Estimating In Building Construction
Estimating in Building ConstructionN inth E ditionSteven J. PetersonWeber State UniversityFrank R. Dagostino330 Hudson Street, NY, NY 10013A01 PETE1165 09 SE FM.indd 125/10/17 7:10 PM
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To my father for encouraging me to get an education andmy mother for her loving support. SPA01 PETE1165 09 SE FM.indd 325/10/17 7:10 PM
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PREFACEThe ninth edition continues to build on the strongfoundation of the previous editions. The need forestimators to understand the theory behind quantification is critical and must be fully understood prior toperforming any computerized estimating. This underlyingpremise has been one of the guiding principles that beganwith Mr. Dagostino and continues with the current author.This edition uses extensive examples and exercises to demonstrate the estimating methodology and the organizationof the estimate. Estimating is an art that relies heavily onthe judgment of the person performing the takeoff. A person’s estimating skills can only be developed with practice;therefore, the reader is encouraged to work the exampleproblems and apply the skills taught in this book. Sincethe estimate is used throughout the project, the assumptions and methodologies assumed must be documented and organized so that subsequent users will have access to thisknowledge.NEW TO THIS EDITIONThe intent of this revision is to expand the estimating material covered by this book and to bring other material inline with current industry practices. The following is a listof key changes and additions that have been made to thisedition:ddddddChapter 5 has been updated to Autodesk Revit 2017.The Social Security tax rates have been updated inChapter 7.A chapter (Chapter 9) has been added covering specialtycontractors.ddddddddddChapter 15 (formerly Chapter 14), Thermal andMoisture Protection, has been rewritten.Chapter 17 (formerly Chapter 16), Finishes, has beenrewritten.The text has been aligned to the student learning outcomes for major accreditation bodies.Labor and equipment costs have been updated.The appendices have been reorganized.During the past few years, higher education has beenmoving to outcome-based learning, which requires accredited programs to measure their students’ ability to meet therequired outcomes. Currently in the United States there arefour accreditation standards for construction managementand construction engineering programs, which are as follows:(1) American Council for Construction Education (ACCE);(2) ABET—Engineering Accreditation Commission, for construction engineering; (3) ABET—Engineering Technology,for construction engineering technology; and (4) ABET—Applied Science, for construction management. Although eachof these standards are different, they all focus on three generaloutcomes, which can be summarized as follows. Constructionmanagement/engineering students should be able to:ddddddPrepare construction cost estimates.Effectively communicate in writing.Understand ethics as it relates to estimating.This text has been aligned to these outcomes.Feedback on this book can be submitted at stevenjpeterson9@gmail.com.Steven PetersonvA01 PETE1165 09 SE FM.indd 525/10/17 7:10 PM
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CONTENTS1chapterINTRODUCTION TO ESTIMATING1Detailed EstimateBid BondParametric Estimates316172–5 Obtaining Bonds3341–3 Estimating Opportunities2–6 Insurance18Web Resource1917Review Questions 1941–4 The Estimator 61–5 Quantity Surveyingchapter7PROJECT MANUAL1–6 Types of Bids 83–1 Introduction1–7 Contract Documents 81–8 Bidding Information1–10 Sources of Estimating Information3203–3 Invitation to Bid (Advertisementfor Bids) 233–4 Instructions to Bidders (Informationfor Bidders) 231010Review Questions203–2 Construction Specifications Institute 2091–9 Availability of Contract Documents 10Web Resources1516Payment BondProject Comparison Estimates1416Performance Bond2Square-Foot EstimatesModel EstimatingCost-Plus-Fee Agreement2–4 Bonds22Assembly Estimating132–3 Agreement Provisions1–1 General Introduction 11–2 Estimating MethodsUnit-Price Agreement3–5 Bid Form10chapterCONTRACTS, BONDS, AND INSURANCE212263–6 Form of Owner–ContractorAgreement 263–7 General Conditions262–1 The Contract System 123–8 Supplementary General Conditions2–2 Types of Agreements 123–9 SpecificationsLump-Sum Agreement (Stipulated Sum, Fixed Price)133–10 Alternates262727viiA01 PETE1165 09 SE FM.indd 725/10/17 7:10 PM
viiiCONTENTS 3–11 Addenda27Web Resources3–12 Errors in the Specifications 2764Review Questions 64Web Resources 29Review QuestionsOVERHEAD AND CONTINGENCIESchapterTHE ESTIMATE3044–3 Notebook6–1 Overhead30656–2 Home Office Overhead6–4 Scheduling304–5 Planning the Estimate6–6 Checklist317072Undistributed Labor72Temporary Buildings, Enclosures, and Facilities4–6 Site Investigation 34Temporary Office4–7 Quantity Takeoff 35Temporary Utilities4–9 LaborRepairs and Protection36Relocating Utilities36Cleaning4–11 Specialty Contractors 36Permits4–12 Overhead and Contingencies384–15 Summary Sheet7373737374Labor Burdens and TaxesBonds and Insurance407273Professional Services4–13 Profit and Home Office Costs 407474Miscellaneous Equipment and Services41Web Resources4–16 Errors and Omissions 417474Review Questions74Web Resources 44Review Questionschapter44chapterCOMPUTERS IN ESTIMATING4555–1 Overview 45465–4 Specialized Estimating Software 465–5 Takeoff Software48Model Creation 49Limitations and Potential Problems7–2 Fair Labor Standards ActExtracting Quantities from RevitExporting Quantities to Excel7–4 Unions—Wages and Rules7–5 Open Shop77679605484847–6 Labor Burden857–7 Pricing Labor8788Review Questions 8850chapter53Potential Effects of BIM on EstimatingA01 PETE1165 09 SE FM.indd 87–1 Labor Hours and ProductivityWeb Resources5–6 Building Information Modeling 49Uses in Estimating767–3 Davis-Bacon Act 805–2 Benefits and Dangers of ComputerizedEstimating 455–3 SpreadsheetsLABOR7272Barricades and Signal Lights4–8 Materials 354–14 Workup Sheets65696–5 Contingencies4–4 To Bid or Not to Bid 314–10 Equipment656–3 Job Overhead (General Conditions,Direct Overhead) 674–1 Roll of Estimating 304–2 Organization6chapter2953EQUIPMENT928–1 General928–2 Equipment Productivity89225/10/17 7:10 PM
CONTENTS8–3 Operating Costs 9310–17 Subcontractors8–4 Ownership Costs10–18 Excavation Checklist941268–5 Leasing Costs 9710–19 Piles8–6 Rental Costs 9710–20 Pile Checklist 1288–7 Miscellaneous Tools8–8 Cost Accounting98Web Resources8–9 Mobilization 988–10 Checklist128129Review Questions 12998Review Questionschapter989chapterSPECIALTY CONTRACTORS100CONCRETE13911–1 Concrete Work11–3 Reinforcing9–2 Request for Quote 10011–4 Vapor Retarder9–3 Writing a Scope of Work1019–5 Selecting Specialty ContractorsReview Questions1011021031041015515711–9 Forms11–10 Form Liners16016111–12 Precast Concrete10–2 Specifications 10411–13 Specifications10–3 Soil 10410–4 Calculating Excavation11–14 Estimating10416116211–16 Precast Slabs10–6 Earthwork—New Site Gradesand Rough Grading 10616116211–15 Precast Tees10515815811–11 Checklist10–1 General 10416311–17 Precast Beams and Columns 163Cross-Section Method 107Average End Area15511–8 Transporting Concretechapter10–5 Equipment15411–6 Concrete Finishing11–7 Curing13914711–5 Accessories9–4 Checking Specialty Contractor Bids1113911–2 Estimating Concrete9–1 Specialty Contractors 100EXCAVATION12612710–21 Asphalt Paving98ix11–18 Miscellaneous Precast11411–19 Precast Costs10–7 Perimeter and Area 11616411–20 Precast Checklist10–8 Topsoil Removal 117164164Web Resources 16410–9 General Excavation 119Review Questions 16410–10 Special Excavation 123chapter10–11 Backfilling 12310–12 Excess and Borrow 12510–13 Spreading Topsoil, Finish Grade10–14 Landscaping12510–15 Pumping (Dewatering)10–16 Rock Excavation 126A01 PETE1165 09 SE FM.indd 9MASONRY12517012–1 General17012–2 Specifications12612–3 Labor1217017012–4 Bonds (Patterns)17025/10/17 7:10 PM
CONTENTS x12–5 Concrete Masonry 171Concrete Block14–3 Floor Framing17114–4 Wall Framing12–6 Specifications—Concrete Masonry 172Exterior Walls12–7 Estimating—Concrete MasonryInterior Walls 21812–8 Clay Masonry17320121121114–5 Ceiling Assembly17612–9 Specifications—Brick 17614–6 Roof Assembly12–10 Estimating Brick14–7 Trim17712–11 Specifications—Tile12–12 Estimating Tile17712–13 Stone Masonry14–10 Wood Trusses12–14 Specifications—Stone 17914–12 Wood Decking22714–14 Wood Checklist12–18 Reinforcing Bars 183Web Resources183228229Review Questions 22918312–21 Cold Weather 184chapter12–22 Subcontractors 18412–23 Checklist185Web Resources185THERMAL AND MOISTURE PROTECTION15–1 Waterproofing and Dampproofing15–2 Membrane WaterproofingReview Questions 185chapterMETALS22714–13 Plywood Systems 22812–17 Accessories 18012–20 Equipment22614–11 Laminated Beams and Arches17912–16 Mortar 18012–19 Cleaning22414–9 Wood Systems 22617912–15 Estimating Stone22122414–8 Labor1782191881315–3 Integral Method23415–4 Painted Method23415–5 Insulation13–1 General 18818823715–7 Aluminum and Vinyl Siding, Soffit,and Fascia 23813–4 Metal Joists 19115–8 Stucco13–5 Metal Decking15–9 Roofing23823913–6 Miscellaneous Structural Metal 19715–10 Roof Areas13–7 Metal Erection Subcontractors15–11 Asphalt Shingles19713–8 Miscellaneous Metals 19713–9 Metal Checklist197Web Resources 198Review Questions20014–1 Frame Construction20014–2 Board Measure 200A01 PETE1165 09 SE FM.indd 1023915–12 Wood Shingles24015–13 Slate Shingles24024115–15 Sheets, Tile, and Shingles FormulachapterWOOD23915–14 Clay and Concrete Tile19823323313–3 Structural Metal Framing 1881961423323615–6 Air and Water Barriers13–2 Structural Metal1515–16 Metal Roofing24124115–17 Roof Insulation15–18 Built-Up Roofing24124215–19 Membrane Roofing24325/10/17 7:10 PM
CONTENTS15–20 Flashing and Trim24317–14 Wood Flooring26915–21 Roofing Accessories 24317–15 Laminate Flooring15–22 Labor 24417–16 Resilient Flooring15–23 Equipment15–24 Caulking24417–17 Carpeting24417–18 Tile27127317–19 Wood Panels 273Web Resources17–20 PaintingReview Questions24427417–21 Finishes ChecklistchapterDOORS AND WINDOWS27027015–25 Checklist 24424425016–1 Window and Curtain Wall Frames16Web Resources275275Review Questions275250chapter16–2 Accessories 253ELECTRICAL16–3 Doors 25418–1 Electrical Work16–4 Prefitting and Machining (Premachining)Doors 25618–2 Single Contracts16–5 Prefinishing Doors 25627927918–3 Separate Contracts28018–5 Electrical Estimates16–7 Hardware 25818–6 Electrical Estimates UsingAssemblies 28216–9 Checklist for Doors and Frames 25818–7 Detailed Electrical Estimates16–10 Glass 25818–8 Conduit and Wiring25918–9 ChecklistchapterFINISHES26117–2 Supporting Construction 26117–3 Types of Assemblies 264264285287Review Questions287261PLUMBING28919–1 Plumbing Work17–6 Estimating Drywall 26517–7 Column Fireproofing 26719–2 Single Contracts28928919–4 Coordination Requirements19–5 Plumbing Estimates19–6 Plumbing Estimates UsingAssemblies 29017–9 Plaster 26719–7 Detailed Plumbing Estimates17–10 Lath19–8 Piping17–11 Accessories 26917–12 Suspended CeilingsA01 PETE1165 09 SE FM.indd 1129229219–9 Fire Sprinklers26929029017–8 Wetwall Construction 2672681928919–3 Separate Contracts17–5 Drywall Accessories 26417–13 Flooring 269283chapter17–1 Drywall and Wetwall Construction17–4 Drywall Types1728028116–8 Accessories 258Review Questions1827918–4 Coordination Requirements16–6 Door Frames 257xi19–10 Checklist294296Review Questions 29625/10/17 7:10 PM
xiiCONTENTS chapterHEATING, VENTILATING,AND AIR-CONDITIONING29820–1 Heating, Ventilating,and Air-Conditioning Work20–2 Single Contracts20Appendix B Drawings and Outline Specifications for Residential BuildingProject 316298298Appendix C Drawings and Outline Specifications for Commercial BuildingProject 31720–3 Separate Contracts 29820–4 Coordination Requirements299Appendix D Drawings for Billy’s C-Store20–5 HVAC Estimates 29920–6 HVAC Estimating Using Assemblies 29920–7 Detailed HVAC Estimates20–8 Checklist29930321INDEX30321–3 Assessing the CompetitionReview Questions323325Appendix I Common Terms Used in theBuilding Industry 326Appendix J21–1 Profit 30321–2 Assessing Risk322Appendix H Sample Equipment CostschapterPROFITBidSimAppendix G Conversions302319Appendix E Drawings and Outline Specifications for Real Estate Office 320Appendix F300Review QuestionsAppendix A Drawings and Outline Specifications for Small CommercialBuilding 314Spreadsheets331342304305chapterOTHER ESTIMATING METHODS3072222–1 Overview 30722–2 Project Comparison Method30722–3 Square-Foot Estimating 30822–4 Assembly Estimating311Web Resource 313Review QuestionsA01 PETE1165 09 SE FM.indd 1231325/10/17 7:10 PM
Estimating in Building Construction NiNth EditioN Steven J. Peterson Weber State University Frank R. Dagostino 330 Hudson Street, NY, NY 10013 A01_PETE1165_09_SE_FM.indd 1 25/10/17 7:10 PM
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