Biology EOC Prep - Issaquah Connect

Biology EOC PrepThis booklet was produced by the following boss,brainy, brilliant, and brave Biology Teachersat Glacier Peak High School Tami Caraballo, Kerensa Moon, Brian Hill,Jean Ingersoll, Alisa Myers, Nick Prasad,and edited by Chris ScottHere is a booklet of alota but not all ya need to know for the EOC . If you want toget an idea of alllllll the stuff you are responsible for, you can always go TestandItemSpec.pdfand there you will find a plethora of knowledge and guidance and fun stuff tosee.don’t be overwhelmed, we’ll work through it together and if you work reallyhard, you may just make us look goooooooood!441

Table of ContentsSectionPage NumbersMacromolecules3-7DNA, Transcription /Translation8 - 15Mitosis / Meiosis16 - 18Feedback19Cell Structure20 - 23Osmosis / Diffusion241. What is the most probable cause of the algae growing in the lake near farmer A’sfarm?A. CornB. Nitrogen FertilizerC. All the rainD. Warm weather2. Why does Farmer A use a nitrogen fertilizer?A. It’s a limiting factor for plant growthB. Plants need Nitrogen to make certain amino acidsC. It kills all the bugs that infect cornD. It produces a smaller cropE. A & CF. A & BG. C & D3. Why would increased nitrogen cause the algae to grow?A. Nitrogen runoff stirs up the nutrients on the lake bottomB. It’s a limiting factor for algae growthC. It provides excess nutrients for algae4. What would cause the fish to die?A. They eat the algae, which kills them.B. Lower levels of oxygen due to algae bloomC. Nitrogen is EXTREMELY toxic to fish (kills them instantly)5. Why did the algae not increase in the lake near farmer B?Photosynthesis, CellularRespiration25 - 27EOC Writing Prompt28 - 31Ecology32 - 43Not included in the booklet is evolution and genetics(since they are so fresh on your mind). Please reviewthese as part of your studying process.26. If fossil fuels contain nitrogen what happens to the nitrogen oxide gas (NO) that isproduced when they are burned?7. As human populations increase, more food is needed. To meet the increasing demand crops are grown using fertilizer to increase their yield. What happens to theexcess fertilizer?8. What would happen to the coastal marine fisheries when nitrogen fertilizer followsthe rivers to the ocean?9. Farmers raise cattle, hogs and chickens in large numbers. Their waste containslarge amounts of nitrogen. What takes place when that waste enters a water system such as a creek, lake or river?43

The reduction of nitrates back into nitrogen gas (N2), completing the nitrogencycle. This process is performed by bacterial species in anaerobic conditionsA. AmmonificationB. Anammox ReactionC. DenitrificationD. NitrificationE. Nitrogen FixationThe conversion of ammonium to nitrate is performed primarily by soil-livingbacteria and other nitrifying bacteria. The oxidation of ammonium (NH 4 ) is performed by bacteria which converts ammonia to nitrites (NO 2-).A. AmmonificationB. Anammox ReactionC. DenitrificationD. NitrificationE. Nitrogen FixationWhen a plant or animal dies, or an animal expels waste, the initial form of nitrogen is organic. Bacteria, or fungi in some cases, convert the organic nitrogenwithin the remains back into ammonium (NH4 ), a process called ? or mineralizationA. AmmonificationB. Anammox ReactionC. DenitrificationD. NitrificationE. Nitrogen FixationNitrogen, Farms, Fish, Bears, and SalmonFarmer A has a large farm on which he grows corn. Through his farm flowsa small creek which empties into a lake. This farmer sprays nitrogen fertilizer on hiscrops several times a year. Due to the weather patterns where he lives it often rainswithin several days of the application of the fertilizer. The lake near him has been amajor recreation area with clear water and good fishing. Recently, clear water hasbecome brownish green with mats of algae floating on the surface by late summer,resulting in fish kills. In the fall and winter there are many dead fish floating on thesurface of the lake and drifting to shore. Recreation at the lake is coming to a haltbecause of the murky water and the dead fish.Farmer B has a similar large farm in which he grows corn one year and soybeans the next. Through his farm also flows a small creek, which empties into a similar lake. This farmer does not spray any nitrogen fertilizer on his crops. He knows thatsoybeans have bacteria on their roots which take the atmospheric oxygen and convertit into a form of nitrogen that the plants can use. The rainfall is similar to Farmer A’sarea. The lake near him is and remains a major recreation area. The water is clear andthere is good fishing. There is no algae floating in the late summer and there are nofish kills.Answer the following questions based on the nitrogen story above; CIRCLE YOURANSWER (for #1-4).42Elements & Macromolecules in OrganismsDraw a line to match the monomer on the left to the macromolecule on theright.Fatty acids and c acidAmino acidcarbohydrateDraw a line to match the polymer on the left to the macromolecule on the right.DNAproteinEnzymelipidTriglyceridenucleic acidPolysaccharidecarbohydrateDraw a line to match the monomer on the left to the polymer on the right.Fatty acids and nzymeAmino acidphospholipidDraw a line to match the monomer on the left to the polymer on the right.Fatty acids and mino acidDNADraw a line to match the polymer on the left to the macromolecule on the right.CholesterolproteinEnzymenucleic acidRNAcarbohydrateCelluloselipidMost common elements in living things are carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, andoxygen. These four elements constitute about 95% of your body weight.Each small organic molecule can be a unit of a large organic moleculecalled a macromolecule. There are four classes of macromolecules(polysaccharides or carbohydrates, triglycerides or lipids, polypeptides or proteins, and nucleic acids such as DNA & RNA). Carbohydrates and lipids aremade of only carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen (CHO). Proteins are made of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen (CHON). Nucleic acids such as DNA andRNA contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus (CHON P).3

ProteinsProteins are made of subunits called amino acids and are used to build cells anddo much of the work inside organisms. They also act as enzymes helping to control metabolic reactions in organisms. Amino acids contain two functionalgroups, the carboxyl group (-COOH) and the amino group (-NH2). Circle theamino acid group and the carboxyl group.Color code the amino acid on this worksheet: C carbon -black, H hydrogenyellow, N nitrogen-blue, and O oxygen-red.Basic Structure of Amino acidHHNHOCCR groupHEnzymes are protein molecules that act as biological catalysts. Cells containthousands of different enzymes to control the functions of the cell. Enzymes mustphysically fit a specific substrate(s) to work properly. The place where a substrate fits an enzyme to be catalyzed is called the active site. Excess heat, achange in pH from neutral, etc. change the shape of enzymes and their activesites so the enzyme is unable to work.Color the enzyme purple, the substrate yellow. Also color the active site red.Nitrogen CycleThe atmosphere is the largest reservoir of nitrogen on Earth. It consists of 78 percentnitrogen gas. The nitrogen cycle moves nitrogen through abiotic and biotic components of ecosystems.Absorption of NitrogenPlants and other producers use nitrogen to synthesize nitrogen-containing organiccompounds, including chlorophyll, proteins, and nucleic acids. Consumers also makeuse of the nitrogen in these compounds. Plants absorb nitrogen from the soil throughtheir root hairs. However, they cannot absorb nitrogen gas directly. They can absorbnitrogen only in the form of nitrogen-containing ions, such as nitrate ions.Nitrogen FixationThe process of converting nitrogen gas to nitrate ions that plants can absorb is callednitrogen fixation. It is carried out mainly by nitrogen-fixing bacteria. Some nitrogenfixing bacteria live in soil. Others live in the root nodules of legumes such as peas andbeans. In aquatic ecosystems, some cyanobacteria are nitrogen fixing.Ammonification and NitrificationAfter being used by organisms, nitrogen is released back into the environment. Whendecomposers break down organic remains and wastes, they release nitrogen in theform of ammonium ions. This is called ammonification. Certain soil bacteria, callednitrifying bacteria, convert ammonium ions to nitrites. Other nitrifying bacteria convert the nitrites to nitrates, which plants can absorb. The process of converting ammonium ions to nitrites or nitrates is called nitrification.Denitrification and the Anammox ReactionStill other bacteria, called denitrifying bacteria, convert some of the nitrates in soilback into nitrogen gas in a process called denitrification. It is the opposite of nitrogenfixation. Denitrification returns nitrogen gas back to the atmosphere, where it cancontinue the nitrogen cycle. In the ocean, an anammox reaction returns nitrogen to theatmosphere. The reaction involves certain bacteria, and it converts ammonium andnitrite ions to nitrogen gas.Multiple Choice:What is the only form of nitrogen that plants can absorb?A. Nitrogen GasB. Nitrate IonssubstrateActive siteWhat do nitrogen-fixing bacteria do, and where do they live?A. Nitrogen Fixation , soilB. Nitrogen Fixation, soil and rootsC. Ammonification, soilD. Dentrification, soil and rootsEnzymeWhat major role do decomposers play in the nitrogen cycle?A. Return nitrogen back into the environmentB. Convert nitrogen gas into ionsC. Convert nitrogen gas into a protein441

CarbohydratesLook at the Carbon Cycle below and answer the questions-USE THE PICTURE!Carbohydrates are used by the body for energy and structural support in cellwalls of plants and exoskeletons of insects and crustaceans. They are madeof smaller subunits called monosaccharides. Monosaccharides have carbon,hydrogen, and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio. Monosaccharides or simple sugars include glucose, galactose, and fructose. Although their chemical formulas arethe same, they have different structural formulas. These simple sugars combine to make disaccharides (double sugars like sucrose) and polysaccharides(long chains like cellulose, chitin, and glycogen).Color code the glucose molecule on this worksheet :C carbon -black, H hydrogen-yellow, N nitrogen-blue, and O oxygen-red.Glucose MoleculeUse the diagram of glucose to tell how many carbons, hydrogens, and oxygens arein a single molecule.#C # H # OHOHCWhat is the process by which plants convert carbon dioxide into energy-rich carboncompounds?CExplain what happens over millions of years to the carbon compounds in organismsthat die and decompose.HIdentify two major reservoirs of carbon dioxide on Earth.How do plants and animal help to maintain a balance of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere?Atmospheric carbon dioxide might produce a “greenhouse effect” by trapping heatnear the Earth’s surface. What human activities might tend to increase the greenhouse effect?40OHHCWhat processes above release carbon dioxide into the atmosphere?What are the forms in which carbon is found in the oceans?HOCOHHOHHCCOH5H