An Introduction To Human Trafficking: Vulnerability .
Vienna International Centre, PO Box 500, 1400 Vienna, AustriaTel: (43-1) 26060-0, Fax: (43-1) 26060-5866, www.unodc.orgwww.ungift.orgPrinted in AustriaV.07-88925—January 2008—1,500An Introduction to Human Trafficking:Vulnerability, Impact and ActionBACKGROUND PAPER
UNITED NATIONS OFFICE ON DRUGS AND CRIMEViennaAn Introduction to Human Trafficking:Vulnerability, Impact and ActionUNITED NATIONSNew York, 2008
The designations employed and the presentation of material in this publication donot imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariatof the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city orarea or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers orboundaries.
AcknowledgementsThis document was prepared by the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime(UNODC). The effort was led by Kristiina Kangaspunta of the UNODC Anti-HumanTrafficking Unit, with the key papers researched and drafted by Michèle Clark, JudithDixon and Mike Dottridge. Valuable contributions were also made by Martin Fowke,Silke Albert, Riikka Puttonen, Troels Vester, Jonathan Eischen and Kerstin Uebel. Thereport was prepared under the overall leadership and supervision of Doris Buddenberg.For further information regarding the United Nations Global Initiative to Fight HumanTrafficking (UN.GIFT), please go to its website at www.ungift.org.The UNODC Anti-Human Trafficking Unit can be contacted at ahtu@unodc.org, telephone( 43-1) 26060-5687. For further information regarding UNODC’s work to combattrafficking in persons and the Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking inPersons, Especially Women and Children, supplementing the United Nations Conventionagainst Transnational Organized Crime, please go to www.unodc.org.iii
CONTENTSPageIntroduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1Summaries of the papers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .71. Vulnerability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .72. Impact . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .83. Action . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11Summaries of the papers (French) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .151. Vulnerability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .152. Impact . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .173. Action . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19Summaries of the papers (Spanish) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .231. Vulnerability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .232. Impact . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .253. Action . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Summaries of the papers (Chinese) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .27331. Vulnerability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .332. Impact . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .343. Action . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .36Summaries of the papers (Russian) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .391. Vulnerability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .392. Impact . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .413. Action . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .44Summaries of the papers (Arabic) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .561. Vulnerability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .562. Impact . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .553. Action . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .52PART ONE.VULNERABILITY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .59Vulnerability, preventions and human trafficking: the need for a new paradigmI.Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .59II.The current framework for prevention of trafficking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .62III.The purpose of a discussion on vulnerability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .67IV.Vulnerability: a definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .68A. Vulnerability and human trafficking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .68B. Conditions of vulnerability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .71v
V.VI.Practical implications for a vulnerability-based programme for theprevention of trafficking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .76Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .78PART TWO.IMPACT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .79The impact of trafficking in persons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .81I.Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .81II.The consequences of trafficking upon individuals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .82A. The physical impact of trafficking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .82B. HIV/AIDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .83C. Mental health impact . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .84D. Child victims . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .84E. Substance abuse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .85F. Impact on behaviour . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .85G. Stigma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .86H. Recovery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .87The political implications of trafficking in persons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .88A. Shaping migration policies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .88B. Border control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .89C. Human rights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .89D. Regular migration: countries of destination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .90E. Regular migration: source countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .91F. Management of the status of trafficked persons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .92The economic impact of trafficking in persons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .93A. The costs of trafficking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .93B. Lost resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .94C. Remittances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .94D. The profits of organized crime . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .96V.The impact on the rule of law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .98VI.Post-conflict situations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .98VII.Global security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .99VIII.Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .100PART THREE. ACTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .101Responses to trafficking in persons: international norms translated into actionat the national and regional levels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .103III.IV.I.Translating international instruments into action . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .103A. Legislation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .103B. Institutions to combat trafficking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .105C. Learning what works: good practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .105vi
II.III.IV.V.Working together . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .106A. At the national level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .106B. At the bilateral level between two States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .106C. At the regional level, involving several States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .107D. At the international level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .108Prosecution and law enforcement activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .110A. Identifying trafficked persons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .111B. Interceptions at frontiers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .111C. Increasing the effectiveness of prosecutions by usingvictim-friendly techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .112D. Mutual legal assistance to facilitate prosecutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .113Prevention . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .114A. Prevention in areas of origin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .114B. Interceptions of those in transit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .116C. Prevention in areas where trafficked persons are exploited . . . . . . . .117Protection and assistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .120A. International standards on protection and assistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . .120B. Emergency assistance and medical care . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .121C. Assessment of cases of trafficked adults and children, includingVI.VII.risk assessments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .122D. Enabling victims of traffickers to recover and restart their lives . . .123The role of research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .123A. Research reports on regional patterns and specific countries . . . . . .123B. Research about those already trafficked, identifying thecircumstances in which they were vulnerable to traffickers . . . . . . . .124C. Research about traffickers and the techniques they use . . . . . . . . . . .124D. Research on the numbers of trafficked persons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .125E. Research to monitor, evaluate and assess the impact of preventionand rehabilitation efforts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .126F. Research standards: The World Health Organization . . . . . . . . . . . . . .126Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .127vii
IntroductionThe Global Initiative to Fight Human Trafficking“The United Nations Global Initiative to Fight Human Trafficking (UN.GIFT) aims to mobilize state and non-state actors to eradicate human trafficking by: (a) reducing both the vulnerability of potential victims and the demand for exploitation in all its forms; (b) ensuring adequateprotection and support to those who fall victim; and (c) supporting the efficient prosecution ofthe criminals involved while respecting the fundamental human rights of all persons.“In carrying out its mission, UN.GIFT will increase knowledge and awareness on human trafficking; promote effective rights-based responses; build capacity of state and non-state actors, andfoster partnerships for joint action against human trafficking.”(UN.GIFT mission statement)OverviewThe widespread contemporary exploitation of men, women and children is unacceptableto people of conscience the world over. Traditional approaches to preventing traffickingin human beings, to protect and assist trafficked persons and bring criminals to justicehave had some small impact on the global phenomenon, but not enough. That even oneyoung person be denied the benefits of childhood, that one young woman be subjectedto the brutal humiliation of sexual exploitation and that one man become the slave of acruel taskmaster in another country are clear signals that we must renew both our resolveas well as our initiatives to protect those who are vulnerable.The United Nations Global Initiative to Fight Human Trafficking (UN.GIFT) was bornout of a renewed commitment by world leaders in the battle against human trafficking toend this crime, one of the most egregious violations of human rights in the world today.Formally launched in March 2007 by the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime(UNODC), and made possible by a generous grant from the United Arab Emirates,UN.GIFT is a call to action, reminding Governments, civil society actors, the media, thebusiness community and concerned individuals of their common commitments to fighttrafficking in persons, and that this battle can not be fought, or won, alone. As at 4December 2007, 116 nations had ratified the Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and PunishTrafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children, thereby providing a commonframework for international efforts. Only by joining forces, pooling knowledge, expanding the scope and number of stakeholders and cooperating across borders can we hopeto eradicate human trafficking. Acknowledging this need at all levels, UNODC continues1
to develop UN.GIFT in partnership with the International Labour Organization, theInternational Organization for Migration, the United Nations Children’s Fund, the Officeof the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights and the Organization forSecurity and Cooperation in Europe.Why UN.GIFT?UN.GIFT aims to advance action against trafficking in persons on many fronts, and itsobjectives include the following:1.To raise awareness—to tell the world that human trafficking exists and mobilizepeople to stop it.2.To strengthen prevention—to inform vulnerable groups and alleviate the factors thatmake people vulnerable to trafficking.3.To reduce demand—to attack the problem at its source by lowering incentives totrade and lowering demand for the products and services of exploited people.4.To support and protect the victims—to ensure housing, counselling, medical, psychological and material assistance, keeping in mind the special needs of women andchildren and people at risk, such as those in refugee camps and conflict zones.5.To improve law enforcement effectiveness—to improve information exchange ontrafficking routes, trafficker profiles and victim identification in order to dismantlecriminal groups and convict more traffickers. For those convicted, to ensure that thepunishment fits the crime.6.To implement international commitments—to ensure that international commitmentsare turned into national laws and practice by targeting technical and legal assistanceto countries in greatest need and improving monitoring of implementation.7.To enrich the database—to deepen global understanding of the scope and nature oftrafficking in persons by more data collection and analysis, better data-sharing, jointresearch initiatives and creating an evidence-based report on global trafficking trends.8.To strengthen partnership—to build up regional and thematic networks involving civilsociety, intergovernmental organizations and the private sector.9.To ensure resources—to attract and leverage resources for the sustainable funding ofprojects around the world committed to ending human trafficking.10.To strengthen Member States’ participation—to give Member States a strong senseof ownership in the process and create long-term momentum.2
The Vienna Forum to Fight Human TraffickingThe framework of UN.GIFT has allowed for a global conference, the Vienna Forum toFight Human Trafficking, to be held in the Austrian capital from 13 to 15 February 2008.The Forum is a unique opportunity to bring together representatives from Member States,United Nations entities, non-governmental and international organizations, the businesscommunity, academia, the public sector and civil society.The Vienna Forum is a visible step towards generating consolidated support and politicalwill behind the goals of the Global Initiative. The aims of the Forum are specifically toraise awareness of all forms of trafficking, to facilitate cooperation and partnerships amongparticipants, to take stock of progress made and to set the directions for follow-up measures to prevent and counter human trafficking. The Forum also provides for an assessment of the lessons learned regarding the dimensions of the issue and the current actiontaken in response to trafficking in persons. It allows for an open environment to enableall the parties involved to take practical steps within their spheres of action to fight humantrafficking.Vulnerability, impact and actionThe Vienna Forum is organized around three central themes, which reflect the key issuesthat need to be addressed in a comprehensive anti-trafficking strategy: Why does humantrafficking occur? What are the consequences? What measures might be taken in response?Within each theme, plenary sessions as well as workshops provide participants with theopportunity to explore each theme in greater detail, with the purpose of developing comprehensive intervention strategies and undertaking practical action.1.—Vulnerability: why does human trafficking happen?Human traffickers prey on people who are poor, i
Vienna International Centre, PO Box 500, 1400 Vienna, Austria Tel: (43-1) 26060-0, Fax: (43-1) 26060-5866, www.unodc.org Printed in Austria V.07-88925—January 2008—1,500
Human Trafficking 101: The Basics of Human Trafficking Campus Safety and Violence Prevention Forum March 10‐11, 2020 Human trafficking can affect all socioeconomic statuses, genders, races, and ethnicities. What Is Human Trafficking?
The Anti-Trafficking Review (ISSN 2286-7511) is published by the Global Alliance Against Traffic in Women (GAATW), a network of over 80 NGOs worldwide focused on advancing the human rights of migrants and trafficked persons. The Anti-Trafficking Review promotes a human rights-based approach to anti-trafficking. It explores trafficking in its .
education officials. Local governments in particular play a key role in improving human trafficking prevention, victim protection and prosecution of traffickers. This publication aims to provide an overview of the issue of human trafficking and raise awareness about the role of local authorities as one of the key actors to combat human trafficking.
public transportation systems, and in the air. What actions can I take to stop human trafficking? Know the indicators of human trafficking. Design. a plan of action to respond to reports of human trafficking in your business or industry. Partner with agencies that provide services to victims of human trafficking.
Test Your Knowledge About Trafficking Running Time: 1 hour Materials: Flipchart and flipchart stand/chalkboard, markers/chalk; Handout A: Trafficking Awareness Survey; Handout B: Trafficking Awareness Answers Target Audience: can be used for aware ness-raising with various audiences/ participants v The “Test Your Knowledge About Trafficking” session can be used to introduce a
industry in the world.1 The United States is both a destination and source of human trafficking victims. The U.S. Department of Justice estimates that approximately 17,500 men, women and children are trafficked into the United States every year.2 Sadly, San Francisco is a hub for human trafficking and a hot spot for child sex trafficking.
tims in the world. Human trafficking requires a forceful response founded on the assistance and protection for . light on the patterns and flows of human trafficking, in line with the request of Member States. The Report pro- . The Global Report on Trafficking in Persons Unit would like t
The State of Human Trafficking in Virginia October 2019 5 Virginia Prevention of Sex Trafficking Fund The Virginia Code §§ 9.1-116.4, 16.1-69.48:6, and 17.1-275.13 became effective on July 1, 2019, and established the Virginia Prevention of Sex Trafficking Fund, whi
