AND 506A CONTEMPORARY ISSUES - University Of Calicut
UNIVERSITY OF CALICUTSCHOOL OF DISTANCE EDUCATIONBA/BSc( IV SEMESTER)BAPOLIICAL SCIENCESPECTRUM : LITERATUREANDCONTEMPORARY ISSUES(COMMON COURSE : ENG4A06)CUCBCSS(2017 ADMISSIONONWARDS)506A
SPECTRUM: LITERATUREAND CONTEMPORARY ISSUESSTUDY MATERIALFOURTH SEMESTERCOMMON COURSE : ENG4A06ForBA/BSc(2017 ADMISSION ONWARDS)UNIVERSITY OF CALICUTSCHOOL OF DISTANCE EDUCATIONCalicut University P.O, Malappuram, Kerala, India 673 635506A
School of Distance EducationUNIVERSITY OF CALICUTSCHOOL OF DISTANCE EDUCATIONSTUDY MATERIALFOURTH SEMESTERBA/BSc(2017 ADMISSION ONWARDS)COMMON COURSE :ENG4A06 : SPECTRUM: LITERATURE AND CONTEMPORARY ISSUESPrepared by:Smt. Smitha.N,Assistant Professor on Contract,School of Distance Education, University of Calicut.Sri. Muhammed P,Assistant Professor on Contract,School of Distance Education, University of Calicut.Sri. Jibin Baby,Assistant Professor on Contract,School of Distance Education, University of Calicut.Layout: ‘H’ Section, SDE ReservedSpectrum: Literature & Contemporary IssuesPage 2
School of Distance EducationCONTENTSModule 1 - Literature and MediaPAGE NO.05 – 071. Divided Times: How Literature Teaches Us to Understand‘the Other’ - Amanda Michalopoulo2. Comala – Santhosh EchiikkanamModule II - Globalization and IPR08 – 121. The Big Fish – N P Hafiz Mohamed2. Turmeric - K Sachidanandan3. What Work is – Philip LevineModule III - Nation and its Boundaries1.2.3.4.5.Home - Warsan ShireLove across the Salt Desert – Keki N DaruwallaNo Men are Foreign – James KirkupDeath Fugue (Fugue of Death) – Paul CelanJamaican Fragment- A L HendricksModule IV - The Marginalized and their Rights1.2.3.4.13 – 1819 – 28U N Speech (July 12 2003) – Malala YousafzaiCaring for Animals – John SilkinAverage Waves in Unprotected Waters – Anne TylerSelection from the Cry of the Gull – Emmanuelle LaboritSpectrum: Literature & Contemporary IssuesPage 3
School of Distance EducationSPECTRUM : LITERATURE AND CONTEMPORARY ISSUESGeneral IntroductionSpectrum : Literature and Contemporary Issues is an attempt to make an awareness in thelearners about the global social issues like the hazards of globalization, Xenophobia, racism,cruelty towards the marginalized and so on. The role of media and literature is very crucial inthese issues. Literature, as a reflection of the society, has always been an engagement withthe contemporary social and cultural truths. This book is an anthology of selected literarypieces including short stories, poems, speeches and an extract from autobiography. Theobjectives of this book is:a) To make the learners aware of the humanist dimensions of literature and media in thecontemporary world.b) To enable the learners to understand concepts like globalization, commercialization,Intellectual Property Rights through new literaturec) To inculcate the spirit of universal brotherhood by presenting critiques of race,xenophobia, war and national borders.d) To disseminate knowledge about the rights of minorities such as children, animalsand the disabled and thus create a positive change in the societal perception of them.The study material is divided into four sections. The first module entitled ‘Literature andMedia’ is about the interaction between literature and media in the contemporary period.The second module consists of a short story and a poem that portray the issues of‘Globalization and IPR( Intellectual Property Right) The third module is an exploration ofthe theme of “ Nation and Its Boundaries” and the last module is about the variousmarginalized groups and their rights.This study material gives the background information about the authors and gist of theirworks. Moreover selected questions are also included in each chapters. We hope that this textwill enable you to perceive literature more critically in tune with the discourse ofcontemporary times. Wish you a happy reading experience.Spectrum: Literature & Contemporary IssuesPage 4
School of Distance EducationMODULE ILITERATURE AND MEDIADIVIDED TIMES: HOW LITERATURE TEACHES US TO UNDERSTAND ‘THE OTHER’Amanda MichalopoulouAbout the AuthorAmanda Michalopoulou was born in Athens, Greece, in1966. She has studied FrenchLiterature in Athens University and has worked for many years as a columnist for Greeknewspapers. She has published six novels, three short-story collections and many children’sbooks. She has received the Revmata Award for her story “Life is Colorful outside” (1994)and the Diavazo Award for her highly acclaimed novel Jantes, Wishbone Memories(1996).The American translation of her book I’d Like won the International Literature Prize from theNational Endowment for the Arts. The same book was also nominated for the “BestTranslated Book Award” (University of Rochester). Her novels, stories and essays have beentranslated in ten languages. In 2013 her novel Why I Killed my Best Friend was published byOpen Letter, USA. This aticle is extracted from the opening speech of the secondinternational literature festival of Odessa and translated from Greek by Karen Emmerich.About the textLiterature is generally defined as the reflection of society and what happened aroundus. As the time passes, literary works are viewed as the imagination of the dominant class.But since the age of classical literature, a hero was created, who was capable of challengingthe perceptions of the dominant class. In other words all heroes are anti heroes. AmandaMichalopoulou rises the question of how old classics can be read innovatively in the modernage, against the majoritarian perspective of media. “Divided Times, How literature teaches usto understand the ‘other’”, is the opening speech delivered in the second internationalliterature festival of Odessa in the backdrop of the heated discussions regarding the ‘other’,especially about refugees, sexual minorities and the marginalized people.According to Amanda it is the right time to re-read or deconstruct the classicalliteratures and find out new texts and experiences that reflects the contemporary realitiesfrom it. Amanda makes an attempt to re-read the classics of European literature such asHamlet, Odyssey, Don Quixote and the Sorrows of Young Werther in her speech and presentthese texts with a new perspective. These heroes are modern because they are marginalizedanti heroes. They are still popular due to the universal nature of their characters. Odysseus,the ship wrecked sailor in Homer’s Odyssey, reminds us the refugees who are seeking shelterin the western countries. The diverse nature of each character makes us to think aboutdifference. Nothing that is human is foreign to literature. It can instill imagination andempathy in the mind of readers. When we read the classics of the European tradition webegin to have a coded, radical understanding of the ‘other’ and it leads to the understandingthat “the other is not what it seems”.GlossaryOdysseus : A legendry Greek king of Ithaca and the hero of Homer’s epic poem the Odyssey,which is his return journey from Troy after the war.Spectrum: Literature & Contemporary IssuesPage 5
School of Distance EducationDon Quixote: A Spanish novel by Miguel de Cervantes. Published in two parts in 1605 and1615, the story follows the adventures of a noble named Alonso Quixano who reads so manychivalric romances that he loses his sanity and decides to become a knight errant, revivingchivalry and serving his country, under the name Don Quixote de la Mancha.Werther : The central character in the loosely autobiographical epistolary novel The Sorrowsof Young Werther by John Wolfgang von Goethe, first published in 1774.Exercises:Answer the following questions1. What makes Hamlet, Odysseus, Werther and Don Quixote modern?2. How does Amanda Michalopoulo define a hero?3. How does the literature broaden the idea of the other?4. How does literature transform the conservative perception of the other?KOMALASanthosh EchikkanamSanthosh Echikkanam is one of the most popular contemporary short story writer inMalayalam Literature. He is known for his political connotative in his stories. Some of hisstories made some controversies too. He was born in Kanhangad, Kasaragod district inKerala. His stories are very humble and speak about the common people and their issues. Hesecured Kerala Sahithya Academy Award for his short story Komala (2008). His famousworks include Komala Ottavathil, Biriyani, Oru Chithrakadhayile Nayattukar. Besides, he isalso known as a script writer. He has scripted for films such as Idukki Gold which is anadaptation of his own short story in the same name, Annayum Rasoolum, Njan Steve Lopez,and Aby. He has also published an Anthology of poem namely Nanni. SanthoshEchikkanam saves his place in the realm of Malayalam story with his unique style and craftof language. His Stories are exceptional in vividness of its themes.About KomalaKomala, published in Mathrubhumi Weekly, is one of the most critically acclaimedshort story of Malyalam literature in the twentieth century. The story was written in thecontext of the rise of farmers suicide in Kerala due to the economic crisis in the postglobalized period. We live in a world in which everything is controlled by the media. Theyconstruct fictive things, which may seem like truths. Media transforms the politics intosomething fictive and churns popular interest in it. In news channels, day in and day outmedia people are hosting discussions on several issues, which sometimes turn into verydramatic and absurd. In the story Comala, the author attempts to point out the inferencebetween the commodfiction of media and the uncelebrated lives of common people, whichoften plunged into trouble by all these drama.The title of the story “Comala” is the name of the town of the dead in Juan Rulfo’snovel “Pedro Parama”. The novel draws the picture of an inhuman mob at the suffering ofcommon people. The story which is rooted to the situation in Kerala, unveil the attitude ofSpectrum: Literature & Contemporary IssuesPage 6
School of Distance Educationpeople, who have become selfish and self centred as the dead people in the town of“Comala” . So the title makes sense and meaning.The protagonist of the story is Kundoor Viswan , who hung a board in front of hishouse saying “owing to serve debt, we will commit suicide at the stroke of midnight on 15 thAugust”, that causes him to get attracted media attention. His friend Sudhakaran borrowedfifty thousand rupees with Viswan standing surety. Sudhakaran did not pay the money andViswan was cheated. He was unfortunately called for a discussion in News hour along withBank Secretary, a psychologist and an advocate. The discussion goes on with several aspectsof the issue like whether Viswan has to die or not. The whole discussion goes absurd and itmakes no difference in Viswan’s life. After that, since he failed to find peace, he goes out.Atthe end of the story, he finds a man, met with an accident and he find himself fortunate thathe could serve the last drop of water to that person. That incident makes changes in hisattitude towards life and makes him to realize the life is something valuable and it can findhappiness and meaning in small things. His meaning of existence or his purpose of life wasfulfilled by giving the last drop of water to a dying man. Then he goes back home andthrows away that suicidal board. The author exposes the hypocrisy of the news channels andthe dramatization of the real life situation of the common people commodified.Glossary :Pedro Paramo: A novel written by the Mexican novelist Juan Rulfo in 1955 about a mannamed Juan Preciado who travels to his recently deceased mother’s home town, Comala, tofind his fathe, only to come across a literal ghost town populated, that is, by spectral figures.Comala: A town and municipality located in the Mexican state of Colima, near the capital ofColima.It has been nicknamed the “White Village of America”. It is the town of the dead inJuan Rulfo’s Pedro ParamoAbundio: A deaf mule drive who appears at the beginning and the end of Pedro ParamoDona Eduviges: The ghostess hostesses in Pedro Paramo, she is the lady who first receivesJuan Preciado when he gets into Comala.Absurdity: The state of being ridiculous or wildly unreasonable.Exercises :Answer the following questions1. How did Kundoor Viswanathan attract media attention?2. How did Viswanathan repay seven thousand rupees to the bank?3. Justify the title “Comala”4. The Character of Sdhakaran5. Examine how Santhosh Eachikkanam portrays an unsympathetic society in “Comala”6. Describe briefly Viswanathan’s journey which led him to the realization that everyhuman being is a debtor.Spectrum: Literature & Contemporary IssuesPage 7
School of Distance EducationMODULE IIGLOBALIZATION AND IPRTHE BIG FISHN P Hafiz MohamadAbout the AuthorN P Hafiz Mohamad was born in 1956 in Calicut as the son of N P Muhammed, wellknown Malayalam writer and former President of Kerala Sahithya Academy. He is asociologist, writer, illustrator, corporate trainer and family counselor. He taught sociology inFarook College since 1981 and retired as HoD from there in 2011. Now he works as theHead of the Department of Sociology, University of Calicut. He writes stories, essays, anovel, Espathinayiram and books for children in Malayalam and some of his major worksare translated into English and a few other regional languages. He has received many awardsincluding the Kendra Sahithya Academy Award for children’s literature, The EdesseryAward for Short Story Collection, the State Sahithya Academy Award for Children’sLiterature.About the textThe implementation of New Economic Policy has been made drastic changes inIndian Economy. The policy which consisted of Globalization, Liberalization andPrivatization was aiming at the integration of markets in the global economy. It led to theincreased interconnectedness of national economies. However, what had actually happenedwas almost antithesis of its spokesmen’s arguments. The small scale farmers and the smallscale industries were completely wiped out by the new movement and India witnessedmassive suicides of farmers and small scale producers. The story “ Big Fish”, which is thetranslation of the short story entitled “ Cheriya Meenukalum Valiya Matsyavum, portrayshow this new economic policies affects the life of ordinary people. It is a critique ofGlobalization and elucidates it’s offers of new prospects to the third world underprivilegedpeople, but it in turn destroys their traditional systems and way of life.The protagonist of the story Alasankutty owns a pond and has a preoccupation ofchatting and feeding the little fishes in the pond. He is quite happy as he enjoyed what he did.One day an agent wearing a hat with the stars approaches him and explains the possibilitiesand profits of fish farming and suggests him to be wise. Mariyam, his ambitious wife, finds itmore interesting and hopes that this new plans will definitely help her family to overcometheir financial crisis. Finally, after plenty of persuasion, the agent wins to convince his planand Alassankutty decides to go on with the new plan of joining the fish growing collective.He cleans and disinfects the pond and put big fish in the pond. Slowly he finds that the smallfishes are eaten up by the big fish. The big fish is getting fatter by eating the small fishes.Alasankutty gets disturbed by this act and worries about small fishes to which he has anaffection and love. Then he slowly realizes that the big fish turns as a monster and engulfs allSpectrum: Literature & Contemporary IssuesPage 8
School of Distance Educationthe little fishes remaining in the pond. The image of the big fish with its mouth terrifies himand he feels that he is being dragged into the depth of the water. Actually the big fish in thestory symbolizes the Multi National Companies who came to India after the implementationNew Economic policy in 1991. The metaphor of the fish is a very original and competent oneto explain the traps and tricks of globalization. The story exposes the influence ofglobalization in the life style and in the food habit of the natives and shows how the critics ofglobalization are treated by the state and the police. Though a translation, the story ‘Big Fish‘successfully retains all the traces of its localness along with its serious thematic focus. Thestory is translated into English by Dr. K M Sherrif, the Head of the Department of English,Calicut University and one of the most renowned translators in Kerala.Glossary:Globalization: A process by which national and regional economies, societies and cultureshave become integrated through the global network of trade, communication, immigrationand transportation.Preoccupation: Absorption of the attention or intellect.MNCs: Multinational Companies . A multinational Company is one which incorporated inone country but whose operations extend beyond the home country and which carries onbusiness in other countries in addition to the home country.Exercises :Answer the following questions1. What, according to the visitor, can make Alassankutty richer?2. Why did Mariam involuntarily take a step forward?3. “ Nothing to lose and nothing to win” What is intended by the new man here?4. Consider the story” The Big Fish” as a critique of Global Capitalism5. Comment the major thematic concerns in the story “ The Big Fish”6. How do you analyze the climax of the story?TURMERICK SachidanandanK Sachidanandan is one of the most established and popular writers in India. Hewrites in Malayalam as well as English. He is a pioneer of modern poetry in Malayalam . Heis the former editor of the literary journal Indian Literature and the former secretary ofSahithya Academy. As a modern poet, he is noted for his universal outlook and appreciationof poetry from all over the globe. Sachidanandan’s works have also been translated to manylanguages such as, Arabic, Assamese Bengali, English, French, German and kannada. As asocio-cultural revolutionist writer, he has raised his voice for the oppressed and marginalizedhe is the one, who coined the term ‘ pennezhuthu’in Malayalam for women writing. Hispoetry advocated equality, secularism, environment, and human rights. Being one of the mostprolific writers of contemporary literature, he has sixty books in Malayalam includingSpectrum: Literature & Contemporary IssuesPage 9
School of Distance Education21 poetry collections and sixteen collections of world poetry in translation and twenty threecollections of critical essays. He has honoured with Dante Medal from the Dante Institute,Ravenna and the India Poland medal from the government of Poland and four KendraSahithya Academy awards.About the Text‘Turmeric’ is one of the famous poems of Sachidanandan, which was originallywritten in Malayalam with the title “Manjal”. The poem deals with the theme of globalizationand how does it covert the tradition and culture into the globalized markets. One of theadverse effect of globalization is the distortion of culture, cultural values, tradition andtraditional materials. It was presented before the world as a promising idea that would helpthe economy of third world countries. But it has taken away the minimum security they hadbefore. In other words, this was another way of colonizing by the imperial powers. The neocolonial trade rules have made many restrictions such as Intellectual Property Rights andPatent Laws and consequently these laws strengthened the control of the imperial powersover the third world countries. The poem particularly about how an important product suchas turmeric, which has cultural value in many way turns into a cosmetic product. Though thepoem is very short, each of the lines speaks about the respective qualities of the turmeric andcivilization.Turmeric was one of the important and most admired thing used by people for manypurposes. It is said to be the beauty secret of the women at the time. It had an important rolein the daily lives of people
Calicut University P.O, Malappuram, Kerala, India 673 635 506A. School of Distance Education Spectrum: Literature & Contemporary Issues Page 2 UNIVERSITY OF CALICUT SCHOOL OF DISTANCE EDUCATION STUDY MATERIAL FOURTH SEMESTER BA/BSc (2017 ADMISSION ONWARDS) COMMON COURSE : ENG4A06 : SPECTRUM: LITERATURE AND CONTEMPORARY ISSUES Prepared by: Smt. Smitha.N, Assistant Professor on Contract, School .
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