PERCEIVED STRESS SCALE - Mind Garden

PERCEIVED STRESS SCALEby Sheldon Cohenhosted byCopyright 1994. By Sheldon Cohen. All rights reserved.

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Save time and effort by administering this instrument with TransformTM!Let Mind Garden handle survey creation, data collection and scoring for you. Our TransformTM systemallows you to easily manage participants with a variety of campaign options. TransformTM will administerthe instrument and provide you with a .csv data file of the raw score, by scale. For most instruments youcan also provide individual reports to participants or generate group reports. We can add demographicsand other instruments, including non-Mind Garden instruments, to the survey with our CustomizationServices.If you find the Perceived Stress Scale useful, you might be interested in these other great MindGarden instruments.State-Trait Anxiety Inventory –Adult (STAI-AD)Understanding andManaging Stressby Charles D. Spielbergerby Robert Most and Theresa MuñozThe definitive instrument formeasuring anxiety in adults. Itclearly differentiates between thetemporary condition of “stateanxiety” and the more generaland long-standing quality of “traitanxiety”. It helps professionalsdistinguish between a client’sfeelings of anxiety anddepression. The inventory’ssimplicity makes it ideal forevaluating individuals with lowereducational backgrounds.This forty-page workbookoffers individuals acomprehensive approach tomanaging stress. Theworkbook includes basicstrategies for: managing dailyon-the-spot stress; problemand emotion focused copingskills; and improvingpersonal and work lifestyle;as well as resources forfurther exploration.Other instruments related toAnxiety and StressThese instruments measureanxiety or stress in a variety ofsituations including testanxiety, school-related stress,and anxiety as a state-like andtrait-like construct. Many ofthese instruments arecomplimented by reports orworkbooks that provide tipsand exercises to managestress and anxiety.We offer such instruments asHassles & Uplifts and thePsychological DistressProfile.

PERCEIVED STRESS SCALEby Sheldon CohenThe Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) is the most widely used psychological instrument for measuring the perception ofstress. It is a measure of the degree to which situations in one’s life are appraised as stressful. Items weredesigned to tap how unpredictable, uncontrollable, and overloaded respondents find their lives. The scale alsoincludes a number of direct queries about current levels of experienced stress. The PSS was designed for use incommunity samples with at least a junior high school education. The items are easy to understand, and theresponse alternatives are simple to grasp. Moreover, the questions are of a general nature and hence are relativelyfree of content specific to any subpopulation group. The questions in the PSS ask about feelings and thoughtsduring the last month. In each case, respondents are asked how often they felt a certain way.Evidence for Validity: Higher PSS scores were associated with (for example): failure to quit smoking failure among diabetics to control blood sugar levels greater vulnerability to stressful life-event-elicited depressive symptoms more coldsHealth status relationship to PSS: Cohen et al. (1988) show correlations with PSS and: Stress Measures, SelfReported Health and Health Services Measures, Health Behavior Measures, Smoking Status, Help SeekingBehavior.Temporal Nature: Because levels of appraised stress should be influenced by daily hassles, major events, andchanges in coping resources, predictive validity of the PSS is expected to fall off rapidly after four to eight weeks.Scoring: PSS scores are obtained by reversing responses (e.g., 0 4, 1 3, 2 2, 3 1 & 4 0) to the four positivelystated items (items 4, 5, 7, & 8) and then summing across all scale items. A short 4 item scale can be made fromquestions 2, 4, 5 and 10 of the PSS 10 item scale.Norm Groups: L. Harris Poll gathered information on 2,387 respondents in the U.S.Norm Table for the PSS 10 item 512.66.155-6428211.96.965 & 614.77.2other minority5014.15.0AgeRacewhite

PERCEIVED STRESS SCALEThe questions in this scale ask you about your feelings and thoughts during the last month.In each case, you will be asked to indicate by circling how often you felt or thought acertain way.NameAgeGender (Circle):0 NeverMF1 Almost NeverDateOther2 Sometimes3 Fairly Often4 Very Often1. In the last month, how often have you been upset because ofsomething that happened unexpectedly?012342. In the last month, how often have you felt that you were unable tocontrol the important things in your life?012343. In the last month, how often have you felt nervous and “stressed”?012344. In the last month, how often have you felt confident about yourability to handle your personal problems?012345. In the last month, how often have you felt that things were goingyour way?012346. In the last month, how often have you found that you could not copewith all the things that you had to do?012347. In the last month, how often have you been able to control irritationsin your life?012348. In the last month, how often have you felt that you were on top ofthings?012349. In the last month, how often have you been angered because ofthings that were outside of your control?0123410. In the last month, how often have you felt difficulties were piling upso high that you could not overcome erencesThe PSS Scale is reprinted with permission of the American Sociological Association, from Cohen, S., Kamarck, T., and Mermelstein, R.(1983). A global measure of perceived stress. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 24, 386-396.Cohen, S. and Williamson, G. Perceived Stress in a Probability Sample of the United States. Spacapan, S. and Oskamp, S. (Eds.) TheSocial Psychology of Health. Newbury Park, CA: Sage, 1988.

PERCEIVED STRESS SCALE by Sheldon Cohen The Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) is the most widely used psychological instrument for measuring the perception of stress. It is a measure of the degree to which situations in one’s life are appraised as stressful. Items were designed to tap how unpredictable, uncontrollable, and overloaded respondents find their lives.