RAGHAV ACADEMY CMA INTER GR -I
RAGHAV ACADEMYCMA INTERGR-IDEC 2020 EXAMSSYLLABUS 2016BYCA RAGHAV GOEL
LARPG. IDENT FUNDESIBONUSMINIMUM WAGESWAGESDIRECTORS UNDER COMPANY 29303132-4041-43
Capsule: INDIAN CONTRACT ACT, 1872CommencementActof The Act came into effect from 1st September, 1872 and applies to all contracts inIndia.Essentials of a valid an offer or proposal intention to create legal relationscontract lawful consideration; capable of contract; genuine consent object and consideration shall be legal and the same shall not be opposed topublic policy; The terms shall be certain; The agreement is capable of being performed.Offer The offer must be in clear, definite, complete and final terms. The offer must be communicated to the offeree. The communication may be in writing or oral; The communication may be in expressed terms or in implied terms; The offer may be general or specific Communication of offer is complete when it comes to the knowledge of theperson to whom it is made.Revocation of offerSection 5 provides that a proposal may be revoked at any time before thecommunication of acceptance is complete as against the proposer but notafterwards.Lapse of offerAn offer may be lapsed if it is not accepted within the specified time it is not accepted in the mode prescribed the offeree rejects it either the offeror or the offeree dies the acceptor fails to fulfill a condition the offeree makes a counter offerAcceptance Acceptance may be in oral or in writing; It may be expressed or implied; It must be unqualified and absolute The conditional acceptance will amount to rejection of offer; A counter offer for acceptance will also amount to reject of offer It must be communicated Mere silence does not amount to acceptance;Revocationacceptanceof Section 5 provides that an acceptance may be revoked at any time before thecommunication of acceptance is complete as against the acceptor but not
[CMA INTER GROUP-I LAW] Capsule: CONTRACT ACT, 1872afterwards.Void agreementThe following agreements are considered to be void If considerations and objects are unlawful in part – Section – 24; Agreements without consideration – Section 25; Agreement in restraint of marriage – Section 26; Agreement in restraint of trade – Section 27; Agreements in restraint of legal proceedings – Section 28; Agreements void for uncertainty – Section 29; Agreements by way of wager – Section 30;CONSIDERATION1. It must move at the desire of the promisor2. It may move from the promisee or any other person3. Consideration must be something of value.4. It may be an act, abstinence or forbearance or a return promise5. It may be past, present or future6. It must not be unlawful.7. Consideration need not be adequate8. It must not be illusory9. It must not be opposed to public policyNOCONSIDERATION –NOCONTRACT:[Sec. 25]As per section 25, an agreement made without consideration is not void in thefollowing circumstances:1. Promise made on account of natural love and affection.2. Promise to compensate for voluntary services.3. Promise made to pay a time barred debt.4. Gift actually made:5. Creation of agency:6. Charitable TThe doctrine of privityof contract means that a contract is between the parties onlyand no third person can sue upon it except in the following circumstances wherestranger to contract can sue:1. Beneficiaries under trust or charge2. Marriage settlement, partition or other family arrangements3. Acknowledgement or estoppel.4. Agency5. Assignee in case of insurance policyTO/OFOFWho are Competent Following types of persons are not competent to contract:to Contract? (Section (a) A person who has not attained the age of majority, i.e. minor.(b) A person of unsound mind11)(c) A person who is disqualified from contracting by some law.FREE CONSENTConsent: ‘Two or more persons are said to consent when they agree upon thesame thing in the same sense.’ - [Sec 13].If the parties have not agreed upon the same thing in the same sense there is noreal consent and hence no contract is formed.RAGHAV ACADEMY-CA RAGHAV GOEL raghav@raghavacademy.comPage 2
[CMA INTER GROUP-I LAW] Capsule: CONTRACT ACT, 1872As per section 14 of the Contract act consent is said to be free when it is notcaused by—(1) Coercion (Sec 15), or(2) Undue influence (Sec 16), or(3) Fraud (Sec 17), or(4) Misrepresentation (Sec 18), or(5) Mistake, subject to provisions of Sec 20, 21 and 22.QUASICONTRACTS Section 68 – Claim for necessaries supplied to person incapable ofcontracting, or on his account Section 69 – Reimbursement of persons paying money due by another, inpayment of which he is interested Section 70 – Obligation of person enjoying benefit of non gratuitous act Section 71 – Responsibility of finder of goods Section 72 – Liability of person to whom money is paid or thing delivered bymistake or under coercionCONTINGENTCONTRACTSSection 31 defines ‘contingent contract’ as a contract to do or not to do something,if some event, collateral to such contract, does or does not happen.DISCHARGECONTRACTSOF The following are the various modes or methods by which a contract isdischarged.1. Discharge by performance2. Discharge by agreement (Novation, Alteration, Rescission, Remission, Waiver)3. Discharge by lapse of time4. Discharge by operation of law (Death, Insolvency, Unauthorised MaterialAlteration, Merger)5. Discharge by impossibility of performance6. Discharge by breach of contract (Actual and Anticipatory Breach)ContractIndemnityof Section 124 of the Act defines the expression ‘contract of indemnity’ as a contractby which one party promises to save the other from loss caused to him by theconduct of the promisor himself, or by the conduct of any other person.ContractGuaranteeof Section 126 defines the expression ‘the contract of guarantee’ as a contract toperform the promise, or discharge the liability of a third person in case of hisdefault.BailmentSection 148 defines the term ‘bailment’ as the delivery of goods by one person toanother for some purpose, upon a contract that they shall, when the purpose isaccomplished, by returned or otherwise disposed of according to the directions ofthe person delivering them.PLEDGESection 172 of the Act provides that the bailment of goods as security for paymentof a debt or performance of a promise is called ‘pledge’.RAGHAV ACADEMY-CA RAGHAV GOEL raghav@raghavacademy.comPage 3
[CMA INTER GROUP-I LAW] Capsule: CONTRACT ACT, 1872AGENCYSection 182 provides that an ‘agent’ is a person employed to do any act foranother or to represent another in dealing with the third person.RAGHAV ACADEMY-CA RAGHAV GOEL raghav@raghavacademy.comPage 4
CAPSULE : SALE OF GOODS ACT, 1930IntroductionDuring the year 1930, Sections 76 to 123 of the Contract Act were repealed. Aseparate Act viz., Sale of Goods Act, 1930 was passed.Effective dateThis Act came into force from 01.07.1930.GoodsSection 2(7) defines the term ‘goods’ as every kind of moveable property otherthan actionable claims and money; and includes stock and shares, growing crops,grass, and things attached to or forming part of the land which are agreed to besevered before sale or under the contract of sale.CONTRACTSALEEssentialsofContract of SaleSubjectcontractmatterOF As per section 4(1) “A contract of sale of goods is a contract whereby the sellertransfers or agrees to transfer the property in goods to the buyer for a price.”a The following are thus the essentials of a contract of sale of goods:(1) Bilateral contract(2) Transfer of property(3) Goods.(4) Price or money consideration(5) All essential elements of a valid contractof The subject matter of the contract – existing or future goods; goods perishing before making contract; goods perishing before sale but after agreement to sellRulesfor The provisions are discussed hereunder:Ascertaining Passing (A) Goods must be ascertained (section18)(B) Intention of the parties for such transfer (section 19)of PropertyRisk Prima Facie The rule regarding risk passes with the propertyPasses with PropertyTransfer of Title by “Nemo dat qui non habet” means that no one can give what he himself does notNon-Ownersof have. It means a non owner cannot make valid transfer of property in goods. If thetitle of the seller is defective, the buyer’s title will also be subject to same defect.Goods:EXCEPTIONS1. Sale by a mercantile agent2. Transfer of title by Estoppels3. Sale by a joint owner4. Sale by person in possession under voidable contract5. Sale by seller in possession after sale6. Sale by buyer in possession after sale7. Sale by an unpaid seller
[CMA INTER GROUP-I LAW] Capsule: SALE OF GOODS ACT, 1930CONDITIONS AND Condition [Section 12(2)]A condition is a stipulation essential to the main purpose of the contract, theWARRANTIESbreach of which gives rise to right to treat the contract as repudiated.Warranty [Section 12(3)]A warranty is a stipulation collateral to the main purpose of the contract, thebreach of which gives rise to a claim for damages but not to a right to reject thegoods and treat the contract as repudiated.Impliedconditions (i) Condition as to title [Sec 14(a)]are of the following (ii) Sale by description (Sec 15)types:(iii) Condition as to quality or fitness (Sec 16)(iv) Sale by sample (Sec 17)(v) In case of eatables and provisions, they shall be wholesome.Impliedwarranties (i) Warranty of quiet possession [Sec.14 (b)]are of following types: (ii) Warranty of freedom from encumbrances [Sec.14(c)](iii) Warranty as to quality or fitness by usage of trade:(iv) Warranty to disclose dangerous nature of goods:DOCTRINEOF Term “caveat emptor” is a Latin word which means “let the buyer beware”. Thisprinciple states that it is for the buyer to satisfy himself that the goods which he isCAVEAT EMPTORpurchasing are of the quality which he requires. If he buys goods for a particularpurpose, he must satisfy himself that they are fit for that purpose.Exceptions:(1) Where the seller makes a false representation and the buyer relies on it.(2) When the seller actively conceals a defect in the goods which is not visible ona reasonable examination of the same.(3) When the buyer, relying upon the skill and judgement of the seller, hasexpressly or impliedly communicated to him the purpose for which the goods arerequired.(4) Where goods are bought by description from a seller who deals in goods ofthat description.Rights of an Unpaid An unpaid seller’s right against the goods are:Seller against the (a) A lien or right of retention(b) The right of stoppage in transit.Goods(c) The right of resale.(d) The right to withhold deliveryRights of an unpaid 1. Suit for price: [Sec. 55]seller against the 2. Suit for damages for non-acceptance: [Sec. 56]buyer3. Suit for repudiation:4. Suit for interest: [Sec. 61]RAGHAV ACADEMY-CA RAGHAV GOEL raghav@raghavacademy.comPage 6
CAPSULE: NEGOTIABLE INSTRUMENTS ACT, 1881NegotiableInstrumentSection 13 of the Act defines the terms ‘negotiable instrument’ as a promissorynote, bill of exchange or either payable either to order or to bearer.The following are not the negotiable instruments share certificate passing from hand to hand with blank transfers Deposit receipts Mate’s receipt Bill of lading A benefit under a letter of creditEssential Features of 1. It must be in writing.aNegotiable 2. It should be signed by the maker or drawer.3. There must be a promise or order to pay.Instrument:4. The promise or order must be unconditional.5. It must call for payment in money and money only.6. It should call for payment of a certain sum.7. The property in the instrument may be passed in two ways:(a) by mere delivery; and(b) by indorsement and delivery.8. The consideration is also presumed to have been passed.Promissory NoteSection 4 of the Act defines the term ‘promissory note’ as an instrument in writing(not being a bank note or a currency note) containing an unconditionalundertaking, signed by the maker, to pay a certain sum of money only to, or to theorder of, a certain person, or to the bearer of the instrument.Bill of exchangeSection 5 defines the expression ‘bill of exchange’ as an instrument in writingcontaining an unconditional order, signed by the maker, directing a certain personto pay a certain sum of money only to, or to the order of, a certain person or to thebearer of the instrument.ChequeThe term ‘cheque’ is defined under Section 6 of the Act. It is a bill of exchangedrawn on a specified banker and not expressed to be payable otherwise than ondemand and it includes the electronic image of a truncated cheque and a cheque inthe electronic form.Holder –Section 8 defines the term ‘holder’. The holder of a promissory note or a bill ofexchange or cheque is any person entitled in his own name to the possessionthereof and to receive or recover the amount due thereon from the parties thereto.Holder in due course Section 9 defines the term ‘holder in due course. It means any person who forconsideration became the possessor and without having sufficient cause to believe–
[CMA INTER GROUP-I LAW] CAPSULE : NEGOTIABLE INSTRUMENTS ACT, 1881that any defect existed.InstrumentsCROSSINGCHEQUESThere are various types of instruments mentioned in this Act as follows: Inland instrument Foreign instrument Ambiguous instrument Instruments payable on demand Inchoate stamped instrumentsOF Section 123 provides that where a cheque bears across its face an addition of thewords ‘and company’ or any abbreviation thereof, between two parallel transverselines, or of two parallel transverse lines simply, either with or without the words‘not negotiable’ that addition shall be deemed a crossing, and the cheque shall bedeemed to be crossed generally.ENDORSEMENTThe ‘Indorsement’ means signatures of the person which are generally made at theback of the instrument, for the purpose of transfer of rights to another person.DishonourThe dishonor may be due to the following reasons non acceptance; and by nonpayment.ProtestSection 100 provides that when an instrument is dishonored the holder may causesuch dishonor to be noted and certified by a notary public. Such certificate iscalled a protest.RAGHAV ACADEMY-CA RAGHAV GOEL raghav@raghavacademy.comPage 8
CAPSULE : INDIAN PARTNERSHIP ACT, 1932Before the enactment of this Act, the provisions relating to partnership werecontained in Chapter XI, consisting of Section 239 to 266 of the Indian ContractAct, 1872.IntroductionEffectiveThe provisions of this Act came into effect from 01.10.1932 except Section 69which deals with the effect of non registration. Section 69 of this Act came intoeffect with effect 01.10.1933.WHATIS Section 4 defines the term ‘partnership’ as the relationship between persons whohave agreed to share the profits of a business carried on by all or any of themPARTNERSHIP?acting for all. The term ‘partners’ is defined as persons, who have entered intopartnership with one another are called individually ‘partners’. A ‘firm’ is thecollective of the partners. The ‘firm name’ is the name under which the business iscarried on.Different typespartnershipof There are four types of partnership which are as detailed below General Partnership; Limited Partnership; Partnership at will; Particular Partnership.Differentpartnersof The following are the various types of partners Working partner or Active partner; Sleeping or dormant partner; Secret partner; Limited partner; Partner in profits only; Nominal or ostensible or quasi partner; Minor as a partner.typesMinors as partnersSection 30 of the Indian partnership act provides that though a minor cannot be apartner of a firm, but, with the consent of all the partners for the time being, hemay be admitted to the benefits of the partnership by an agreement executedthrough his guardian with the other partners.Election on majorityOn attaining majority, or of his obtaining knowledge that he had been admitted tothe benefits of partnership whichever date is later, a minor may within six monthsfrom such date give public notice that he has elected to become or that he haselected not to become a partner in the firm.Procedure to form a First decide to who are the partners of the firm, considering the limit envisagedin the Act;partnership The name of the partnership firm is selected subject to the provisions of the
[CMA INTER GROUP-I LAW] CAPSULE : PARTNERSHIP ACT, 1932partnership Act; Select the business to be done by the partnership and object of the business; Decide the capital to be brought by each and every partner; Prepare the agreement deed of the firm – the deed is the vital and mostsignificant document. The deed shall contain all aspects of the partnership firm.This documents prescribes the ‘a to z’ of the partnership firm to be formed; The agreement should invariably in writing and signed by all partners; The provisions contained in the agreement are binding all partners; The partnership firm is to be registered. According to the Act the partnershipfirm may be registered or may not be registered. Unregistered firms have no legalprotection and therefore registration of partnership firm is to be preferred. Open bank account in the name of the partnership firm; In the present scenario obtaining PAN is necessary and get the PAN from theIncome Tax Authority; Acquire all mandatory licences from the respective authorities for the conduct ofthe business; Registration with required tax authorities i.e., direct tax as well as indirect taxsuch as central excise, service tax, VAT etc., The Registration certificate is the conclusive evidence of the formation of thepartnership firm.RECONSTITUTIONOF FIRMPartnership is an agreement between the members of a firm for sharing the profitsof the business carried on by all or any of them acting for all. Any change in thisrelationship amounts to reconstitution of the partnership firm. Any change in theexisting agreement of partnership amounts to reconstitution of a firm. A change inthe partnership agreement brings to an end the existing agreement and a newagreement comes into being. This new agreement changes the relationship amongthe members of the partnership firm. Hence, whenever there is a change in thepartnership agreement, the firm continues but it amounts to the reconstitution ofthe partnership firm.The reconstitution of a partnership firm may take place in the following occasions Change in profit sharing ratio of the existing partners; Admission of a new partner; Retirement of existing partner; Death of a partner; Amalgamation of two partnership firm.Applicationregistrationfor Section 58 provides that for the purpose of registration a statement in theprescribed form stating the name of the firm; the place, or principal place, of business of the firm; the names of any other places where the firm carries on business; the date when each partner joined the firm; the names, in full, and permanent address of the partners; and the duration of the firm.shall be prepared and duly signed by all partners, or by their agents specificallyauthorized in this behalf. The prescribed fee is also paid for registration. Eachperson, signing the statement, shall also verify it in the manner prescribed.RAGHAV ACADEMY-CA RAGHAV GOEL raghav@raghavacademy.comPage 10
[CMA INTER GROUP-I LAW] CAPSULE : PARTNERSHIP ACT, 1932Effectofregistrationnon The consequences of non-registration of a firm are as under;(1) No suit to enforce a right arising from a contract or conferred by this Act shallbe instituted in any Court by or on behalf of any person suing as a partner in a firmagainst the firm or any person alleged to be or to have been a partner in the firmunless the firm is registered and the person suing is or has been shown in theRegister of Firms as a partner in the firm.(2) No suit to en
[CMA INTER GROUP-I LAW ] Capsule: SALE OF GOODS ACT, 1930 RAGHAV ACADEMY-CA RAGHAV GOEL raghav@raghavacademy.com Page 6 CONDITIONS AND WARRANTIES Condition [Section 12(2)] A condition is a stipulation essential to the main purpose of the contract, the breach of which gives rise to right to treat the contract as repudiated.
CMA H. Padmanabhan Members CMA Rakesh Bhalla CMA Ashwinkumar G. Dalwadi CMA Niranjan Mishra CMA V. Murali CMA Paparao Sunkara CMA Rakesh Singh (Co-opted) CMA P V Bhattad (Co-opted) Secretary CMA Rajesh Jain, Deputy Director DIRECTORATE OF CAT - OFFICIALS CMA Rajesh Jain HOD - CAT & Deputy Director Mr. Niraj Garg Deputy Director
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Inter-Calibration Activities of NSMC/CMA Peng Zhang Key Laboratory of Radiometric Calibration and Validation for Environmental Satellites (LRCVES/CMA) National Satellite Meteorological Center (NSMC/CMA) Email: zhangp@nsmc.cma.gov.cn Tel: 86-10-68409671
CMA 118 Fundamentals of ECG/EKG Syllabus Lecture/Lab Hours/Credits: 2/2/3 Catalog Description Prerequisite: "C" or better in CMA 101 and CMA 103 Co-requisite: CMA 104 and CMA 120 This course will provide students the necessary skills to accurately perform an ECG/EKG examination to assess various heart rhythms.
Plastic cups through a long string .They both stand apart .Raghav speaks Softly into 1 cup and Ramesh hears by putting his ear in the other cup . Now Ramesh speaks and raghav listens . (a) What type of waves produced by voice of Raghav and Ramesh in the air inside the plastic cup . (b) What type of waves are produced in the string ?
The inter-relationship between these roles is summarised in the following paragraphs. T CMA The ERRA13 established the CMA as the UK’s economy-wide competition authority responsible for ensuring that competition and markets work well for consumers. The CMA’s primary duty is to seek to promote competition, both
CMA Members in Action: Evangelizing Other Physicians CMA Region IX Director Jim Asher, Claire Galin, and other D.O. members staffed a CMA booth at the 2013 AOA OMED Convention in Las Vegas, Sept. 30–Oct. 4. This is the second year that CMA D.O.’s have raised money and hosted an exhibit booth at their annual convention.
An Introduction to Thermal Field Theory Yuhao Yang September 23, 2011 Supervised by Dr. Tim Evans Submitted in partial ful lment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Quantum Fields and Fundamental Forces Department of Physics Imperial College London. Abstract This thesis aims to give an introductory review of thermal eld theo- ries. We review the imaginary time formalism .
