Properties Of Matter Chapter 16 What Is
6Chapter 16Properties of MatterIntroduction to Chapter 16What do a silver necklace, a glass of orange juice, a helium-filled balloon, and a starhave in common? All of these objects are made of matter. In this chapter, you willlearn how matter is classified and how it undergoes changes of state. All matter canexist as a solid, liquid, or gas. Changes in temperature and atmospheric pressure cancause changes in state.What isMatter?Investigations for Chapter 1616.1Classifying MatterHow canseparated?ahomogeneousmixturebeIn this Investigation, you will use a technique called paper chromatography toseparate water-soluble ink (a homogeneous mixture) into its components.16.2Measuring MatterHow is matter measured?In this Investigation, you will demonstrate your ability to measure the mass andvolume of liquids, and of regular and irregular solids using a variety of techniques.16.3States of MatterHow fast can you melt an ice cube?In this Investigation, you will attempt to influence the rate at which 15 milliliters ofwater changes from solid to liquid. Next, you will measure the average kineticenergy of water molecules as they undergo a change of state and analyze the transferof energy that occurred.267
Chapter 16: What is Matter?Learning GoalsIn this chapter, you will:D Classify samples of matter from everyday life as heterogeneous mixtures, homogeneous mixtures,compounds, or elements.D Measure volume using the displacement technique.D Measure mass with scales and balances.D Use an indirect technique to infer mass from density measurements.D Identify the states of matter.D Classify the states of matter in order of energy.D Recognize changes in state as a physical change in matter.D Explain the states of matter in terms of molecular motion.D Identify and investigate the law of conservation of us mixturehomogeneous mixturelaw of conservation of massmattermixturesmoleculesubstances
Chapter 1616.1 Classifying MatterWhat is matter? Matter is easier to describe than to define. Your book, your desk, your lunch, the airthat you breathe and the water you drink are all made of matter. Matter is a term used to describeanything that has mass and takes up space. Different kinds of matter have different characteristics, suchas boiling and melting temperatures, hardness, and elasticity. In this section, you will learn how matteris classified. By the end of the section, you should be able to define mixture, homogeneous mixture,heterogeneous mixture, substance, element, and compound.How do scientists classify matter?Mixtures contain Matter can be divided into two categories: mixtures and substances. Mixturesmore than one contain more than one kind of matter. For example, cola is a mixture that can bekind of matter separated into carbonated water, corn syrup, caramel color, phosphoric acid,natural flavors, and caffeine.Homogeneousmixture isthe samethroughoutA homogeneous mixture is the same throughout. In other words, all samples of ahomogeneous mixture are the same. For example, an unopened can of cola is ahomogeneous mixture. The cola in the top of the unopened bottle is the same asthe cola at the bottom. Once you open the can, however, carbon dioxide willescape from the cola making the first sip a little different from your last sip. Brassis another example of a homogeneous mixture. It is made of 70 percent copper and30 percent zinc. If you cut a brass candlestick into ten pieces, each piece wouldcontain the same percentage of copper and zinc.Two samples of aheterogeneousmixture could bedifferentA heterogeneous mixture is one in which different samples are not necessarilymade up of exactly the same proportions of matter. One common heterogeneousmixture is chicken noodle soup: One spoonful might contain broth, noodles, andchicken, while another contains only broth.Figure 16.1: Carbonated softdrinks are homogeneous mixtures.Figure 16.2: Chicken noodle soupis a heterogeneous mixture.16.1 Classifying Matter269
Chapter 16Mixtures can be All mixtures, whether homogeneous or heterogeneous, share one commonseparated by property: They can be separated into different types of matter by physical meansphysical means such as sorting, filtering, heating, or cooling. Chicken noodle soup, for example,could be separated into its components by using strainers and filters of differentsizes. The separation process does not change the characteristics of eachcomponent. You still have broth, noodles, and chicken.Substances cannot Substances, on the other hand, cannot be separated into different kinds of matterbe separated by by physical means such as sorting, filtering, heating, or cooling. Some substances,physical means like silver, contain only one kind of matter. These substances are called elements.Other substances contain more than one kind of matter, but the different kindscannot be separated without changing the substance. For example, table salt ismade up of two elements, sodium and chlorine. If you could separate table saltinto its two elements, you would no longer have a crystallized substance that yousprinkle onto french fries and other foods. Instead, you would have sodium, a softmetal that can cause an explosion if dropped into water, and chlorine, a yellowish,poisonous gas.All substances are Table salt and other substances that are made of two or more elements that cannoteither elements or be separated by physical means are called compounds.compoundsFigure 16.3: Sodium, a soft metal,and chlorine, a toxic gas, react toform the very edible and usefulcompound table salt (NaCl).270
Chapter 16How can you Separating mixtures into substances is a very important part of scientific work.separate mixtures Medical researchers try to isolate the substances in plants that may help healinto substances? diseases. Forensic scientists try to match evidence from the scene of a crime withsubstances found with a suspect. Nutritionists evaluate the amount ofcarbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins, and minerals in various foods. Petroleum is aheterogeneous mixtureSeparating mixtures is not always an easy task. In this unit you will learn about avariety of physical properties that can be used to identify substances in a mixture.Later, you will learn how chemists work to break down substances even further, sothat they can separate compounds into elements.Table 16.1: Summary of the types of matterType of matterDefinitionExamplesA mixture that containsHomogeneous mixturemore than one type ofsoda pop, air,matter and is the samechocolate ice creamthroughout.A mixture that containsHeterogeneous mixturemore than one type ofchicken soup, soil,matter and is not the samefudge ripple ice creamthroughout.A substance that contains copper metal, oxygen gas,Elementonly one type of atom.liquid nitrogenA substance that containsCompoundtable salt, rust (iron oxide),more than one type ofcarbon dioxide gasatom.Petroleum is a very old andcomplex mixture that weextract from the Earth.Formed millions of yearsago, petroleum contains100,000to1,000,000different molecules! A usehas been found for just aboutevery component of s include fuel, oils,asphalt, and waxes. Refiningpetroleum is a process that isused to separate the specificcomponents to make eachproduct. Refining includesphysical processes (likedistillation) and chemicalreactions to isolate thecomponents of petroleum.16.1 Classifying Matter271
Chapter 1616.2 Measuring MatterHow many gallons of gasoline do I need to fill the tank of this car? Do I have enough sugar to make abatch of brownies? Will this suitcase fit in the airplane’s overhead compartment? Every day, peopleneed to measure various amounts of matter. In this section, you will review how to measure the massand volume of matter, and become proficient at using the displacement method to find the volume ofirregular objects.Measuring volume and massRead volume Measuring the volume of liquid matter is easy. You simply pour it into a markedmarks at eye level container such as a measuring cup, graduated cylinder, or beaker, and read thefor accuracy volume mark. To get the greatest accuracy, there are two things to keep in mind.First, read the mark at eye level. Second, you may notice that the surface of theliquid forms a curve (like a hill or a valley), rather than a straight line. This curveis called the meniscus. If the surface curves downward, (liquid water does this)read the volume at the bottom of the curve. A few liquids, like mercury, will forman upward curve. In this case, read the volume mark at the top of the curve.You can calculatethe volume ofsolids using aformulaFigure 16.4: The meniscus ofwater curves downward. Read themark at the bottom of the curve.You have probably already learned to measure the volume of some solid shapes.The volume of a rectangular solid (a shoebox shape), for example, is found bymultiplying length times width times height. Some common volume formulas areshown in table 16.2.Table 16.2: Volume Formulas272Shaperectangular solid andcubecylinderFormula in wordsFormula in symbolslength width heightl w hpi radius2 heightπr2 hcone1/3 pi radius2 height1/3 πr2 hsphere4/3 pi radius34/3 πr3Figure 16.5: The meniscus ofmercury curves upward. Read themark at the top of the curve.
Chapter 16The displacement We can find the volume of an irregular shape using a technique calledmethod displacement. To displace means to “take the place of” or to “push aside.” You canfind the volume of an irregularly shaped object by submerging it in water andmeasuring how much water the object displaces or pushes aside.How you make You can use this method to find the volume of an ordinary item like a house key.the measurement Fill a 100-milliliter graduated cylinder with 50 milliliters of water (figure 16.6).Gently slide the key into the water. The water level in the container will rise,because the key displaced, or pushed aside, some water. If the level now reads53.0 milliliters, you know that the key displaced 3.0 milliliters of water. Thevolume of the key, or of any object you measured in this way, is equal to thevolume of the water it displaced. The key has a volume of 3.0 milliliters, or 3.0cubic centimeters (cm3).Mass is the Sometimes we are more concerned about the quantity of matter we have, ratheramount of matter than the space it takes up. Breakfast cereal, for example, isn’t sold by volume. Asin an object boxes of cereal are shipped from plant to warehouse to store, the contents “settle.”By the time the cereal is purchased by the consumer, the container may appearonly three-fourths full. For this reason, cereal is measured in grams. An equalmass of cereal is placed into each container at the factory.How does a scale A scale measures the gravitational force between an object and Earth. This meanswork? that a scale that reads in grams or kilograms has actually measured weight andcalculated the mass from the weight.How does abalance work?A balance measures the mass of an object (likea quantity of cereal) by comparing it withobjects whose masses are known. Since abalance measures by comparing standardmasses, it is not affected by changes in gravity.Figure 16.6: The key displaced3.0 milliliters of water.Would a balance function correctly on themoon? Why or why not?16.2 Measuring Matter273
Chapter 16Measuring very large or very small quantities of matterHow could you measure a quantity of matter that is too large for a balance ordisplacement tank? Read on to find out how a citizen’s group solved this problem.How could youmeasure the massof an asphalttennis court?After years of watching a tennis court fall into disrepair at a local park, a group ofneighbors got together to discuss what could be done with the site. They voted toapproach the town council to see if a children’s play structure could be built there.The town council asked the group to provide a budget for the renovation. It waseasy for the group to find prices for new play structures; but first, the tennis courtwould have to be taken down and the asphalt removed. The group learned that thefee for disposing of construction or demolition debris was 5 cents per kilogram.How did they figure out the cost of asphalt disposal?Indirect The group used a technique called indirect measurement to estimate the disposalmeasurement cost. First, they picked up a palm-sized chunk of loose asphalt from the tenniscourt. They used displacement to find its volume: 1,687 cubic centimeters. Usinga balance, they found that the chunk had a mass of 1.94 kilograms.Next, they measured the tennis court: 36.51 meters by 18.29 meters. Theyestimated the asphalt to be 0.075 meters thick. By multiplying length width depth, they found that the court contained 50.08 cubic meters of asphalt.Set up a Now they could set up a proportion:proportionmass of chunk-----------------------------------volume of chunkmass of court ----------------------------------volume of courtThe volume of the chunk was converted to cubic meters so that the units wouldmatch. The group solved their equation for the mass of the court, and found thatthe asphalt had a mass of 57,590.5 kilograms.At 5 cents per kilogram, the disposal fee came to 2,879.52.How to measure Indirect measurement can also be used to measure very small quantities. If you putvery small objects one sunflower seed on a balance, the balance still reads 0.0 grams. This means thatthe mass of the seed is less than 0.1 gram! It might be 0.04 grams or 0.00964grams, but how could you find out? Use indirect measurement by finding the massof 100 sunflower seeds and then dividing it by 100.274Figure 16.7: When the old tenniscourt asphalt is removed, a child’splayground can be built in its place.
Chapter 1616.3 States of MatterSuppose your teacher gave each student a teaspoon of salt and offered a reward to the person who couldseparate out the smallest piece. How would you do it? You might start by sprinkling a few grains onto apiece of dark paper. Perhaps you could isolate one grain. Next, you might try to smash that grain intosmaller particles with a hammer. If you were able finally to divide the grain of salt into particles assmall as a speck of dust, you might have won the contest, but your bit of salt would still be about100 trillion times as large as the smallest possible piece! In this section, you will learn about thesmallest whole particles of matter, atoms and molecules. By the end of the section, you should be ableto describe how those particles move in solids, liquids, and gases.Atoms and moleculesMolecules and Scientists call the smallest possible particle of a compound that retains theatoms properties of the compound a molecule. The smallest possible particle of anelement is called an atom. Atoms and molecules are more than a trillion timessmaller than a human cell, a bacterium, and everything else that can be seen withan optical microscope. We know they exist because we can describe and predicthow they will act in various substances and mixtures.Movement of Let’s examine a very common compound, water. Water is one of the mostmolecules important substances on the planet. It covers more than 70 percent of the Earth’ssurface. Without it, life would not be possible. We need water for our bodies tofunction properly and for plants to grow. We use ice to preserve food. Steampowered turbines and hydroelectric dams provide electricity for homes andbusinesses.Figure 16.8: A single crystal ofsodium chloride (table salt) is a cube.The molecules are arranged in thecrystal so that each sodium atom issurrounded by six chlorine atoms, andsix sodium atoms surround eachchlorine atom.Atoms and Each tiny water molecule contains one oxygen atom and two hydrogen atoms. Amolecules are single drop of water is made up of more than 3 x 1021 molecules. These moleculesalways in motion are always in motion. At higher temperatures, they move faster and bump into oneanother with more force. At lower temperatures, they move with less energy.16.3 States of Matter275
Chapter 16Changes of stateMolecules insolids, liquids andgases vibratedifferentlyAt temperatures below 0 C, water is a solid called ice. In the solid state, moleculesconstantly vibrate, but cannot switch places with other molecules. Between zeroand 100 C, water is a liquid. Molecules in a liquid move faster and slip out ofposition. Liquids flow because the molecules can move. At temperatures above100 C, water becomes a gas. At this high temperature molecules move so fast thatthey bounce out of the liquid state and become a gas. In the gaseous state,molecules are widely separated.What is Temperature influences changes of state. Temperature measures the averagetemperature? energy of a certain amount of molecules, and is related to the average velocity ofthe molecules. The higher the temperature, the faster (on average) the moleculesmove.Melting and The temperature at which the water changed from solid to liquid is called itsboiling melting point. The temperature at which it changed from liquid to gas is called theboiling point. Different substances change from solid to liquid and from liquid togas at different temperatures. Iron, for example, melts at 1538 C (2800 F) andboils at 2861 C (5182 F). These changes are called changes of state.What is Fast-moving molecules in a liquid can escape to become a gas. The wordevaporation? evaporation describes the transformation from the liquid to gas. Evaporation is acooling process. For example, when you step out of a shower, you often feel cold.The reason is that when water evaporates from the surface of your skin, thehighest energy molecules are the ones that jump from liquid to gas. Lower energymolecules are left behind. The high energy molecules that leave take away energyso your body feels cooler!What is The evaporation of water is an important part of the Earth’s water cycle (alsocondensation? called the hydrologic cycle). Water in the oceans, lakes, ponds, and rivers becomespart of the Earth’s atmosphere when it evaporates. Once water vapor is part of theatmosphere, some molecules will collect to form small droplets. Clouds are largeformations of water droplets. The process of transforming from a gas to a liquid iscalled condensation. When water droplets in a cloud get too big, they fall back tothe Earth as rain.276
Chapter 16A solid can Have you ever noticed that ice cubes sometimes seem to shrink when they havesometimes change been in the freezer for a long period of time? Sometimes a solid can changedirectly into a gas directly to a gas when heat energy is added. This process is called sublimation.Solid iodine is a substance that readily undergoes sublimation at roomtemperature. This is evident by a the formation of a purple cloud above thecrystals.States of matterAll substances can On Earth, elements and compounds are usually found as solids, liquids, or gases.exist as a solid, These are called states of matter. Each substance can exist in each of the threeliquid, or gas states, and each substance has a characteristic temperature and pressure at which itwill undergo a change of state.Table 16.3: Changes of state at 1 atm (normal atmospheric pressure)SubstanceMelting/freezing erleadaluminum-272 C-218 C-39 C0 C327 C660 C-269 C-183 C357 C100 C1749 C2519 CFigure 16.9: Steel nails are anexample of a solid.Figure 16.10: Liquids flow totake the shape of the container butkeep their volume.A solid retains its Although we cannot easily see the molecules of a substance moving around, weshape and size can describe the resulting characteristics of the matter in each state. When asubstance is in a solid state, the molecules vibrate, but they cannot changeposition. As a result, a solid retains its shape and size. For example, steel nails donot change shape so that you can fit more in a jar (figure 16.9).A liquid has In the liquid state, molecules of a substance can move over and around each other.definite size, Therefore, the liquid has a definite volume, but no definite shape. Instead, it willbut not shape take on the shape of whatever container it is poured into (figure 16.10).Figure 16.11: A gas expands tofill its container, such as a balloon.16.3 States of Matter277
Chapter 16A gas has In the gas state, molecules move around freely and separate from one another. Inno definite shape this state, a substance has neither a definite size nor shape. It will spread outor size evenly throughout its container. High-altitude cookingChange of state When a substance undergoes a change of state, only the movement of theand mass molecules changes. The number of molecules does not change. The mass of thesubstance remains the same whether it is in the solid, liquid, or gas state.Plasma is a fourth The most common state of matter in the universe is a state rarely found on Earth:state of matter plasma. Matter enters the plasma state when it is heated to such a high temperaturethat some of the atoms actually begin to break apart. They lose their outer layer ofelectrons. For most materials this requires temperatures of more than10,000 degrees.Where do you find Our sun and other stars are made of plasma. Scientists believe the core of the sunplasma? has a temperature of about 15 million degrees. The surface of the sun is about5,000 degrees. A type of plasma is used on Earth to make neon and fluorescentlights. Instead of heating the gases to an extremely high temperature, an electricalcurrent is passed through them. The current strips the electrons off the atoms,producing plasma. You also see a plasma every time you see lighting.The four familiar Matter has four states that we experience. In order of increasing energy they are:states of matter solid, liquid, gas, and plasma. Since temperature is a measure of energy, matterchanges from one phase to another as its temperature is increased.Exotic super-hot If an atom of a substance keeps getting hotter, eventually even the nucleus of thestates of matter atom comes apart. Some very exotic states of matter exist in particle acceleratorsthat heat matter up to trillions of degrees and more.278Did you know that thefreezing and boiling points ofa substance change as the airpressure changes? At a lowerair pressure, it is easier forwater molecules to escapefrom liquid into the air.Therefore, water will boil ata lower temperature. This iswhy cake mixes often havehigh-altitude directions. Thelower air pressure at highaltitudes allows the water inthe mix to begin to turn togas at a lower temperature,so it begins to leave themixture earlier. To preventthe cake from drying out,extra water is added to themix and the oven is set to alower temperature.
Chapter 16 ReviewChapter 16 ReviewVocabulary ReviewMatch the following terms with the correct definition. There is one extra definition in the list that will not match any of the terms.Set OneSet Two1. mattera. Two samples of this material might containdifferent kinds of matter1. substancea. Very tiny; microscopic2. homogeneous mixtureb. A pure substance which contains only one kindof matter2. mixtureb. Calculating size of very large or small objectsthrough use of proportional relationships3. heterogeneous mixturec. Any material that contains at least two kinds ofmatter3. meniscusc. Measuring volume by placing an object inwater and recording the change in water level4. elementd. Anything that has mass and takes up space4. displacementd. The curve formed by the surface of a liquid5. compounde. Contains two or more kinds of matter thatcannot be separated by physical means5. indirect measuremente. A sample of matter that cannot be separated byphysical means; may contain only one orseveral kinds of matterf. Every sample of this material is the samef. A sample of matter that contains two or morekinds of particles that can be separated byphysical meansConcept review1.What are the two major categories of matter?7.Describe the movement of atoms or molecules in gas form.2.Name three foods that would be classified as heterogeneousmixtures, and three foods that are homogeneous mixtures.8.A liquid takes the shape of its container, but why doesn’t aliquid expand to fill the container completely?3.Explain the difference between the two kinds of substances.9.4.Explain the difference between an atom and a molecule.List at least two similarities between mass and volume and atleast two differences.5.Describe the movement of atoms or molecules in solid form.6.Describe the movement of atoms or molecules in liquid form.10. Evaporation and boiling can be referred to at the same time asvaporization. Describe the difference between vaporization andsublimation.279
Chapter 16 ReviewProblems1.How could you use indirect measurement to find the mass of alarge boulder?2.How could you use indirect measurement to calculate thethickness of one index card?3.As you know, the Earth is a watery planet. About 70 percent ofthe Earth’s surface is covered by water. There is waterunderground, and even in the atomosphere. What is water’sstate at each of the following temperatures?a. temperatures below zero degrees Celsiusb. temperatures between zero and 100 degrees Celsiusc. temperatures above 100 degrees Celsius6.How could you determine the percentage of empty space in asquare cleaning sponge?7.Design a poster or model to summarize for your classmates thedifference between a solid, liquid, gas, and plasma.8.Create a chart that illustrates the state changes: melting,boiling, freezing, evaporation, condensation, and sublimation.9.Plasmas, or ionized gases as they are sometimes called, are ofgreat interest both physically and technologically. Do someresearch to find out why plasmas are of great interest toscientists and manufacturers. Describe at least two current usesof plasmas, and describe one way scientists and engineers hopeto use plasmas in the future. Applying your knowledge1.2.3.Design a poster to illustrate the classification of matter.Provide examples of everyday objects that belong in eachcategory.Construct a three-dimensional model that could be used in afourth-grade classroom to explain how molecules move in thesolid, liquid, and gaseous states. Land surveyors measure and map land. One of their jobs isto figure out the dimensions of land features and formations.Interview a surveyor to learn how indirect measurement is usedto calculate precise distances. Prepare a five-minute report foryour class.4.Look around your classroom or home and name an object thathas a relatively large mass, but has a relatively small volume.Name an object that has a relatively small mass, but has arelatively large volume.5.Write a brief procedure for determining:a. the volume of a rock; andb. the mass of a small amount of orange juice.280
DIdentify the states of matter. DClassify the states of matter in order of energy. DRecognize changes in state as a physical change in matter. DExplain the states of matter in terms of molecular motion. DIdentify and investigate the law of conservation of mass. Vocabulary atom heterogeneous mixture matter substances compounds homogeneous .
Part One: Heir of Ash Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4 Chapter 5 Chapter 6 Chapter 7 Chapter 8 Chapter 9 Chapter 10 Chapter 11 Chapter 12 Chapter 13 Chapter 14 Chapter 15 Chapter 16 Chapter 17 Chapter 18 Chapter 19 Chapter 20 Chapter 21 Chapter 22 Chapter 23 Chapter 24 Chapter 25 Chapter 26 Chapter 27 Chapter 28 Chapter 29 Chapter 30 .
TO KILL A MOCKINGBIRD. Contents Dedication Epigraph Part One Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4 Chapter 5 Chapter 6 Chapter 7 Chapter 8 Chapter 9 Chapter 10 Chapter 11 Part Two Chapter 12 Chapter 13 Chapter 14 Chapter 15 Chapter 16 Chapter 17 Chapter 18. Chapter 19 Chapter 20 Chapter 21 Chapter 22 Chapter 23 Chapter 24 Chapter 25 Chapter 26
DEDICATION PART ONE Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4 Chapter 5 Chapter 6 Chapter 7 Chapter 8 Chapter 9 Chapter 10 Chapter 11 PART TWO Chapter 12 Chapter 13 Chapter 14 Chapter 15 Chapter 16 Chapter 17 Chapter 18 Chapter 19 Chapter 20 Chapter 21 Chapter 22 Chapter 23 .
Matter—Properties and ChangesMatter—Properties and Changes Section 3.1 Properties of Matter In your textbook, read about physical properties and chemical properties of matter. Use each of the terms below just once to complete the passage. Matter is anything with (1) and volume. A (2) is a form
Read About the Properties of Matter PROPERTIES OF MATTER DEFINITION Matter is anything that has weight and takes up space. Everything you can see and touch is made up of matter. Matter exists in three main forms: solids, liquids, and gases. It also has properties that we can describe t
2-2 Physical Properties of Matter A. Introduction Properties of Matter Now that we have looked at the kinetic molecular theory and states of matter, we will look a bit deeper to see how properties or matter express themselves. This section explores properties of matter and changes in matter. Consider for a moment why this might be important.
2:1 Matter and Energy MATTER: anything that has mass and takes up space Three States (phases) of Matter 1. SOLID: matter with definite volume and shape 2. LIQUID: matter with definite volume but no definite shape 3. GAS: matter with no definite volume nor shape How does Matter Change? PHYSICAL CHANGE: c
Properties of Matter Properties of Matter Introduction to Chapter 17 In this chapter, you learn how to describe matter—both solids and fluids. Solids are characterized by their hardness or malleability, for example. Terms that apply to fluids include buoyancy and viscosity. Density is a property
