Ohio’s Learning Standards Mathematics
Ohio’s Learning StandardsMathematicsAlgebra 1DRAFT 2018
ALGEBRA 1 STANDARDS DRAFT 2018Table of ContentsTable of Contents . 2Introduction . 3STANDARDS FOR MATHEMATICAL PRACTICE . 4Mathematical Content Standards for High School . 7How to Read the High School Content Standards . 8ALGEBRA 1 CRITICAL AREAS OF FOCUS . 10ALGEBRA 1 COURSE OVERVIEW . 11High School—Modeling . 12High School—Number and Quantity. 14Number and Quantity Standards . 15High School—Algebra . 16Algebra Standards . 18High School—Functions . 20Functions Standards . 21High School—Statistics and Probablity . 23Statistics and Probability Standards . 24Glossary. 25Table 3. The Properties of Operations. . 29Table 4. The Properties of Equality. . 29Table 5. The Properties of Inequality. . 30Acknowledgements . 312
ALGEBRA 1 STANDARDS DRAFT 2018IntroductionPROCESSTo better prepare students for college and careers, educators usedpublic comments along with their professional expertise andexperience to revise Ohio’s Learning Standards. In spring 2016, thepublic gave feedback on the standards through an online survey.Advisory committee members, representing various Ohio educationassociations, reviewed all survey feedback and identified neededchanges to the standards. Then they sent their directives to workinggroups of educators who proposed the actual revisions to thestandards. The Ohio Department of Education sent their revisionsback out for public comment in July 2016. Once again, the AdvisoryCommittee reviewed the public comments and directed the WorkingGroup to make further revisions. Upon finishing their work, thedepartment presented the revisions to the Senate and Houseeducation committees as well as the State Board of Education.UNDERSTANDING MATHEMATICSThese standards define what students should understand and be ableto do in their study of mathematics. Asking a student to understandsomething means asking a teacher to assess whether the student hasunderstood it. But what does mathematical understanding look like?One hallmark of mathematical understanding is the ability to justify, ina way appropriate to the student’s mathematical maturity, why aparticular mathematical statement is true, or where a mathematicalrule comes from. There is a world of difference between a studentwho can summon a mnemonic device to expand a product such as(a b)(x y) and a student who can explain where the mnemonicdevice comes from. The student who can explain the rule understandsthe mathematics at a much deeper level. Then the student may havea better chance to succeed at a less familiar task such as expanding(a b c)(x y). Mathematical understanding and procedural skillare equally important, and both are assessable using mathematicaltasks of sufficient richness.3The content standards are grade-specific. However, they do notdefine the intervention methods or materials necessary to supportstudents who are well below or well above grade-level expectations. Itis also beyond the scope of the standards to define the full range ofsupports appropriate for English learners and for students with specialneeds. At the same time, all students must have the opportunity tolearn and meet the same high standards if they are to access theknowledge and skills necessary in their post-school lives. Educatorsshould read the standards allowing for the widest possible range ofstudents to participate fully from the outset. They should provideappropriate accommodations to ensure maximum participation ofstudents with special education needs. For example, schools shouldallow students with disabilities in reading to use Braille, screen readertechnology or other assistive devices. Those with disabilities in writingshould have scribes, computers, or speech-to-text technology. In asimilar vein, educators should interpret the speaking and listeningstandards broadly to include sign language. No set of grade-specificstandards can fully reflect the great variety in abilities, needs, learningrates, and achievement levels of students in any given classroom.However, the standards do provide clear signposts along the way tohelp all students achieve the goal of college and career readiness.The standards begin on page 4 with the eight Standards forMathematical Practice.
ALGEBRA 1 STANDARDS DRAFT 20184Standards for Mathematical PracticeThe Standards for Mathematical Practice describe varieties of expertise thatmathematics educators at all levels should seek to develop in their students.These practices rest on important “processes and proficiencies” withlongstanding importance in mathematics education. The first of these are theNCTM process standards of problem solving, reasoning and proof,communication, representation, and connections. The second are the strandsof mathematical proficiency specified in the National Research Council’s reportAdding It Up: adaptive reasoning, strategic competence, conceptualunderstanding (comprehension of mathematical concepts, operations andrelations), procedural fluency (skill in carrying out procedures flexibly,accurately, efficiently, and appropriately), and productive disposition (habitualinclination to see mathematics as sensible, useful, and worthwhile, coupledwith a belief in diligence and one’s own efficacy).1. Make sense of problems and persevere in solving them.Mathematically proficient students start by explaining to themselves themeaning of a problem and looking for entry points to its solution. They analyzegivens, constraints, relationships, and goals. They make conjectures about theform and meaning of the solution and plan a solution pathway rather thansimply jumping into a solution attempt. They consider analogous problems,and try special cases and simpler forms of the original problem in order to gaininsight into its solution. They monitor and evaluate their progress and changecourse if necessary. Older students might, depending on the context of theproblem, transform algebraic expressions or change the viewing window ontheir graphing calculator to get the information they need. Mathematicallyproficient students can explain correspondences between equations, verbaldescriptions, tables, and graphs or draw diagrams of important features andrelationships, graph data, and search for regularity or trends. Youngerstudents might rely on using concrete objects or pictures to help conceptualizeand solve a problem. Mathematically proficient students check their answersto problems using a different method, and they continually ask themselves,“Does this make sense?” They can understand the approaches of others tosolving more complicated problems and identify correspondences betweendifferent approaches.2. Reason abstractly and quantitatively.Mathematically proficient students make sense of quantities and theirrelationships in problem situations. They bring two complementary abilities tobear on problems involving quantitative relationships: the ability todecontextualize—to abstract a given situation and represent it symbolicallyand manipulate the representing symbols as if they have a life of their own,without necessarily attending to their referents—and the ability tocontextualize, to pause as needed during the manipulation process in order toprobe into the referents for the symbols involved. Quantitative reasoningentails habits of creating a coherent representation of the problem at hand;considering the units involved; attending to the meaning of quantities, not justhow to compute them; and knowing and flexibly using different properties ofoperations and objects.3. Construct viable arguments and critique the reasoning of others.Mathematically proficient students understand and use stated assumptions,definitions, and previously established results in constructing arguments. Theymake conjectures and build a logical progression of statements to explore thetruth of their conjectures. They are able to analyze situations by breaking theminto cases, and can recognize and use counterexamples. They justify theirconclusions, communicate them to others, and respond to the arguments ofothers. They reason inductively about data, making plausible arguments thattake into account the context from which the data arose. Mathematicallyproficient students are also able to compare the effectiveness of two plausiblearguments, distinguish correct logic or reasoning from that which is flawed,and—if there is a flaw in an argument—explain what it is. Elementary studentscan construct arguments using concrete referents such as objects, drawings,diagrams, and actions. Such arguments can make sense and be correct, eventhough they are not generalized or made formal until later grades. Later,students learn to determine domains to which an argument applies. Studentsat all grades can listen or read the arguments of others, decide whether theymake sense, and ask useful questions to clarify or improve the arguments.
ALGEBRA 1 STANDARDS DRAFT 2018Standards for Mathematical Practice,continued4. Model with mathematics.Mathematically proficient students can apply the mathematics they know tosolve problems arising in everyday life, society, and the workplace. In earlygrades, this might be as simple as writing an addition equation to describe asituation. In middle grades, a student might apply proportional reasoning toplan a school event or analyze a problem in the community.By high school, a student might use geometry to solve a design problem oruse a function to describe how one quantity of interest depends on another.Mathematically proficient students who can apply what they know arecomfortable making assumptions and approximations to simplify acomplicated situation, realizing that these may need revision later.They are able to identify important quantities in a practical situation and maptheir relationships using such tools as diagrams, two-way tables, graphs,flowcharts, and formulas. They can analyze those relationshipsmathematically to draw conclusions. They routinely interpret theirmathematical results in the context of the situation and reflect on whetherthe results make sense, possibly improving the model if it has not servedits purpose.5. Use appropriate tools strategically.Mathematically proficient students consider the available tools when solving amathematical problem. These tools might include pencil and paper, concretemodels, a ruler, a protractor, a calculator, a spreadsheet, a computer algebrasystem, a statistical package, or dynamic geometry software. Proficientstudents are sufficiently familiar with tools appropriate for their grade or courseto make sound decisions about when each of these tools might be helpful,recognizing both the insight to be gained and their limitations. For example,mathematically proficient high school students analyze graphs of functions andsolutions generated using a graphing calculator. They detect possible errorsby strategically using estimation and other mathematical knowledge. Whenmaking mathematical models, they know that technology can enable them tovisualize the results of varying assumptions, explore consequences, andcompare predictions with data. Mathematically proficient students at variousgrade levels are able to identify relevant external mathematical resources,such as digital content located on a website, and use them to pose or solve5problems. They are able to use technological tools to explore and deepen theirunderstanding of concepts.6. Attend to precision.Mathematically proficient students try to communicate precisely to others.They try to use clear definitions in discussion with others and in their ownreasoning. They state the meaning of the symbols they choose, includingusing the equal sign consistently and appropriately. They are careful aboutspecifying units of measure and labeling axes to clarify the correspondencewith quantities in a problem. They calculate accurately and efficiently andexpress numerical answers with a degree of precision appropriate for theproblem context. In the elementary grades, students give carefully formulatedexplanations to each other. By the time they reach high school they havelearned to examine claims and make explicit use of definitions.7. Look for and make use of structure.Mathematically proficient students look closely to discern a pattern orstructure. Young students, for example, might notice that three and sevenmore is the same amount as seven and three more, or they may sort acollection of shapes according to how many sides the shapes have. Later,students will see 7 8 equals the well remembered 7 5 7 3, in preparationfor learning about the distributive property. In the expression x2 9x 14,older students can see the 14 as 2 7 and the 9 as 2 7. They recognize thesignificance of an existing line in a geometric figure and can use the strategyof drawing an auxiliary line for solving problems. They also can step back foran overview and shift perspective. They can see complex things, such as somealgebraic expressions, as single objects or as being composed of severalobjects. For example, they can see 5 – 3(x – y)2 as 5 minus a positive numbertimes a square and use that to realize that its value cannot be more than 5 forany real numbers x and y.
ALGEBRA 1 STANDARDS DRAFT 20186Standards for Mathematical Practice,continued8. Look for and express regularity in repeated reasoning.Mathematically proficient students notice if calculations are repeated, and lookboth for general methods and for shortcuts. Upper elementary students mightnotice when dividing 25 by 11 that they are repeating the same calculationsover and over again, and conclude they have a repeating decimal. By payingattention to the calculation of slope as they repeatedly check whether pointsare on the line through (1, 2) with slope 3, students might abstract the equation(y 2)/(x 1) 3. Noticing the regularity in the way terms cancel when expanding(x 1)(x 1), (x 1)(x2 x 1), and (x 1)(x3 x2 x 1) might lead themto the general formula for the sum of a geometric series. As they work to solvea problem, mathematically proficient students maintain oversight of theprocess, while attending to the details. They continually evaluate thereasonableness of their intermediate results.CONNECTING THE STANDARDS FOR MATHEMATICAL PRACTICE TOTHE STANDARDS FOR MATHEMATICAL CONTENTThe Standards for Mathematical Practice describe ways in which developingstudent practitioners of the discipline of mathematics increasingly ought toengage with the subject matter as they grow in mathematical maturity andexpertise throughout the elementary, middle, and high school years.Designers of curricula, assessments, and professional development shouldall attend to the need to connect the mathematical practices to mathematicalcontent in mathematics instruction.The Standards for Mathematical Content are a balanced combination ofprocedure and understanding. Expectations that begin with the word“understand” are often especially good opportunities to connect the practicesto the content. Students who lack understanding of a topic may rely onprocedures too heavily. Without a flexible base from which to work, they maybe less likely to consider analogous problems, represent problems coherently,justify conclusions, apply the mathematics to practical situations, usetechnology mindfully to work with the mathematics, explain the mathematicsaccurately to other students, step back for an overview, or deviate from aknown procedure to find a shortcut. In short, a lack of understanding effectivelyprevents a student from engaging in the mathematical practices. In thisrespect, those content standards which set an expectation of understandingare potential “points of intersection” between the Standards for MathematicalContent and the Standards for Mathematical Practice. These points ofintersection are intended to be weighted toward central and generativeconcepts in the school mathematics curriculum that most merit the time,resources, innovative energies, and focus necessary to qualitatively improvethe curriculum, instruction, assessment, professional development, andstudent achievement in mathematics.
ALGEBRA 1 STANDARDS DRAFT 20187Mathematical Content Standards for High SchoolPROCESSThe high school standards specify the mathematics that all studentsshould study in order to be college and career ready. Additionalmathematics that students should learn in order to take advancedcourses such as calculus, advanced statistics, or discretemathematics is indicated by ( ), as in this example:( ) Represent complex numbers on the complex plane inrectangular and polar form (including real and imaginarynumbers).All standards without a ( ) symbol should be in the commonmathematics curriculum for all college and career ready students.Standards with a ( ) symbol may also appear in courses intended forall students. However, standards with a ( ) symbol will not appear onOhio’s State Tests.The high school standards are listed in conceptual categories: Modeling Number and Quantity Algebra Functions Geometry Statistics and ProbabilityConceptual categories portray a coherent view of high schoolmathematics; a student’s work with functions, for example, crosses anumber of traditional course boundaries, potentially up through andincluding calculus.Modeling is best interpreted not as a collection of isolated topics but inrelation to other standards. Making mathematical models is aStandard for Mathematical Practice, and specific modeling standardsappear throughout the high school standards indicated by a starsymbol ( ).Proofs in high school mathematics should not be limited to geometry.Mathematically proficient high school students employ multiple proofmethods, including algebraic derivations, proofs using coordinates,and proofs based on geometric transformations, includingsymmetries. These proofs are supported by the use of diagrams anddynamic software and are written in multiple formats including not justtwo-column proofs but also proofs in paragraph form, includingmathematical symbols. In statistics, rather than using mathematicalproofs, arguments are made based on empirical evidence within aproperly designed statistical investigation.
ALGEBRA 1 STANDARDS DRAFT 2018HOW TO READ THE HIGH SCHOOL CONTENT STANDARDSConceptual Categories are areas of mathematics that cross throughvarious course boundaries.Domains are larger groups of related standards. Standards fromdifferent domains may sometimes be closely related.Clusters are groups of related standards. Note that standards fromdifferent clusters may sometimes be closely related, becausemathematics is a connected subject.Standards define what students should understand and be able todo.Gshows there is a definition in the glossa
mathematics educators at all levels should seek to develop in their students. These practices rest on important “processes and proficiencies” with longstanding importance in mathematics education. The first of these arethe NCTM process standards of problem solving, reasoning and proof, communication, representation, and connections.
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