Hort.181 Principles Of Horticulture And Production .

tudy MaterialAcharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural UniversityHort.181Principles of HorticultureandProduction Technology of fruit CropsK.BHASKARA REDDYAssociate ProfessorDepartment of HorticultureS.V.Agricultural CollegeTIRUPATI

2ACHARYA N.G.RANGA AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITYDEPARTMENT OF HORTICULTURECourse Out linesCourse NoCourse TitleCredit hoursLec.No.1- HORT. 181- Principles of Horticulture and production technology of fruit crops- 3 (2 1)Topic / LecturePage No.Definitions of Horticulture-literal meaning, olden day‘s horticulture and modern9-18horticulture. Divisions of horticulture-Pomology, olericulture ,floriculture (commercialand ornamental), plantation crops, arboriculture, spices and condiments, medicinal andaromatic crops, fruit technology, land scaping,nursery and seed production- theirdefinitions with crop examples- Role of horticulture in human nutrition andimportance of horticulture in national economy. Climatic zones of horticulturalcrops of India and Andhra Pradesh with recommended fruit crops for each zone.2Area, production and productivity of different fruit crops. Establishment maticconditions,19-23soilcharacteristics, availability of facilities like nearness to market, transport, power supply,labour, proximity to established orchards, social factors, presence of nurseries, cost ofland etc.Orchard planning-Principles to be followed while planning an orchard-guidingprinciples—to manage the orchard most profitably and to present attractiveappearance and general principles to be followed-Allocation of fruit trees to based onsoil type, irrigation channels as per gradient, irrigated fruit trees close to the irrigationsource, planting of wind breaks on the sides from high velocity winds -planning of roadsto occupy minimum space, drains as per gradient and straight ,planting of pollenizers,arrangement of trees, spacing-basing on habit of growth,nature of soil ,rootstock,pruning and training ,irrigation system etc.3Steps in establishment of orchard - clearing of the land, leveling, fencing-purpose of24-28raising fence-Live and non live fences-good fence plant characters-examples of live andnon-live fences -wind breaks-beneficial effects of wind breaks and characteristics ofgood wind break plants, examples of wind break plants- roads, drains, tillage, sowinggreen manure crops, marking plant positions, digging and filling of pits, selection ofplants from the nursery, lifting and packing of plants, season of planting, planting andhealing inn.4.Influence of environmental factors on horticultural crop production-Temperature,29-30humidity, wind, rainfall and solar radiation.5Planting systems-What is layout? – Points to be considered before selecting a system31-38of planting-different systems of planting-square, rectangular, quincunx, hexagonal andcontour with their merits and demerits of each system. Lay out of different systems inthe filed- Working out the number of plants per unit area in each system. High densityplanting-What is high density planting? Advantages and disadvantages of HDP.6Propagation-Definition-Methods of propagation-Sexual and asexual-advantages anddisadvantages of each method- Asexual method of propagation-propagation by divisionand separation-definition of division and separation- method of division-bulbs andcorms- and separation- stem tuber, tuberous root, rhizome ,suckers(shoot and rootsuckers)runner and off sets-examples for each type.39-47

37.Propagation by cuttings-definition of cutting –different methods of cuttings-Stem48-57cuttings-hard wood cuttings, semi hard wood, soft wood and herbaceous stem cuttingsexamples for each type-leaf cuttings. Plant propagation by layering- definition oflayering and layer- types of layering-ground layering-tip layering, simple layering, trenchlayering, mound or stool layering and compound or serpentine layering-examples foreach layering-air layering- examples.8Plant propagation by graftage-Defintion of graftage-rootstock and scion selection,58-65characters of a good rootstock and scion material-selection of scion material- variety,tree and bud wood for grafting and budding – Plant propagation by graftingdefinition-methods of grafting-attached scion methods of grafting-simple inarching orapproach grafting, -Detached scion methods of grafting-pre-curing of scion-methods ofgrafting- Side grafting methods- veneer grafting- Apical grafting methods- epicotylegrafting, soft wood grafting, double working , top working etc.Plant propagation by budding-definition of budding-methods of budding-T- buddingand inverted T -budding, patch budding and ring budding.9Clonal propagation-What is clonal propagation? Definition of a clone-Micro66-71propagation-definition-merits and demerits of micro atibility?Typesofincompatibility-Translocated and localized incompatibility.10Training and pruning -Training -definition-objectives of training fruit trees- Reasons for72-80training-Methods of training-central leader, open centre and modified leader systemswith merits and demerits. Pruning-Definition-reasons for pruning-objectives of pruningResponses of plants for pruning-activation of buds, dwarfing response, production ofwater shoots, delay in bearing. Methods of pruning-thinning out, trimming, headingback, pollarding, pinching, disbudding, deblossoming - seasons of pruning-pruning andmanuring-care of pruned woods.11Unfruitfulness in fruit trees- Causes -Environmental causes, nutritional causes,81-84inherent causes, biological causes and cultural causes and their remedies.12Use of growth regulators in fruit production-What is a growth regulator and plant85-88hormone? Types of growth regulating substances-use of growth regulators onpropagation- rooting of cuttings, induction of rooting in layering, union of rootstock andscion in grafting and budding, control of flowering, fruit set, fruit drop, parthenocarpy,fruit ripening, fruit size, quality and sex ortance-climate-soils-varieties–89-95commercial varieties grown in different states- Commercial varieties for A.P.Baneshan, Neelum, Bangalora, Rumani, Khader, Suvarnarekha, Panchadarakalasa,cherukurasam, Janardhanpasand (only mentioning the names)-Hybrid varietiesreleased from national and state institutions-Neeleshan,Neelgoa,Swarna Jahangir,AURumani, Manjeera, ArkaAruna, ArkaPuneeth, ArkaAnmol, Arka Neelkiran, bahar,,jawahar,PKM-1,PKM-2(parentage with one or two important characters). -Classification of mango varietiesbased on utility-table varieties, juicy varieties, table and jucy varieties, pickle varietiesand varieties for preservation - depending on time of availability- early,mid , late andoff season varieties-examples for each class.14Propagation-Different methods of propagation ,commercial methods of propagation,rootstocks, -Planting-land preparation-method of planting-spacing-digging of pits-fillingof pits-seasons of planting- -irrigation-manuring-method and time of application - intercultivation & intercropping-Training and pruning-flowering-pollination-fruit set-Cropping -95-103

4harvesting-maturity indices-Yield. Problems in mango cultivation-Alternate or biennialbearing and irregular bearing, mango malformation, spongy tissue and fruit drop –causes and remedies.15Package of practices for Banana-Origin- importance-Climate-soils-varieties – table103-107varieties-Poovan, dwarf Cavendish, Robusta, Grand nine, Rasthali, Grosmichel,Virupakshi, Nendran cooking types-,Monthan, bontha (only mentioning the names)-dualpurpose-Nendran -Propagation-propagating material-suckers(water and sword suckers)and rhizomes.16Banana-Planting-land preparation-system of planting-spacing-digging of pits-filling of107-111pits-application of manures-season of planting -inter culture-de-suckering, trashing,mattocking, wrapping of bunches, removal of male bud, removal of floral remnants,propping, earthingup, weeding-harvesting-maturity indices-yield.17Package of practices for Citrus-origin-importance–Different citrus species- Climate -112-116Soils- Varieties of different citrus fruits-sweet orange-Sathgudi, Mosambi, Batavian,Malta and Malta blood red-Mandarin varieties-Nagapur mandarin - coorg mandarin,Kashi orange and kinnow mandarin-Limes-Tahiti lime,rangapur lime, sweet lime,coorglime, Acid lime-Lemons-seeded & seedless-examples of varieties-Pummelo-examplesof varieties -grape fruits-examples of varieties( only mentioning of names)-climatic andsoil requirements of different citrus fruits. Propagation-Different methods of propagationadopted in different citrus fruits and also commercial method adopted – different rootstocks used in citrus and their chief characters18Citrus-Planting-land preparation-method planting-spacing-digging of pits- filling of pits-116-121application of manures--season of planting- Irrigation-Manuring -Pruning and training interculture-Intercropping-flowering-Bahar treatment -Cropping-Fruit drop-causes andcontrol-Harvesting-maturity indices-Yield.19Package of practices for grape- e122-125blue, Gulabi, Anab-e-Shahi, Dilkush, Patcha Draksha, Puas seedless, Thompsonseedless, Beautty seedless and Perlette (only names of varieties) and hybridsArkavathi, Arka kanchan, Arka hans, Arka Shyam, Arka neelmani, Arka Shewta, ArkaMajestic, Arka Chitra, Arka soma, Arka Thrishna, Arka Krishna, Arka Urvashi and PusaNavarang (parentage with one or two important characters) -Commercial classificationof grapes-table, wine, sweet juice and raisin grapes-their characteristics and examplesof varieties-Propagation—different methods of propagation-different rootstocks used—Planting-land preparation, system of planting, spacing, digging of pits-filling of pitsapplication of manures –season of planting - Training -different methods of trainingHead, arbour, kniffin, and telephone trellis system-advantages and disadvantages ofeach system.20Pruning-summer pruning and winter pruning-points to be considered while pruning and125-134main principles for successful pruning-Irrigation-Manuring- Interculture-Fruit thinningUse of growth regulators in increasing fruit set, berry size, cluster size and on maturityharvesting-Maturity indices-Yield.21Package of practices for ededAllahabad sfeda,Lucknow-49, Arka Mrudula, Red fleshed, Seedless- Nagpur Hybrids-SafedJam,KohirSafeda(Parentage with one or two important characters) -Propagation-Differentmethods of propagation-Commercial method of propagation - Planting-land preparation,system of planting, spacing, digging of pits-filling of pits, application of manures,,season of planting - Flowering-seasons of flowering-crop regulation -Irrigation-135-139