The Allyn & Bacon Guide To Writing
TheAllyn & BaconGuide to Writing
TheAllyn & BaconGuide to WritingTHIRD EDITIONJohn D. RamageArizona State UniversityJohn C. BeanSeattle UniversityJune JohnsonSeattle UniversityNew York San Francisco BostonLondon Toronto Sydney Tokyo Singapore MadridMexico City Munich Paris Cape Town Hong Kong Montreal
Senior Vice President and Publisher: Joseph OpielaVice President and Publisher: Eben W. LudlowDevelopment Manager: Janet LanphierDevelopment Editor: Marion B. CastellucciExecutive Marketing Manager: Ann StypuloskiSupplements Editor: Teresa WardMedia Supplements Editor: Nancy GarciaProduction Manager: Donna DeBenedictisProject Coordination, Text Design, and Electronic Page Makeup: Elm StreetPublishing Services, Inc.Cover Designer/Manager: Wendy Ann FredericksCover Art: Jim Ward Morris/Artville, LLCPhoto Researcher: Shaie Dively/PhotoSearch, Inc.Manufacturing Buyer: Al DorseyPrinter and Binder: RR Donnelley & Sons Company, CrawfordsvilleCover Printer: Phoenix Color CorporationFor permission to use copyrighted material, grateful acknowledgment is made to thecopyright holders on pages 814 to 817, which are hereby made part of this copyrightpage.Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication DataRamage, John D.The Allyn and Bacon guide to writing/John D. Ramage, John C. Bean, JuneJohnson—3rd ed.p.cm.Includes index.ISBN 0-321-10622-91. English language—Rhetoric—Handbooks, manuals, etc. 2. English language—Grammar—Handbooks, manuals, etc. 3. Report writing—Handbooks,manuals, etc. 4. College readers. I. Title: Guide to writing. II. Bean, John C. III.Johnson, June. IV. Title.PE1408.R18 2003808 .0427—dc212002067146Copyright 2003 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in aretrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission ofthe publisher. Printed in the United States of America.Please visit our website at http://www.ablongman.com/ramageISBN 0-321-10622-9 (Complete Edition)ISBN 0-321-10621-0 (Brief Edition)ISBN 0-321-09326-7 (Concise Edition)1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10—DOC—05 04 03 02
Brief ContentsDetailed Contents ixWriting Projects xxviiThematic Contents xxixPreface xxxvUsing the Part Opener Images xlviPA R T O N EA Rhetoric for College Writers 3CHAPTER 1Posing Problems: The Demands of College Writing 5CHAPTER 2Pursuing Problems: Exploratory Writing andTalking 24CHAPTER 3Thinking Rhetorically about Question, Thesis, andSupport 40CHAPTER 4Thinking Rhetorically about Purpose, Audience, andGenre 60PA R T T W OWriting Projects 85WRITING TO LEARNCHAPTER 5Seeing Rhetorically: The Writer as Observer 87CHAPTER 6Reading Rhetorically: The Writer as Strong Reader 108WRITING TO EXPRESSCHAPTER 7Writing an Autobiographical Narrative 152WRITING TO EXPLORECHAPTER 8Writing an Exploratory Essay 174v
vi Brief ContentsWRITING TO INFORMCHAPTER 9Writing an Informative (and Surprising) Essay 197WRITING TO ANALYZE AND SYNTHESIZECHAPTER 10Analyzing Images 218CHAPTER 11Analyzing Numerical Data 249CHAPTER 12Analyzing a Short Story 275CHAPTER 13Analyzing and Synthesizing Ideas 304CHAPTER 14Investigating Cause and Consequence 337WRITING TO PERSUADECHAPTER 15Writing a Classical Argument 372CHAPTER 16Making an Evaluation 417CHAPTER 17Proposing a Solution 441PA R T T H R E EA Guide to Composing and Revising 477CHAPTER 18Writing as a Problem-Solving Process 479CHAPTER 19Composing and Revising Closed-Form Prose 497CHAPTER 20Composing and Revising Open-Form Prose 544PA R T F O U RA Rhetorical Guide to Research 573CHAPTER 21An Introduction to Research 575CHAPTER 22Finding and Evaluating Sources 581CHAPTER 23Using, Citing, and Documenting Sources 617CHAPTER 24Advanced or Specialized Research Skills 668
Brief Contents viiPA R T F I V EA Guide to Special Writing and SpeakingOccasions 683CHAPTER 25Oral Communication: Working in Groups and GivingSpeeches 685CHAPTER 26Essay Examinations: Writing Well Under Pressure 701CHAPTER 27Assembling a Portfolio and Writing a ReflectiveSelf-Evaluation 715PA R T S I XA Guide to Editing 731HANDBOOK 1Improving Your Editing Skills 733HANDBOOK 2Understanding Sentence Structure 739HANDBOOK 3Punctuating Boundaries of Sentences, Clauses, andPhrases 753HANDBOOK 4Editing for Standard English Usage 763HANDBOOK 5Editing for Style 779HANDBOOK 6Editing for Punctuation and Mechanics 789
Detailed ContentsWriting Projects xxviiThematic Contents xxixPreface xxxvUsing the Part Opener Images xlviPA R T O N EA Rhetoric for College Writers 3CHAPTER 1Posing Problems: The Demands ofCollege Writing 5Why Take a Writing Course? 6Subject-Matter Problems: The Starting Point of Writing 7Shared Problems Unite Writers and Readers 7 The Writer asProblematizer 9 Posing a Problem: A Case Study of a BeginningCollege Writer 10 Types of Subject-Matter Questions 11Rhetorical Problems: Reaching Readers Effectively 12An Example of a Rhetorical Problem: When to Choose Closed VersusOpen Forms 13READINGS 13David Rockwood, “A Letter to the Editor” 13Thomas Merton, “Rain and the Rhinoceros” 14Distinctions between Closed and Open Forms of Writing 16Where to Place Your Writing along the Continuum 17Chapter Summary 18BRIEF WRITING PROJECT 19READING 19Amanda Higgins (student), “Country Music Cool?” 19Showing Why Your Question Is Problematic 20 Showing Why YourQuestion Is Significant 22 Planning Your Essay 22CHAPTER 2Pursuing Problems: Exploratory Writing andTalking 24What Does a Professor Want? 25Learning to Wallow in Complexity 25 Seeing Each Academic Discipline as aField of Inquiry and Argument 27 How a Prototypical Introduction Poses aQuestion and Proposes an Answer 29Techniques for Exploratory Writing and Talking 31ix
x Detailed ContentsFreewriting 32 Focused Freewriting 33 Idea Mapping 33 DialecticDiscussion 34 Active Reading and Research 35Chapter Summary 36BRIEF WRITING PROJECT 37Playing the Believing and Doubting Game 37 Student Example 38CHAPTER 3Thinking Rhetorically about Question,Thesis, and Support 40Thinking Rhetorically to Deepen Inquiry 41Posing a Question That Engages Your Audience 42Seeking a Surprising Thesis 43Try to Change Your Readers’ Views of Your Subject 44Tension 45 Give Your ThesisSupporting Your Thesis with Points and Particulars 47How Points Convert Information to Meaning 48 How Removing ParticularsCreates a Summary 49 How to Use Your Knowledge about Points andParticulars When You Revise 50 How Particulars Can Be Arranged on aScale of Abstraction 50Recognizing a Writer’s “Angle of Vision” 51Changing Your Readers’ View with Images as Well as Words 55Chapter Summary 58BRIEF WRITING PROJECT 58CHAPTER 4Thinking Rhetorically about Purpose,Audience, and Genre 60How Writers Think about Purpose 61Purpose as a Response to a Motivating Occasion 61 Purpose as a Desire toChange Your Readers’ Views 62 Purpose as Rhetorical Aim 62How Writers Think about Audience 66Assessing Your Audience 66How Writers Think about Genre 67Rhetorical Context and Your Choices about Structure 70Rhetorical Context and Your Choices about Style 71Factors That Affect Style 71 Recognizing Different Styles and Voices 72Rhetorical Context and Your Choices about Document Design 74Key Components of Document Design 75Designs 77 Examples of Different DocumentA Generic Rhetorical Context for College Writing 80What Do We Mean by a “Default” or “Generic” Rhetorical Context? 81Assignments That Specify Different Rhetorical Contexts 81Summary of Chapter 4 and Part One 82BRIEF WRITING PROJECT 82
Detailed Contents xiPA R T T W OWriting Projects 85WRITING TO LEARNCHAPTER 5Seeing Rhetorically: The Writer asObserver 87About Seeing Rhetorically 87Exploring Rhetorical Observation 87Exhibit 1: Photographs of the ANWR 88 Exhibit 2: Two VerbalDescriptions of the ANWR 90 Exhibit 3: Descriptions of the ANWR byPolitical Figures 91 Analyzing the Exhibits 92WRITING PROJECT 92Understanding Observational Writing 93Considering the Factors That Shape Perception 93Rhetorical Analysis 96 Conducting a SimpleREADINGS 99Henry Morton Stanley’s Account 99Mojimba’s Account 100Thinking Critically about the Two Accounts 100Composing Your Essay 101Exploring Rationales and Details for Your Two Descriptions 101 Generating Details 102 Shaping and Drafting Your Two Descriptions 103Using Show Words Rather Than Tell Words 103 Revising Your TwoDescriptions 105 Generating and Exploring Ideas for Your RhetoricalAnalysis and Reflection 105 Guidelines for Peer Reviews 106CHAPTER 6Reading Rhetorically: The Writer asStrong Reader 108About Reading Rhetorically 108Exploring Rhetorical Reading 108READING 109Andrés Martin, M.D., “On Teenagers and Tattoos” 109WRITING PROJECT 113Understanding Rhetorical Reading 113What Makes College-Level Reading Difficult? 113 Using the ReadingStrategies of Experts 115 Reading With the Grain and Against the Grain 117Understanding Summary Writing 118Reading for Structure and Content 118Understanding Strong Response Writing 123
xii Detailed ContentsKinds of Strong Responses 123 Student Example of a Summary/StrongResponse Essay: Sean Barr y, “Why Do Teenagers Get Tattoos? A Response toAndrés Martin” 124 Questions for Analyzing and Critiquing a Text 126 Questions for Developing Your Own Views about the Text’s Subject Matter 129 Rereading Strategies to Stimulate Thinking for a Strong Response 130READINGS 133Florence King, “I’d Rather Smoke than Kiss” 133Gina Escamilla, Angie L. Cradock, and Ichiro Kawachi, “Women andSmoking in Hollywood Movies: A Content Analysis” 138Edward Abbey, “The Damnation of a Canyon” 144Composing Your Summary/Strong Response Essay 148Generating and Exploring Ideas for Your Summary 148 Shaping, Drafting,and Revising Your Summary 149 Generating and Exploring Ideas for YourStrong Response 149 Writing a Thesis for a Strong Response Essay 150 Revising Your Strong Response 150Guidelines for Peer Reviews 150WRITING TO EXPRESSCHAPTER 7Writing an Autobiographical Narrative 152About Autobiographical Narrative 152Exploring Autobiographical Narrative 153WRITING PROJECT 154Understanding Autobiographical Writing 155Autobiographical Tension: The Opposition of Contraries 155Elements of Literary Narrative to Generate Ideas 155Using the READINGS 160Kris Saknussemm, “Phantom Limb Pain” 160Patrick José (student), “No Cats in America?” 162Anonymous (student), “Masks” 165Sheila Madden, “Letting Go of Bart” 167Composing Your Essay 170Generating and Exploring Ideas 170 Shaping and Drafting 171 Revising 172Guidelines for Peer Reviews 172WRITING TO EXPLORECHAPTER 8Writing an Exploratory Essay 174About Exploratory Writing 174Exploring Exploratory Writing 175WRITING PROJECT 177Understanding Exploratory Writing 177The Essence of Exploratory Prose: Considering Multiple Solutions 178
Detailed Contents xiiiREADINGS 180Christopher Leigh (student), “An Exploration of How to PreventViolence in Schools” 180Sheridan Botts (student), “Exploring Problems about Hospices” 185Composing Your Exploratory Essay 188Generating and Exploring Ideas 188 Continuing with Research andDialectic Thinking 191 Shaping and Drafting 192 Revising 194Guidelines for Peer Reviews 195WRITING TO INFORMCHAPTER 9Writing an Informative (and Surprising)Essay 197About Informative (and Surprising) Writing 197Exploring Informative (and Surprising) Writing 198WRITING PROJECT 199Understanding Informative (and Surprising) Writing 199READINGS 201Leo W. Banks, “Not Guilty: Despite Its Fearsome Image, the Tarantula Is aBenign Beast” 201Cheryl Carp (student), “Behind Stone Walls” 204David Quammen, “The Face of a Spider: Eyeball to Eyeball with the Good,the BAD, and the Ugly” 207Composing Your Essay 212Generating and Exploring Ideas 212 Shaping and Drafting 214 Revising 216Guidelines for Peer Reviews 216WRITING TO ANALYZE AND SYNTHESIZEC H A P T E R 1 0 Analyzing Images 218About Analyzing Images 218Exploring Image Analysis 220WRITING PROJECT 222Understanding Image Analysis 223How Images Create a Rhetorical Effect 223 How to Analyze anAdvertisement 227 How Advertisers Target Specific Audiences 228Sample Analysis of an Advertisement 229 Cultural Perspectives onAdvertisements 232 READINGS 236Paul Messaris, From Visual Persuasion: The Role of Images in Advertising 237Stephen Bean (student), “How Cigarette Advertisers Address the StigmaAgainst Smoking: A Tale of Two Ads” 242Composing Your Essay 246
xiv Detailed ContentsGenerating and Exploring Ideas 246Revising 247 Shaping and Drafting 246 Guidelines for Peer Reviews 247C H A P T E R 1 1 Analyzing Numerical Data 249About Numerical Analysis 249Exploring Numerical Analysis 250Task 1: Analyzing the Use of Numbers in an Article 250READINGUSA Today, “Help Troubled Teens—Don’t Forget Them” 250Task 2: Analyzing Quantitative Graphics 253WRITING PROJECT 255Understanding Numerical Analysis 256What Do We Mean by “Data”? 256 Basic Tools of Data Analysis 257 Incorporating Quantitative Graphics into Your Own Writing 262 ShapingData for Specific Effects 264READINGS 266Bryant Stamford, “Understand Calories, Fat Content in Food” 266Vicki Alexander (student), “Trouble with Teens or with Numbers?” 268Jean Fleming (student), “How Well-Off Are Retired People?” 270Composing Your Essay—Option A, Article Analysis 272Generating and Exploring Ideas 272Revising 272 Shaping and Drafting 272 Composing Your Essay—Option B, Microtheme Based on Table 11.1 272Generating and Exploring Ideas 272Revising 273 Shaping and Drafting 272 Guidelines for Peer Reviews 273C H A P T E R 1 2 Analyzing a Short Story 275About Literary Analysis 275Exploring Literary Analysis 276READING 276Evelyn Dahl Reed, “The Medicine Man” 276WRITING PROJECT 277Essay Assignment 277 Reading Log Assignment 278Understanding Literary Analysis 278The Truth of Literary Events 278Literature 281 Reading the Story 280READINGS 285Alice Walker, “Everyday Use (for Your Grandmama)” 285 Writing (about)
Detailed Contents xvDavid Updike, “Summer” 292Betsy Weiler (student), “Who Do You Want to Be? Finding Heritage inWalker’s ‘Everyday Use’” 297Composing Your Essay 299Generating and Exploring Ideas 299Revising 302 Shaping and Drafting 301 Guidelines for Peer Reviews 302C H A P T E R 1 3 Analyzing and Synthesizing Ideas 304About the Analysis and Synthesis of Ideas 304Exploring the Analysis and Synthesis of Ideas 306READINGS 306John Gallagher, “Young Entrepreneurs’ Disdain for Time Off” 306Keith Goetzman, “The Late, Great Outdoors” 308WRITING PROJECT 310Essay Assignment 311 Learning Log Assignments 311 Suggested Ideasfor Synthesis Questions and Readings 311 An Explanation of the StudentExamples in This Chapter 312Understanding Analysis and Synthesis 313The Challenge of Synthesizing Ideas 313 Understanding Your TextsThrough Summary Writing 313 Examining the Rhetorical Strategies Usedin Your Texts 315 Identifying Main Themes and Examining Similarities andDifferences in the Ideas in Your Texts 316 Moving Toward Your OwnViews 317 Taking Your Position in the Conversation: Your Synthesis 319 Student Example of a Synthesis Essay: Kate MacAulay, “Technology’s Peril andPotential” 320READINGS 323Bill McKibben, “The Environmental Issue from Hell” 323Bjo/ rn Lomborg, “Global Warming—Are We Doing the RightThing?” 326Alan Durning, “Land of the Free . . . Parking” 330Composing Your Synthesis Essay 332Generating and Exploring Ideas 332 Shaping and Drafting 332 Writinga Thesis for a Synthesis Essay 333 Possible Organizations for SynthesisEssays 334 Revising 334Guidelines for Peer Reviews 335C H A P T E R 1 4 Investigating Cause and Consequence 337About Causal Analysis 337Exploring Causal Analysis 338WRITING PROJECT 339
xvi Detailed ContentsUnderstanding Causal Analysis 340Kinds of Phenomena That Give Rise to Causal Questions 340 SpecialDifficulty of Examining Causality in Humans 341 The Law of UnexpectedConsequences 342 Three Methods for Arguing That One Event CausesAnother 342 Glossary of Causal Terms 347READINGS 348Steven E. Landsburg, “Why Are We Getting So Fat? A Few Theories onAmerica’s Weight Problem” 349Evar D. Nering, “The Mirage of a Growing Fuel Supply” 351Edgar Lobaton (student), “What Causes Latino Stereotypes in the UnitedStates?” 353Susan Meyers (student), “Denying Desire: The Anorexic Struggle withImage, Self, and Sexuality” 356Composing Your Essay 367Generating and Exploring Ideas 367Revising 369 Shaping and Drafting 369 Guidelines for Peer Reviews 370WRITING TO PERSUADEC H A P T E R 1 5 Writing a Classical Argument 372About Classical Argument 372Exploring Classical Argument 373WRITING PROJECT 374Understanding Classical Argument 375Stages of Development: Your Growth as an Arguer 375 Creating anArgument Frame: A Claim with Reasons 376 Articulating Reasons 378 Articulating Unstated Assumptions 379 Using Evidence Effectively 381 Addressing Objections and Counterarguments 383 Responding toObjections, Counterarguments, and Alternative Views Through Refutation orConcession 386 Appealing to Ethos and Pathos 388 Some AdvancedConsiderations 390READINGS 394Edward I. Koch, “Death and Justice: How Capital Punishment AffirmsLife” 394David Bruck, “The Death Penalty” 399Leonard Pitts, Jr., “Spare the Rod, Spoil the Parenting” 403Dan Savage, “Is No Adoption Really Better Than a GayAdoption?” 406Tiffany Linder (student), “Salvaging Our Old-Growth Forests” 408Composing Your Essay 411Generating and Exploring Ideas 411Revising 415Guidelines for Peer Reviews 415 Shaping and Drafting 413
Detailed Contents xviiC H A P T E R 1 6 Making an Evaluation 417About Evaluative Writing 417Exploring Evaluative Writing 418WRITING PROJECT 420Understanding Evaluation Arguments 420The Criteria-Match Process of Evaluation Arguments 420 The Role ofPurpose and Context in Determining Criteria 422 Other Considerations inEstablishing Criteria 424 Using Toulmin’s System to Develop EvaluationArguments 425 Conducting an Evaluation Argument: An ExtendedExample of Evaluating a Museum 427READINGS 430Jackie Wyngaard (student), “EMP: Music History or Music Trivia?” 430Diane Helman and Phyllis Bookspan, “Sesame Street: Brought to You by theLetters M-A-L-E” 433Sarah Erickson (student), “Picnic at Hanging Rock as an Art Film” 435Composing Your Essay 437Generating and Exploring Ideas 437 Shaping and Drafting 438 Revising 439Guidelines for Peer Reviews 439C H A P T E R 1 7 Proposing a Solution 441About Proposal Writing 441Exploring Proposal Writing 442WRITING PROJECT 443Understanding Proposal Writing 444Special Demands of Proposal Arguments 444Justification Section 445 Developing an EffectiveProposal Arguments as Public Affairs Advocacy Advertisements 448Understanding the Power of Condensed Advocacy Arguments 448 Document Design Features of Advocacy Advertisements 448 Creating anAdvocacy Poster, Flyer, Brochure, One-Page Advertisement, or Web Page 450READINGS 451Rebekah Taylor (student), “A Proposal to Provide Cruelty-Free Products onCampus” 452Sheridan Botts (student), “Saving Hospices: A Plea to the InsuranceIndustry” 456Nicholas G. Jenkins and Amit Rind, “National ID Cards Would Be theDragnet We Need” 460Richard F. Corlin, “The Secrets of Gun Violence in America: What We Don’tKnow Is Killing Us” 462Composing Your Essay 471Generating and Exploring Ideas 471Revising 473Guidelines for Peer Reviews 473 Shaping and Drafting 473
xviii Detailed ContentsPA R T T H R E EA Guide to Composing and Revising 477C H A P T E R 1 8 Writing as a Problem-Solving Process 479Understanding How Experts Compose and Revise 480Why Experienced Writers Revise So Extensively 482Revising to Overcome Limits of Short-Term Memory 482 Revising toAccommodate Shifts and Changes in a Writer’s Ideas 483 Revisingto Clarify Audience and Purpose 483 Revising to Clarify Structure andCreate Coherence 483 Revising to Improve Gracefulness andCorrectness 484A Working Description of the Writing Process 484Early in the Proc
C HAPTER 10 Analyzing Images 218 . C HAPTER 1 2 Analyzing a Short Story 275 CHAPTER 1 3 Analyzing and Synthesizing Ideas 304 CHAPTER 14 Investigating Cause and Consequence 337 WRITING TO PERSUADE CHAPTER 1 5 Writing a Classical Argument 372 CHAPTER 16 Making an Evaluation 417
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