1 Introduction To Horticulture - NCERT
1Introduction toHorticultureIntroductionHorticulture is a science, as well as, an art of production,utilisation and improvement of horticultural crops,such as fruits and vegetables, spices and condiments,ornamental, plantation, medicinal and aromatic plants.Horticultural crops require intense care in planting,carrying out intercultural operations, manipulationof growth, harvesting, packaging, marketing, storageand processing. India is the second largest producer offruits and vegetables in the world after China. In India,about 55–60 per cent of the total population dependson agriculture and allied activities. Horticultural cropsconstitute a significant portion of the total agriculturalproduce in India. They cover a wide cultivation areaand contribute about 28 per cent of the Gross DomesticProduct (GDP). These crops account for 37 per cent ofthe total exports of agricultural commodities from India.Session 1: Horticultureand itsImportanceThe term horticulture is derived from two Latinwords hortus, meaning ‘garden’, and cultura meaning‘cultivation’. It refers to crops cultivated in an enclosure,i.e., garden cultivation.Chapter -1.indd 111-07-2018 11:33:32
NotesFeatures and importanceHorticulture crops perform a vital role in the Indianeconomy by generating employment, providing rawmaterial to various food processing industries, andhigher farm profitability due to higher production andexport earnings from foreign exchange.(a) Horticulture crops are a source of variability infarm produce and diets.(b) They are a source of nutrients, vitamins, minerals,flavour, aroma, dietary fibres, etc.(c) They contain health benefiting compounds andmedicines.(d) These crops have aesthetic value and protectthe environment.(e) The comparative production per unit area ofhorticultural crops is higher than field crops,e.g., paddy crop gives a maximum yield of only30 q/ha, while banana crop gives 300–450 q/haand grapes 90–150 q/ha.(f) Fruit and plantation crops can be cultivatedin places where the slope of land is uneven orundulating. Mango and cashew nut are cultivatedon a large scale in hilly and hill back area of theKonkan region.(g) The crops are useful for cultivation in wastelandor poor quality soil.(h) Such crops are of high value, labour intensiveand generate employment throughout the year.(i) Horticultural produce serves as raw materialfor various industries, such as processing,pharmaceutical, perfumery and cosmetics,chemical, confectionery, oils and paints, etc.(j) They have national and international demandand are a good source of foreign exchange.Present status of horticultural crops in IndiaAccording to the data provided by the Governmentof India for 2016–17, horticulture crops in Indiaare being cultivated in 24 million hectares, which isabout 7 per cent of India’s total cropped area. Theannual horticultural produce is estimated around295 million tonnes, which includes 175 milliontonnes of vegetables and 92 million tonnes of fruits in2Chapter -1.indd 2Solanaceous Crop Cultivator – Class IX11-07-2018 11:33:32
2016–17. India is the largest producer of okra (lady’sfinger). Among vegetables, India ranks second inthe production of potato, onion, cauliflower, brinjaland cabbage. In fruits, it is the largest producer ofbanana, mango, guava, lemon and papaya. Mango,walnut, grapes, banana and pomegranate are themajor fruits exported, while onion, okra, bitter gourd,green chilly, mushroom and potato have more exoticdemand. Fruits and vegetables are mostly exportedto the UAE, Bangladesh, Malaysia, the Netherlands,Sri Lanka, Nepal, the UK and Saudi Arabia.Table 1.1: Important horticultural crops and their growing regions in IndiaMajor Horticultural Crop(s)StateNorthernHaryanaBottle gourd, marigoldHimachal PradeshApple, potatoJammu and KashmirApplePunjabCitrus fruitsUttarakhandPotatoUttar PradeshMango, banana, potato, sweet potato, watermelon, bottlegourd, jasmineRajasthanPomegranate, onion, jasmine, tuberoseWesternChhattisgarhBottle gourd, roseGoaCoconut, arecanut, cashew nutGujaratBanana, papaya, sapota, pomegranate, potato, onion, tomato,rose, marigoldMaharashtraMango, banana, grapes, citrus fruits, sapota, pomegranate, chilli,onion, rose, chrysanthemum, tuberose, marigoldMadhya PradeshCitrus fruits, papaya, pomegranate, chilli, potato, sweet potato,onion, bottle gourd, tomato, chrysanthemum, marigoldSouthernAndhra PradeshMango, banana, grapes, citrus fruits, papaya, sapota,pomegranate, coconut, chilli, watermelon, tomato, jasmine,tuberose, marigoldKarnatakaMango, banana, grapes, papaya, sapota, pomegranate, coconut,chilli, onion, watermelon, tomato, rose, chrysanthemum, jasmine,tuberose, marigoldKeralaBanana, coconut, sweet potato, chrysanthemum, jasmineIntroductionChapter -1.indd 3toHorticulture311-07-2018 11:33:32
Tamil NaduBanana, papaya, sapota, coconut, chrysanthemum,jasmine, tuberoseTelanganaMango, citrus fruits, tomatoEasternAndaman and NicobarIslandsCoconutBiharMango, chilli, potato, onion, bottle gourdWest BengalCoconut, potato, sweet potato, watermelon, rose, marigoldOdishaCoconut, sweet potato, watermelon, bottle gourdNorth-easternArunachal PradeshTurmeric, gingerAssamBanana, papaya, pomegranate, coconut, tuberoseMeghalayaPapaya, arecanut, gingerSikkimGingerTripuraPapaya, arecanut, turmericSource: Horticulture Statistics at a Glance 2017, National Horticulture Board, Government of IndiaProspects of horticultural crops in IndiaDiverse agro-climatic conditions in India ensure theproduction of all types of fresh fruits, vegetables andmedicinal plants in different parts of the country(Table1.1). Health consciousness among people isincreasing. Majority of the population in India isvegetarian. As a result, the demand of fruits andvegetables is also high. The production of horticulturalcommodities is far less as compared to the existingdemand in the country. So, there is a vast scope toproduce more horticultural crops. Major areas inthe country are suitable only for horticultural crops,like mango, tea, coconut and arecanut, as they arenon-arable, rocky, stony, marshy, undulated and sloppy.There has been an increase in irrigation facilitiesbut there are crops, which even with little watering,can survive. One only needs to ensure adequate watermanagement. Some dry land horticultural crops, likejamun, ber, tamarind, wood apple, custard apple,ramphal, etc., can be grown on rainfed land also.Compared to other countries, agricultural labour andother agricultural inputs are far cheaper and easily4Chapter -1.indd 4Solanaceous Crop Cultivator – Class IX11-07-2018 11:33:32
available here, which reduce the cost of productionand generate more profit. High return, coupled withgovernment assistance, through various schemes andfinancial aid, attract the rich and poor, trained andeducated people towards horticulture. This leads to theuse of intensive methods and improved technology in theproduction of horticultural crops. Awareness of storageand processing methods also increase the availabilityof the produce, job opportunity and income generation.NotesEmployment opportunities in horticultureThe horticultural industry offers a variety of jobs, bothdirectly and indirectly. Many jobs require knowledgeand training in horticulture. The level of training couldbe vocational or at the college level. The nature of workmay be indoor or outdoor. Intense manual labour orpaperwork in office may be involved. The following arethe identified categories of jobs that require varyingdegrees of familiarity with horticulture:Nursery operation(a) Nursery manager (coordinates the entire nurseryoperations)(b) Propagator (develops quality planting material)(c) Field supervisor (supervises and plans fieldwork)(d) Plant technician (advises and provides guidanceon plant care)(e) Salesperson (works on the promotion and sale ofplant material)Turf grass operation(a) Landscape technician (establishes and maintainslandscape)(b) Golf course architect (designs a golf course)(c) Golf course superintendent (supervises theconstruction and maintenance of the golf course)Crop production(a) Farm manager (manages the horticulture farm)(b) Crop grower (produces vegetables, fruits andflowers)IntroductionChapter -1.indd 5toHorticulture511-07-2018 11:33:32
NotesFlorist operation(a) Floral designer (creatively arranges flowers)(b) Store manager (manages and supervises the storeof the farm)(c) Plant rental supervisor (manages plants and pots,and does floral arrangements on rent)Education(a) Teacher/trainer (teaches horticulture in formalor informal system)(b) Researcher (conducts research to develop newproducts and varieties)(c) Extension person (disperses innovative techniquesand methods among people)Industrial operationThe horticultural industry has spawned a number ofsupporting or service industries, including the following:Developer or producerAgro-chemicalsThe horticulture industry depends on a variety ofchemicals, including fertilisers, pesticides and growthhormones. These chemicals are called agro-chemicals.Farm machineryMachinery, tools and implements are required forpreparing the land, planting, cultivation, spray, harvest,store and packaging. Engineers design and constructthe tools and machinery required for extensive andintensive production of horticultural plants. Homegarden versions of some of these machineries andequipment are also available.DistributorsHorticultural products need to be transported from theareas of production to nearby and distant markets,and ultimately, to consumers. Because of their highlyperishable nature and in order to retain their quality fora long duration, horticultural products require specialcare and handling in transportation. It requires specialpersonnel to look after this aspect.6Chapter -1.indd 6Solanaceous Crop Cultivator – Class IX11-07-2018 11:33:32
What have you learned?NotesNow, I am able to: understand what is horticulture and its importance. understand the present status and prospects ofhorticulture in the country. know about nutritional value of fruits and vegetables.Activity 1: Prepare a poster or a chart depicting thenutritional importance of horticultural crops.Material required: Stickers, colour pencils, paper, paper clips,board pins, drawing board and glueProcedure Collect or cut the pictures of fruits and vegetables from achart purchased from the market. Fix the chart paper on a drawing board or a plane surfacewith the help of board pins. Outline the border of the chart. A sketch chart consists of cells of different sizes. Name the columns on the chart. Paste the picture of a fruit or a vegetable in each cell. Fill in the information about the fruit or vegetable in the cellopposite to the ciency causes1.Vitamin ACarrotNight blindness2.Vitamin B1SpinachBeri beri3.Vitamin B2Cauliflower Ulcer of the mouth4. . 5. . PictureActivity 2: Enlist the major horticultural crops grown inyour locality.Material required: Branches or leaves of horticultural crops,sticking tape, A– 4 size white paper, newspaper, etc.Procedure Collect the leaves of different fruit and vegetable crops inyour vicinity. Trace the specimen in the right side on a newspaper. Cover it with another newspaper and keep it under a heavything for a few days.IntroductionChapter -1.indd 7toHorticulture711-07-2018 11:33:33
Notes This will remove moisture from the leaves and they willbecome partially dry.Stick the specimen with the help of a sticking tape on theA–4 sheet.Label the specimen.Check Your ProgressFill in the Blanks1. India ranks in fruit and vegetableproduction in the world.2. Latin word hortus means andmeans ‘cultivation’.3. crops are of high value but labour intensive.4. is the largest producer of okra.5. India ranks in the production of bananas.6. Horticultural crops, like mango, tea and coconut can begrown on .Descriptive Questions1. Define horticulture.2. Write the importance of horticulture.3. Explain the employment opportunities in horticulture.8Chapter -1.indd 8Solanaceous Crop Cultivator – Class IX11-07-2018 11:33:33
Session 2: Branches of HorticultureSpecial Horticultural OperationsandHorticulture is perhaps the most importantbranch of agriculture. It is further divided intofour different branches as shown in Fig. 1.1.PomologyThe term is derived from Latin words pomaand logus. Poma means ‘fruit’ and logusmeans ‘study, knowledge or discourse’. Itcan be defined as a branch of horticulture,which deals with the scientific study of fruitcrops (Fig. 1.2).Fig. 1.1: Branches of horticultureOlericultureThe term is derived from Latin words olerusmeaning ‘vegetables’ and cultura meaning‘cultivation’. It can be defined as a branch ofhorticulture, which deals with the scientificstudy of vegetable crops (Fig. 1.3).FloricultureThe term floriculture is derived from Latin wordsflorus and cultura. Florus means ‘flower’ andcultura means ‘cultivation’. It can be definedas a branch of horticulture, which deals withthe scientific study of flowering and ornamentalcrops (Fig. 1.4). Landscaping is the art ofbeautifying a piece of land using garden designs,methods and plant material. Professionals whodo landscaping are called ‘landscape architects’.Fig. 1.2: Fruit cultivationFig. 1.3: Vegetable cultivationPost-harvest technologyIt is a branch of horticulture, which dealswith the principles and practices of handling,packaging and processing of harvested crops toincrease their storage life and availability.Vegetable crops are different from fruitcrops. Some important differences betweenthem are given in Table 1.2.IntroductionChapter -1.indd 9toHorticultureFig. 1.4: Flower cultivation911-07-2018 11:33:38
Table 1.2: Difference between fruits and vegetablesS.No.FruitsVegetables1.Most fruit plants are perennials.Most vegetables are annuals.2.Fruit plants are generally woodyin nature.Vegetable plants are, generally, herbaceousand succulents.3.They are commercially propagatedasexually.They are commercially propagated sexually(by seed).4.Fruit plants require special culturalpractices, i.e., training, pruning, etc.Vegetables are seasonal and only staking andpruning are required in some crops.5.Fruits are mostly consumed freshafter ripening.Most vegetables require cooking forconsumption.Classification of vegetable cropsIf the growing of each vegetable is dealt with in detail,it will lead to too much repetition. It is, therefore,desirable to classify vegetable crops into certain groupsas per their similarities (Fig. 1.5). This will also help instudying them easily.Based on the nature of plant (stem)(a) Herbaceous and succulents: Leafy vegetables(b) Shrubs: Brinjal, chilli, tomato, etc.(c) Trees: Drumstick, jackfruit, etc.(d) Vines: Cucurbits, etc.Based on the life span (from seed-to-seed)(a) Annuals: The life span of annual plants orannuals is a season or a year, e.g., brinjal, chilli,cabbage, cauliflower, cucurbits, tomato, leafyvegetables, etc.(b) Biennials: The life span of biennials is oftwo seasons or two years, e.g. onion, radish,carrot, etc.(c) Perennials: The life span of perennial plants ismore than two years, e.g., drumstick (moringa),asparagus (shatawari), pointed gourd (parwal), etc.10Chapter -1.indd 10Solanaceous Crop Cultivator – Class IX11-07-2018 11:33:39
Vegetable cropsNature ofplantLife eesMethod ofpropagationSexuallypropagatedMethod dDirectly BulbsCrops ntsSolanaceouscropsCole cropsLeafyvegetablesSeason ofgrowthPlant part usedas al andsubtropicalRabi or coolseasonvegetablesPods orcapsulesCucurbitsRoot cropsSummer orwarm seasonvegetablesStem andleavesFlowersFruitSeedsUndergroundpart of plantsFig. 1.5: Classification of vegetable cropsBased on the method of commercial propagation(a) Sexually propagated (by seed): Brinjal, chilli,cauliflower, cabbage, cucurbits, tomato, leafyvegetables, etc.(b) Asexually propagated (vegetative parts): Asparagus,dioscorea, potato, sweet potato, onion, garlic,taro, yam, etc. Cuttings: Asparagus Bulbs: Onion, garlic Rhizomes: Colocasia, ginger, coleus Tubers: Potato, sweet potatoBased on the method of planting(a) Directly sown plants: Okra, leafy vegetables,carrot, radish, peas and beans(b) Transplanting: Tomato, brinjal, chilli, cauliflower,cabbage, onion, potato, sweet potato, cassava,pointed gourd, etc.(c) Crops grown from underground parts Root vegetables: Radish, carrot, turnip, beetroot Rhizome: Colocasia, ginger Bulb: Onion, garlic Tuber: Potato, sweet potato, cassava and yamIntroductionChapter -1.indd 11toHorticulture1111-07-2018 11:33:39
NotesBased on intercultural practices(a) Solanaceous crops: Tomato, brinjal, chilli, bellpepper, potato(b) Cole crops: Cabbage, cauliflower, knol-khol,broccoli and Brussels sprouts(c) Leafy vegetables: Spinach, methi, lettuce andchaulai (amaranthus)(d) Pods or capsules: Pea, cowpea, cluster bean, okra(e) Cucurbits: Gourds, melons, cucumber, pumpkin(f) Root crops: Carrot, radish, turnip, beetrootBased on climatic requirements(a) Temperate vegetables: Radish, potato, carrot,cabbage, cauliflower, knol-khol, broccoli, etc.(b) Tropical and subtropical vegetables: Watermelon,musk melon, cucumber, tomato, brinjal, chilli, etc.Based on the season of growthIn India, seasonal or annual vegetables can be classifiedaccording to their season of growth. Season of growthis the period in which the climatic conditions arefavourable for the growth and production of a crop.(a) Kharif season vegetables: These may also becalled rainy season crops. These vegetables requirehot and humid climate. The season tentativelystarts from 7 June and lasts till 6 October everyyear. The sowing of seeds may be undertakenfrom mid-May to late July. Vegetables, likeokra, cowpeas, cluster beans, etc., are examplesof Kharif vegetables.(b) Rabi or cool season vegetables: These may alsobe called cool or winter season crops as thesevegetables require low temperature for growth.The season tentatively starts from 7 October andlasts till 6 February. The sowing of seeds may beundertaken from mid-September to late October.Vegetables, like peas, radish, carrot, cauliflower,cabbage, knol-khol, leafy vegetables, etc., areexamples of Rabi vegetables.(c) Summer or warm season vegetables: The seasontentatively starts from 7 February and lasts till6 June. The sowing of seeds may be undertaken12Chapter -1.indd 12Solanaceous Crop Cultivator – Class IX11-07-2018 11:33:39
from mid-January to late February. These cropsrequire hot and dry climatic conditions for bettergrowth and maximum production. Cluster bean,musk melon, cucumber, watermelon, etc., aresummer season vegetables.NotesBased on plant part used as vegetable(a) Stem and leaves: Cabbage, lettuce, spinach,methi, coriander, amaranthus, etc.(b) Flowers: Broccoli (head ‘flower buds’), cauliflower(curd ‘pre-floral stage’), etc.(c) Fruits: There are various stages where the fruits ofvegetable crops can be harvested for consumption,such as Ripened fruits: Watermelon, musk melon,tomato, etc. Immature and tender fruits: Cucumber, bottlegourd, bitter gourd, ridge gourd, okra, brinjal,green chilli, cowpea, French beans, dolichosbeans, etc.(d) Seeds: Peas, etc.(e) Underground parts of plant Taproot: Tapering root growing verticallydownward, e.g., carrot, radish, etc. Bulb: A fleshy leaved storage organ in somevegetables sending adventitious roots downwardand leaves upward, e.g., onion, garlic, etc. Tuber: Thick, short and rounded undergroundstem with modified nodes and buds, e.g.,potato, sweet potato, etc. Rhizome: Underground root-like stem havingroots and shoots, e.g., colocasia, ginger, etc.Important horticultural operationsTrainingWhen a plant
Horticulture is a science, as well as, an art of production, utilisation and improvement of horticultural crops, such as fruits and vegetables, spices and condiments, . jasmine Rajasthan Pomegranate, onion, jasmine, tuberose Western . Flower cultivation Horticulture is perhaps the most important branch of agriculture. It is further divided into
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Course Title - Principles of Horticulture and production technology of fruit crops Credit hours - 3 (2 1) Lec.No. Topic / Lecture Page No. 1 Definitions of Horticulture-literal meaning, olden day‘s horticulture and modern horticulture. Divisions of horticulture-Pomology, olericulture ,floriculture (commercial
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