Fireplaces, Chimneys, Flues And Terminals
Heating SolutionsFireplaces, Chimneys, Flues and TerminalsIntroductionBurning solid fuel, gas and oil produces a number of corrosive orpotentially corrosive products such as chlorine compounds, sulphurdioxide and oxides of nitrogen. This is especially so if the gases mixwith moisture from condensation or rain to form an acidic flueenvironment. In addition, the combustion products from anyhydrocarbon fuel can contain the poisonous gas carbon monoxide.To ensure the long-term durability,structural integrity and properfunctioning of a chimney, the internalcomponents used to build the chimneymust therefore withstand the effects ofcorrosive combustion products andprevent rainwater penetration. Thecomponents must also be impervious tothese poisonous gases so that they aresafely vented to the outside of a buildingand do not pass into habitable spaces.In addition, the external componentsof a chimney or flue must not onlyresist the assault of acids and hightemperatures but also resist the effectsof weather and atmospheric pollution.To ensure the correct choice of flueterminal is made, local wind conditionsshould be assessed to see if strongdowndraughts will affect the efficientdispersal of flue gases.Hepworth fireplace components, flueliners, terminals and chimney pots aredesigned and manufactured to operatewithin these clearly defined parametersof safety, efficiency, fire resistance andstructural integrity.This part of the ‘Heating Solutions’section, with frequent reference to theBuilding Regulations, outlines theessential methods of fireplace andchimney construction to ensure thesafe functioning of open fires, heatingappliances, flues and terminals.The advice is based on heating systemsthat use: Solid fuel, and oil openfires/heaters/appliances with a ratedheat output up to 50 kW. Gas open fire decorative fuel-effect(DFE) appliance with a rated inputup to 50 kW. Gas appliances with a heat input upto 70 kW. Oil appliances with a heat output upto 45 kW.The types of construction required fordifferent fuels and appliances are shownas overview illustrations in ‘TypicalApplications’ and discussed more fully in‘Design Considerations’.The ability of terracotta as a material towithstand the onerous conditions thatexist in chimneys and flues is given inthe ‘Product Performance Data’ section.To ensure the safe and efficientperformance, and structural integrity,of heating systems with fluedappliances and open fires, BuildingRegulations Approved Document Jstates that adequate provision must bemade for the following: A permanent air supply. Unimpeded discharge of theproducts of combustion to theoutside air. Protection of people from burns,and buildings from fire, whilst aheating system is in use. A durable, permanent notice platedescribing the performance of thehearth, fireplace, flue and chimney,thus ensuring that the flue is correctlyused with an appropriate applianceTechnical Advisory Service Tel: 0870 4435551 Fax: 0870 4435552 E-mail: info@hepworthterracotta.co.ukSection 2a Page 1
Heating SolutionsFireplaces, Chimneys, Flues and TerminalsTypical ApplicationChimney pot or flue terminal e.g. Louvre PotA fireplace opening up to 600mm wideWeathered cement mortarflaunchingProjected brickwork corbellingChimney stackLightweight insulating infill in void betweenflue liner and chimney stackSaddle flashingRoof tilesFront flashing and apronTerracotta ridge tile (Two Hole Crested)Ridge boardRafterSarking feltFlue Liners jointed with Flue LinerJointing Compound Y108VoidChimney stackChimney breastLightweight insulating infillDecorative fireplacesurroundFlue AdaptorFireplace Lintel 600(Y182 – back section)Fireplace Lintel 600(Y181 – front section)Milner Scored FirebackAirbrickCavity LinerSuperimposed quarry tile hearthConstructional hearthSection 2a Page 2Technical Advisory Service Tel: 0870 4435551 Fax: 0870 4435552 E-mail: info@hepworthterracotta.co.uk
Heating SolutionsFireplaces, Chimneys, Flues and TerminalsTypical ApplicationChimney pot or flue terminal e.g. Louvre PotA fireplace opening between 600mmand 800mm wideWeathered cement mortar flaunchingProjected brickwork corbellingChimney stackLightweight insulating infill in void betweenflue liner and chimney stackSaddle flashingRoof tilesFront flashing and apronTerracotta ridge tileRidge boardRafterSarking feltFlue Liners jointed with Flue LinerJointing Compound Y108VoidChimney breastChimney stackLightweight insulating infillFlue AdaptorDecorative eplace Lintel 1000Corbel Unit Y110AirbrickSuperimposed quarry tile hearthCavity LinerConstructional hearthTechnical Advisory Service Tel: 0870 4435551 Fax: 0870 4435552 E-mail: info@hepworthterracotta.co.ukSection 2a Page 3
Heating SolutionsFireplaces, Chimneys, Flues and TerminalsTypical ApplicationChimney pot or flue terminal e.g. Louvre PotA fireplace opening between 800mmand 1000mm wideWeathered cement mortar flaunchingProjected brickwork corbellingChimney stackLightweight insulating infill in void betweenflue liner and chimney stackRoof tilesSaddle flashingFront flashing and apronTerracotta ridge tileRidge boardRafterSarking feltFlue Liners jointed with Flue LinerJointing Compound Y108VoidChimney breastChimney stackLightweight insulating infillFlue AdaptorDecorative fireplacesurroundFireplace Lintel 1000Corbel Unit Y110Firebrick-linedfireplacerecessCorbel Unit Y111AirbrickSuperimposed quarry tile hearthCavity LinerConstructional hearthSection 2a Page 4Technical Advisory Service Tel: 0870 4435551 Fax: 0870 4435552 E-mail: info@hepworthterracotta.co.uk
Heating SolutionsFireplaces, Chimneys, Flues and TerminalsProduct CharacteristicsFireplace opening componentsFlue linersGeneral descriptionGeneral descriptionA range of concrete components usedto form a fireplace opening and throat,and also to support a flue lining above.A range of terracotta components thatline a flue way and protect the enclosingbrickwork/masonry from the corrosiveaction of flue gases and moisture.ApplicationsApplicationsThe complete range of components(lintels, flue adaptors, firebacks, firebricks,throat restrictor and otty hood) provideseffective solutions for building all sizes ofdomestic, recessed fireplace openings.Terracotta flue liners are designed toserve all types of open coal fire,decorative fuel effect gas fires or closedheating appliances fuelled by solid fuel,gas or oil.Benefits BenefitsComponents are suitable for newbuild and refurbishment projects. Flexible combination of componentsoffers varied constructionopportunities.Manufactured to tight tolerancesfor easy and accurate assembly. Suitable for conveying flue gasesfrom all types of heating appliance.Fully compatible with flue liner range. Smooth internal surfaces resist thebuild-up of soot and tar deposits. A range of internal flue sizes suitablefor conveying flue gases from mosttypes of heating appliance.MaterialsLoadbearing lintels, corbel units and flueadaptors are made from reinforcedrefractory concrete.Fireplace opening componentsMaterialsFirebacks, throat restrictors and ottyhoods are made from refractory fireclay.The flue liners are made from terracottaformed from specially selected clays forlong-term in-use stability and durability.Firebricks are made from low aluminafireclay (32.5% alumina content).Specification standardsSpecification standardsFirebricks are manufactured to BS 1902:‘Methods of testing refractory materials’.The flue liners are tested to BS EN1457: 1999 ‘Clay/ceramic flue liners –Requirements and test methods’ tosatisfy compressive strength criteria,resistance to acid attack and airpermeability, and ability to withstandhigh temperatures.RegulationsRegulationsConstructing an open recessed fireplacewith Hepworth Terracotta fireplacecomponents will meet the requirementsof The Building Regulations 2002,Approved Document J: Combustionappliances and fuel storage systems.Hepworth Terracotta flue liners meetthe requirements of The BuildingRegulations 2002, Approved DocumentJ: Combustion appliances and fuelstorage systems.Firebacks, lintels, corbel units and flueadaptors are manufactured to BS 1251:1987 ‘Specification for open-fireplacecomponents’.‘Design Considerations’ includesdetailed aspects of Building Regulationsrequirements.Flue linersTechnical Advisory Service Tel: 0870 4435551 Fax: 0870 4435552 E-mail: info@hepworthterracotta.co.ukSection 2a Page 5
Heating SolutionsFireplaces, Chimneys, Flues and TerminalsProduct CharacteristicsFlue liner terminalsChimney potsGeneral descriptionGeneral descriptionA range of terracotta components usedto terminate a flue lining above roof level.A range of terracotta components thatperform the same function as flue linerterminals but offer a wider aestheticchoice and more flexible response tolocal airflow conditions. (See note below)ApplicationsTerracotta flue liner terminals are usedas an alternative to chimney pots whereaesthetic considerations or local traditionare not important.ApplicationsTerracotta chimney pots are usedwhere the termination of a chimneyis subject to aesthetic considerationsor to local tradition. (See note below)Benefits Terracotta flue liner terminals areresistant to frost and the freeze/thaw cycle. Chemically treated to preventefflorescence. Available in red, buff and blue/black. Smooth internal surfaces resist thebuild-up of soot and tar deposits. A range of internal sizes suitablefor conveying flue gases from mosttypes of heating appliance.Benefits A wide variety of designs to suitmost aesthetic requirements. Available in red, buff and blue/black. Colours will not fade. Anti-downdraught types are alsoavailable to counter locally difficultwind conditions, although expertadvice should always be taken. Terracotta chimney pots are resistantto frost and the freeze/thaw cycle. Chemically treated to preventefflorescence.Flue liner terminalsMaterialsThe flue liner terminals are madeof terracotta formed from speciallyselected clays for long-term in-usestability and durability.MaterialsChimney pots are made of terracottaformed from specially selected clays forlong-term in-use stability and durability.Specification standardsThe flue liners terminals are tested toBS 1181: 1999 ‘Specification for clayflue linings and flue terminals’ to satisfycompressive strength criteria, resistanceto acid attack and air permeability, andability to withstand high temperatures.Specification standardsThe chimney pots are tested toBS 1181: 1999 ‘Specification for clayflue linings and flue terminals’ to satisfycompressive strength criteria, resistanceto acid attack and air permeability, andability to withstand high temperatures.RegulationsHepworth Terracotta flue liner terminalsmeet the requirements of The BuildingRegulations 2002, Approved DocumentJ: Combustion appliances and fuelstorage systems.RegulationsHepworth Terracotta chimney pots meetthe requirements of The BuildingRegulations 2002, Approved DocumentJ: Combustion appliances and fuelstorage systems.Chimney potsSection 2a Page 6Note: See ‘Gas Flue Block System’ for adescription of Gas Flue TerminalsTechnical Advisory Service Tel: 0870 4435551 Fax: 0870 4435552 E-mail: info@hepworthterracotta.co.uk
Heating SolutionsFireplaces, Chimneys, Flues and TerminalsProduct CharacteristicsPurpose-made chimney potsVentilation terminalsGeneral descriptionGeneral descriptionA technical service is available thatenables any design to be made to order.A range of terracotta fittings used tocap off flues or chimneys that are nolonger in use. These terminals must bereplaced with appropriate flue terminalsor chimney pots when/if the flues orchimneys are brought back into use.ApplicationsPurpose-made chimney pots are usedwhere the termination of a chimney issubject to aesthetic considerations or tolocal tradition.ApplicationsThe terminals prevent rain penetrationand, used in conjunction with internalventilation grille(s), also provide throughventilation to prevent condensation.Benefits Enables a very flexible andappropriate response to be made tothe context of a building, whether fornew-build or refurbishment projects. Available in red, buff and blue/black. Colours will not fade. Terracotta purpose made chimneypots are resistant to frost and thefreeze/thaw cycle. Chemically treated to preventefflorescence.BenefitsPurpose-made chimney pots An effective and simple method,requiring minimal alteration work,for maintaining the structuralintegrity of an un-used chimneyover an extended period. Available in red, buff and blue/black. Colours will not fade. Ventilation terminals are resistantto frost and the freeze/thaw cycle. Chemically treated to preventefflorescence.MaterialsPurpose-made chimney pots are madeof terracotta formed from speciallyselected clays for long-term in-usestability and durability.MaterialsVentilation terminals are made ofterracotta formed from specially selectedclays for long-term in-use stability anddurability.Specification StandardThe purpose-made chimney pots aretested to, and satisfy, BS 1181: 1989‘Specification for clay flue linings andflue terminals’. The tests covercompressive strength criteria, resistanceto acid attack and air permeability, andthe ability to withstand hightemperatures.Specification standardThe ventilation terminals are tested to,and satisfy, BS 1181: 1989‘Specification for clay flue linings andflue terminals’. The tests covercompressive strength criteria, resistanceto acid attack and air permeability.RegulationsHepworth Terracotta chimney pots meetthe requirements of The BuildingRegulations 2002, Approved DocumentJ: Combustion appliances and fuelstorage systems.Ventilation terminalsTechnical Advisory Service Tel: 0870 4435551 Fax: 0870 4435552 E-mail: info@hepworthterracotta.co.ukSection 2a Page 7
Heating SolutionsFireplaces, Chimneys, Flues and TerminalsDesign Considerations:IntroductionDesign Considerations is intended to provide architects, specifiersand builders with an understanding of how to design and constructcombustion installations for the safe and efficient performance ofsolid fuel, gas or oil heating systems.Chimney design will vary for differenttypes of appliance and whether the fuelburned is solid fuel, gas or oil. There arealso regional variations in the buildingregulations and standards covering eacharea of the UK.Specific requirements of heatingsystems burning solid fuel (pages 14-23)Design factors that need to beconsidered include: Permanent air supply requirements. Hearths. Fireplace recesses. Flue sizes. Wall thickness around flues. Type of fuel Flue outlet positions and heights. Type of heating appliance Flammable clearances. Chimney location in a building Chimney height Roof pitch and openingsThroughout ‘Design Considerations’,the use of Hepworth products isunderpinned by the requirements ofApproved Document J of the BuildingRegulations 2002.To aid the understanding of a complexsubject and to ensure an appropriateheating solution is achieved, ‘DesignConsiderations’ is divided into 4sub-sections.Specific requirements of heatingsystems burning gas (pages 24-25) Permanent air supply requirements. Gas fire types. Hearths. Flue sizes. Wall thickness around flues. Flue outlet positions and heights. Distance from roof windows.Specific requirements of heatingsystems burning oil (pages 26-27) General requirements of heatingsystems (pages 9-13)Permanent air supply requirements. Flue sizes. General air supply requirements toan appliance. Flue outlet positions and heights. Free area measurement methods. Permanent air vent locations Chimney locations, offsets. Flue sizes. Height of chimney and chimneystack. Roof pitch, openings and chimneyperformance. Notice plate requirements.Solid fuelOilSection 2a Page 8GeneralGasTechnical Advisory Service Tel: 0870 4435551 Fax: 0870 4435552 E-mail: info@hepworthterracotta.co.uk
Heating SolutionsFireplaces, Chimneys, Flues and TerminalsDesign Considerations:General requirements of heating systemsGeneral air supplyrequirements to an applianceThe provision of a permanent air supplyto combustion appliances is crucial to:a1a) Ensure the safe and efficient burningof solid fuel, oil or gas.a1a2a2b) Ensure the products of burning areproperly drawn through flues andsafely discharged to the outside air.a3a3a4a4a5It is dangerous to ignore thisessential requirement as set out in theBuilding Regulations 2002, ApprovedDocument J: Combustion appliancesand fuel storage systems. It is notsufficient to rely on air leakage arounddoors and windows, particularly with theneed to conform to increasinglystringent legislation for reducing heatloss and the consequent requirement fordouble glazing and draught proofing.Free area measurementmethod for air-ventsa5a6a6a7a7Areas of airvent type 1Areas of airvent type 2Total free area of each air-vent type a1 a2 a3 a4 a5 a6 a7 (mm2)(Note: The area height dimension is always measured at right angles to the slope of each vent slot/hole)Measuring free area of permanent air-vents (showing two alternatively configured vents)Figure 1To ensure that the required free area ofa permanent air-vent is correctlymeasured refer to the method shownin Figure 1. See pages 14, 24 and 26for the correct amount of ventilationrequired for various types of heatingappliance and fuel use.Well ventilated roof void spacePermanent air-vent locationsPermanently open air-vents should belocated where they are unlikely tobecome blocked. Uncomfortably colddraughts can be avoided if the vents areplaced close to heating appliances ortake air from other internal spaces suchas hallways. Air-vents should also not beset within fire resisting walls (other thanexternal walls) thereby allowing thepassage of smoke in the event of a fire.In addition, to prevent dust particles orashes from being disturbed by draughts,air vents should not be located withinfireplace recesses or near hearths.Refer to Figure 2 for the preferredlocations of permanent air vents tocombustion appliances.Habitable spaceHallSuspended floorCombustionapplianceWell ventilated floorvoid spacePermanent air-vent locationsFigure 2Technical Advisory Service Tel: 0870 4435551 Fax: 0870 4435552 E-mail: info@hepworthterracotta.co.ukSection 2a Page 9
Heating SolutionsFireplaces, Chimneys, Flues and TerminalsDesign Considerations:General requirements of heating systemsChimney locations and offsetsAngle should not be morethan 45ºThe best position for a chimney isin the centre of the building. Maximumadvantage can then be gained fromits heat storage and ventilationcharacteristics. Refer to Figure 3.The most effective chimney is onethat is straight and terminates with astraight-sided, hooded pot. Contraryto popular belief, an offset does nothave any anti-downdraught effect nordoes it prevent rain penetration. It does,however, encourage the build-up ofsoot that may lead to chimney fires andrestricts the evacuation of combustionproducts. An offset is therefore notrecommended unless it is unavoidable– such as another fireplace directlyabove, or the stack must penetrate theroof in a particular location for structuralor visual reasons.45ºBend 145ºBBend 2APreferred chimney locationFigure 3Measuring offsets (read with table 1 below)Figure 4Refer to Figure 4 for measuring offsetswhere used. In addition, refer to theflue offset calculation tables 1 and 2,and also to ‘Flue sizes’ below for theeffect of offsets on flue size.Other locations that may offer scope fora straight chimney (but do not maximisethe potential gains from heat storage)are shown in Figure 5.For the relationship of a fireplaceopening to an external or internal wallsee ‘Specific requirements of heatingsystems burning solid fuel’.Other chimney locations (less favourable for optimum all-round performance)Figure 5Flue sizesOffset calculation table 2Offset calculation table 1Offset provided by straightswhen used with bends (Refer to figure 4)Total offset provided by use of2 bends only, without straightsAngleof unitAngleof unit22.5º30º37.5º22.5º30º37.5ºLe
or chimney pots when/if the flues or chimneys are brought back into use. Applications The terminals prevent rain penetration and, used in conjunction with internal ventilation grille(s), also provide through-ventilation to prevent condensation. Benefits An effective and simple method, requiring minimal alteration work, for maintaining the structural integrity of an un-used chimney over an .
FASTSTACK CHIMNEYS FASTSTACK CHIMNEYS Faststack is a concept in chimney design suitable for both fully working and decorative functions. Faststack chimneys are easy to install saving both time and money on-site. The Faststack concept has been developed to make the installation of working and decorative chimneys simple and cost effective.
Confined Space. (secondary) NFPA 97, 2000 ed.; NFPA 211, 2000 ed. A space whose volume is less than 50 ft 3 /1000 Btu/hr (1.42 m /293 W) of the aggregate input rating of all appliances installed in that space. Draft. (preferred) NFPA 211, 2000 ed. The pressure differential that causes the flow of File Size: 345KBPage Count: 30Explore furtherNFPA 211: Standard for Chimneys, Fireplaces, Vents, and .www.nfpa.orgNFPA 211, Standard for Chimneys, Fireplaces, Vents, 2019 .blog.ansi.orgNFPA 211 & Your Chimney - Chimneys.comchimneys.comFree access NFPA codes and standardswww.nfpa.orgRecommended to you b
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How to Inspect Fireplaces Stoves and Chimneys
Stainless steel flues are frequently fabricated from AISI type 304 which contains nominally 18% Cr and 8% Ni as alloys. AISI type 316 is also sometimes used for flues (particularly in the UK). It contains 2% molybdenum for improved corrosion resistance. Both these types are .
fireplaces, and pellet stoves. Most fireplaces installed today have metal inserts that attach to a metal chimney. The metal remains behind the nice brick or stone facade and the outside chimney chase. Older fireplaces have a clay liner. Chimneys vary by the type of fireplace. Gas
from the face of the structure to the inside face of the column. 3.14 Chimneys. Chimneys should be full foundation based and made of brick, stucco or other material approved in writing by the ARB, and of a design, location, and material appropriate to the house. Metal flues and wood chases are not recommended but may be approved by the ARB
initially created for the AST committee of API and later encouraged by the RBI committee of API. The initial scope was mainly tank floor thinning. The methodology was later extended to include a quantitative method for shell thinning, as well as susceptibility analysis (supplement analysis) for shell brittle fracture and cracking. Figure 2 shows a typical process plant hierarchy and the AST .
