, NelsonDOMINATION, AND I HAVE FOUGHTMandela said, "We call on the interAGAINST BLACK DOMINATION, ANDnational community to continueI HAVE CHERISHED THE IDEAL OFthe campaign to isolate the apartDEMOCRATIC AND FREE SOCIETY INheid regime. To lift sanctions nowWHICH ALL PERSONS LIVE TOGETHERwould be to run the risk of abortIN HARMONY AND WITH EQUALing the process toward theOPPORTUNITIES. IT IS AN IDEAL WHICHcomplete eradication of apartheid."I HOPE TO LIVE FOR AND TO ACHIEVE.Keep Sanctions Until Democracy!BUT IF NEEDS BE, IT IS AN IDEAL FORWHICH I AM PREPARED TO DIE. "Nelson Mandela at the Rivonia Trial , 19649
191818]uly:Rolihlaha NelsonDallbhungaMandela is bornto Henry GadlaMphakanyiswa andNosekeni FannyMandela at Mbhashein the Umtamadistrict.1927Henry Mandela dies,entrusting his sonto his close relative,Acting ParamountChief of the Thembus,Jongintaba DavidDalindyebo. Mandelaattends school inthe area.1940Mandela is expelledfrom Fort Harebecause of partici·pation in a strike.He sets out forJohannesburg.1941He arrives inJohannesburg and isemployed at CrownMines as a minepoliceman. Shortlythereafter, he meetsWalter Sisulu.19421939Enrolls at Fort Hare.Mandela obtains hisB.A. degree andenrolls at the Witer·sand University inthe Faculty of Law.101944Mandela joins theANC. Mrs. KateMgudlwa, NelsonMandela, AntonLembede, A.P. Mda,Oliver Tambo,William Nkomo,Victor Mbodo,Lionel Majombozi,Congress Mbata,David Bopape,Jordan Ngubane,Mskinya and WalterSisulu form the ANCyouth league.19471949Mandela is electedSecretary of theANC Youth Leagueand AP. Mda SUC·ceeds Lembede asPresident after thelatter's death. Tambois elected VicePresident.The youth leaguetakes over therunning of the ANCmother body. Sisulubecomes its secre·tary and Mandelaand Tambo arevoted onto the Exec·utive Committee.The ANC adopts aplan of action andcalls for a militantAfrican campaign.
r!Jtl SKIR TSNANNU CCI LTO a;p,c r its' ITALIA N DAMASKS-t-. .--·- : .2, ?5 .!. 4.HlSt t t fo!.2.!.-GlJILTY IN R.IV()NfA TRI ALSeven on all fourcharges andone on one countBEIL\STEI\ FHEED,HE \HHESTEDu \. :-. "UU l"'"" '. )!.,,.,1951The Youth Leaguejoins forces with theIndian Congress toorganize a nationalwork stoppage.Sisulu and Yusefcachalia areappointed jointsecretaries of theplanning counciland Mandela iselected President ofthe Youth League.1952Mandela is arrestedfor his first timewhen he and othersare canvassingrecruits for a jointdefiance campaignwith the IndianCongress. Upon hisrelease, he is electedPresident of the1Tansvaal ANC.He is once againdetained with Sisuluand the nationalPresident of theANC, and chargedunder the Suppression of CommunismAct. Hence, Mandelais banned along withother high rankingmembers of the ANC.1953-4After his banningorder expires,Mandela campaignsagainst forcedremovals in Sophiatown and westernareas. Once again,he is banned andstarts his legal practice with OliverTambo. A petition bythe 1Tansvaal LawSociety to haveMandela struck fromthe roll fails.195519561957The FreedomCharter is adoptedat the Congress ofthe People inKliptown.1960Mandela is broughtto trial with 155others for treason.Passes are extendedto African Women.The Federation ofAfrican Women isfounded.Nelson meetsWtnnie MadikizelaThe SharpevilleMassacre where 69are murdered and180 are injured.A nationwide antipass defiance beginspreceded by thebanning of the ANCand a State of Emergency is declared.Mandela and Sisuluare detained alongwith thousands.1958Nelson and Wtnnieare married.1959The ANC organizesseparate anti-passcampaigns.11
THE COFFIN IS CARRIED 'BY LEADERS OF THE ANC WOME N'S LEAGUE, AMONG THEMALBERTINA SISULU, WINNIE MANDELA, VIOLA HASHE.ZENANI DLAMINI, NELSON ANDWINNIE MANDELA'S DAUGHTER, ATTHE FUND FOR A FREE SOUTHAFRICA CELEBRATION OF HERFATHER'S RELEASE. ST. PAUL'SCATHEDRAL, FEBRUARY 11,1990.(INSET) COUNCILLOR CHARLESYANCEY PRESENTS THEMBA VILAKAZIA 1985 BOSTON CITY COUNCILPROCLAMATION HONORINGNELSON MANDELA. (RIGHT).1962196319641969197319761977Mandela flees thecountry to meetwith other Africanleaders such asSelassie of Ethiopia,Colonel Boumedienne of Algeria.Additionally hemeets Nyerere,Kaunda, Odinga.At home, Winnie isbanned. Upon hisreturn, Mandelawent back to Johannesburg, but wasarrested after 17months underground.He is sentenced to5 years in imprisonment on RobbenIsland.The entire leadership of the ANCis arrested.The accused arefound guilty in theinfamous Rivoniali'ial. Mandela andall others accusedare found guiltyof sabotage andsentenced to lifein prison onRobben Island.Winnie is arrested,tortured and bannedfor five years.The Governmentoffers to releaseMandela to Transkei.He refuses, and thefamily is harassed.The SowetoMassacre occurs.Winnie is bannedonce again forher activities.Steve Bikois murdered.1972There is an assassination attempt onWinnie Mandela inher home.1966Mandela is joinedby Andimba ja ToivoofSWAPO.121975The banning ofWinnie expires andshe continues heractivities with theFederation ofAfrican Women.1978Winnie is sentencedto six months inprison - suspendedfor four years.
LEAVING VICTOR VESTOR PRISON, FEBRUARY 11,1990.1979198119831984198519891990India awardsMandela theNehru Award.Winnie is bannedonce again.Local authorities inBritain name streetsand parks after Mandela. City College ofNew York bestowshim an honorarydegree.Pretoria announcesa new constitutionbut Africans rejectthe plan if Mandelais not freed. ReleaseMandela committeesare formed.Pretoria offersMandela and otherRivonia prisoners aconditional releasebut they refuse.Mandela meetsthe State President,P.W. Botha, andthere are expectations of changethrough negotiations. October: AllRivonia prisonersare freed exceptMandela. December:Mandela meets theState President, FW.de Klerk.February:l\fandelais released fromprison.1980Mandela is nominated for theChancellorshipat the Universityof London.1982President Kaundaurges Pretoriato release Mandela.Mandela, along withSisulu, Kathrada,Mhlaba andMhlangeni aremoved to PollsmoorPrison.1988The worldcommemoratesMandela's seventiethbirthday.13Source:Higher Than Hope,by Fatima Meer.
NELSON MANDELA WITH OLIVER TAMBO, PRESIDENT OF THE ANC.R!VONIA TRIALISTS SeNTENCED TO LIFE IMPRISONMENT:(TOP) NELSON MANDELA, WALTERSISULU, GOVAN MBEKI, RAYMOND MHLABA, (BOTTOM) ELIAS MOTSOALEDI, ANDREW MLANGENI,AHMED KATHRADA AND DENNIS GOLDBERG.19101948195519601961Formation of theUnion of SouthAfrica by an Act ofBritish Parliament.Despite representations by the SouthAfrican Native Convention, forerunnerof the ANC, theUnion is establishedas a white minorityregime.Election of theNational Party ona platform of"apartheid" and thesystematic entrenchment of racism inSouth Africa's lawsand constitution.The National Partyhas ruled SouthAfrica ever since.Adoption of TueFreedom Chartera statement of thedemocratic aspirations of the all thepeople of SouthAfrica.March: The Govern-March: Faced withment declares aState of Emergencyand arrests morethan 20,000 people.Within two weeks,the Unlawful Organizations Act ispassed and used toban the ANC andthe Pan AfricanCongress. Tue UNSecurity Councilcalls on South Africato abandon apartheid.imminent expulsion,South Africa leavesthe Commonwealthand declares itselfa Republic. UnderMandela's leadership,a National Actioncouncil is convenedto organize a threeday stay-at-home inprotest. Tue regimeresponds by arresting thousands undernew provisionsallowing detentionwithout trial.1912January: Formation of the AfricanNational Congress,dedicated to forgingunity amongst theAfricans in SouthAfrica and fightingfor their rights.1949Tue ANC adopts aprogram for massdirect action anddefiance of the lawsof apartheid. Tuestate's response isviolent. Eighteendemonstrators arekilled on May 1,1950 when thepolice open fire onpeaceful demonstrations demandinguniversal franchise.1959June: ANC President Albert Luthulicalls for a boycottof South Africangoods and the imposition of economicsanctions againstapartheid. Two yearslater he is awardedthe Nobel PeacePrize, the firstAfrican to win.1962November:Mandela isimprisoned with afive year sentencefor organizing astrike and leavingthe country illegally.141963July: Police raid theRivonia farmhousenear Johannesburgand arrest the ANC'sunderground leadership, includingWalter Sisulu andGovan Mbeki. In thefollowing Rivoniatrial, Mandela,already in prison, isthe first accused.Tue internationalsolidarity campaignhelps save Mandelaand his co-accusedfrom the gallows.1969May: WinnieMandela and 21others are the firstto be detainedunder the newlyenacted TerrorismAct. Winnie isdetained for 491days, mostly in solitary confinement.She is chargedunder the Suppression of CommunismAct but acquitted ofall charges on the16th of February,1970.
THOUSANDS OF SUPPORTERS AT THE SOWETO SOCCER STADIUM GATHER TO HEAR NELSONMANDELA SPEAK, FEBRUARY 13,1990.NELSON AND WINNIE MANDELA ALONG WITH OTHER RECENUY RELEASED ANCLEADERS AHMED KATHRADA, WALTER SISULU AND ANDREW MLANGENI AT ANANC RALLY ORGANIZED TO WELCOME NELSON MANDELA HOME TO SOWETO,FEBRUARY 13, 1990.1976June: Schoolchildren protestingagainst apartheideducation in Sowetoare shot by police.Thirteen-year-oldHector Petersen isthe first to die. Pro·tests spread acrossthe country and arebrutally put downby the regime withhundreds of deathsand thousandsforced into exile.1977October: Steve Bikodies in police custody,the forty-sixth per·son to die in policedetention.1983August: Forma ·tion of the UnitedDemocratic Front inopposition to thesetting up of a seg ·regated parliamentwith coloured andIndian Houses,under white control,and excluding Afri·can participation.1984October: li'oops gointo the townshipsto suppress unrest.In the next twoyears tens of thou·sands of people aredetained withouttrial, among them11,000 children,some as young asnine years old. Manyare subjected topsychological andphysical torture.19851986July: ChaseJune: NationwideManhattan,State of EmergencyAmerica's secondproclaimed. Thoulargest bank,sands of activists areannounces that itdetained, all outdoorwill cease to lend togatherings bannedSouth Africa, precipi·and media censor·tating the same action ship is made evenfrom other majortighter than before.creditors. The RandOctober: The U.S.plummets. Septem·Senate overridesher: South AfricaPresident Reagan'sannounces a freezeveto to impose theon repayments ofstrongest sanctionsof any South Africa'sinternational debt,its most serious ecomajor tradingpartners.nomic crisis to date.Within days, busi·ness leaders fly toLusaka to meet theANC. November:Formation of theUnion of SouthAfrica Trade Unions(COSATU) bringstogether most of thebig trade unions.151988February: Eighteenanti-apartheid orga·nizations, includingthe UDF, are bannedfrom all activitiesand COSATU isprohibited fromengaging in anypolitical activity. Thechurches step intothe political vacuumand continue thefight. March: SouthAfrican forces aredecisively defeatedat the battle of CuitoCuanavale in Angola.Loss of air superi ·ority because of thearms embargo1989is a major factor.Negotiations withAngola on troopwithdrawal andimplementation ofthe UN SecurityCouncil Resolution435 on NamibianIndependencebegins.ANCLIVES!November: SWAPOwins a substantialvictory in Namibia'sfirst free elections,leading the way toindependence inMarch 1990.19902 February: De Klerkannounces the im·minent release ofNelson Mandela andthe unbanning ofthe ANC and otherorganizations. Otherrepressive laws arestill in force. 11February: NelsonMandela walksfree from VictorVerster Prison.
UND FOR A FREESOUTH AFRICA(FreeSA)FuND FOR A FREE SOUTH AFRICA IS Atax-exempt, charitable foundationbegun in 1986 by a group of SouthAfrican exiles living in the UnitedStates. FreeSA was established toassist the process of empoweringthe oppressed majority in SouthAfrica and to support the movement for a democratic non-racialSouth Africa.South Africans concerned withsocial justice have not sat idly by inface of apartheid. There is a longtradition of resistance to oppression. That tradition is the legacyof numerous Youth Congresses,Women's Federations, the TradeUnion Movement, Rent'Associations, and Education and Community Crisis Committees that have- blossomed throughout the blackcommunities of South Africa. It isthis multifaceted movement fordemocracy that FreeSA is in aposition to support.Specifically the goals of theFund are: to provide financial andtechnical assistance to South Africandemocratic organizations workingin the areas of education, healthcare, labor, women, youth andmedia.PARTICIPANTS SINGING NKOSI SIKELEL' l-AFRIKA, THE AFRICAN NATIONAL ANTHEM, AT THECELEBRATION OF NELSON MANDELA'S RELEASE. ST. PAUL'S CATHEDRAL, FEBRUARY11, 1990. "WE HAVE WAITED TOO LONG FOR OURFREEDOM. WE CAN NO LONGER WAITNOW IS THE TIME TO INTENSIFY THESTRUGGLE ON ALL FRONTS. TO RELAXOUR EFFORT NOW WOULD BE AMISTAKE WHICH GENERATIONS TOCOME WILL NOT BE ABLE TO FORGNE."Nelson Mande la at Cape Town, February 11, 1990 to provide financial assistanceto development, educational andself-help programs that work toimprove the self-sufficiency, literacyand standard-of-living of theoppressed in South Africa. to provide direct humanitarianaid (i.e. food, clothing, medical supplies) to South African refugees inneighboring countries.All contributions to Fund fora Free South Africa (FreeSA) aretax-deductible.16FreeSA CirantmakingFreeSA's grantmaking program isdivided into two distinct parts: projectslocated inside South Africa and refugee projects located in SouthernAfrica. The principal areas of fundingare: education, health care, labor,women, youth, and economicdevelopment.All grant decisions are made by asubcommittee of the Board of Directors.The Funding Committee, which iscomprised of South Africans servingon the Board, reviews all proposalsand makes all decisions on disbursement of grant funds.Because of the potential danger tograntees, it is not possible to list thenames ofprojects inside South Africa.A representative list of granteesfollows.
.EDUCATIONSolomon Mahlangu Freedom College,Mazimbu, Tanzania: Established in 1979,SOMAFCO meets the educational needs of theSouth African refugee community in Tanzaniawith a nursery school, primary school, highschool and adult education center. FreeSA grantshave been used for general support.YOUTH. . . . . . . . . . . South Africa:This organization, based in the province ofNatal, is committed to rejuvenating and rebuilding grassroots leadership, especially amongyouth, in an area that has been devastated byimprisonment, banishment, and the use of paramilitary death squads. FreeSA'.s grant was usedfor workshops and training in communityorganizing for youth organizations. . . . .South Africa: Parents, students, andteachers formed this organization in response tothe educational crisis in South Africa imposedby oppressive Bantu schooling. FreeSA'.s grantwas for general support.HEALTHCAREANC-Holland Solidarity Hospital, Mazimbu,Tanzania: A gift from the South African Solidarity Movement in Holland, this hospital servesthe health needs of the South African refugeecommunity in Mazimbu, many of whom are victims of torture and beatings. FreeSA contributedfunds for general support and the purchase ofmedical supplies.11111111111. .1111. .111. . . . . . . .SoumAfrica: This organization of medical professionals is working to form a union for blacknurses, who constitute 90 percent of the nursesin South Africa. These women work underexceedingly difficult circumstances, and theirinterests are not protected by the white- ledSouth African Nurses Association. In addition,this organization has been involved in helpinglocal groups gain the knowledge and skills theyneed to deal with medical emergencies in theircommunity. FreeSA contributed to the production of educational materials and to staff salaries.LABOR lll southAfrica:lIThis new non-racial union is affiliated withthe Congress of South African Trade Unions.Located in the strategic center of the SouthAfrican economy, this union has the potentialto become a major force in progressive laborconfrontations with the apartheid regime.FreeSA contributed to the production of educational materials and ten seminars held indifferent parts of the country.ECONOMICDEVELOPMENTChange/a Farm, Lusaka, Zambia: Chongela isa 150-acre farm located north of Lusaka whichwas purchased with a grant from the Swedishgovernment. The farm represents a major effortby the African National Congress to attainself-sufficiency in food production. It also servesas a training center in agriculture, animal husbandry and farm management. FreeSA'.s grantwent toward the purchase of medical suppliesfor livestock.WOMENWomen'.s Section/African NationalCongress, Lusaka, Zambia: The Women'sSection of the ANC is a leading force in themovement to end aparthei
HE POLAROID CAMPAIGN THE MAsSACHUSETTS MOVEMENT to disengage American society and business from apartheid was launched in October of 1969 when two courageous and committed workers at the Polaroid Corpora tion, Caroline Hunter and Ken Williams, protested that company's involvem
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Overview RSDT 2019-2020 . Schaeffler, KPMG, Kirloskar Capital Limited and many more. ECONOMICS CONCLAVE 2019 RSDT organized ‘The Economics Conclave 2019’, on 28th July 2019, a gathering of the best and brightest minds . wherein an analysis and discussion on the Union Budget 2020 was hosted at SIBM Pune. The panel discussion comprised .
