Journal Of Stevenson Studies 4
Journal ofStevenson Studies4
iiJournal of Stevenson Studies
Journal of Stevenson StudiesiiiEditorsDr Linda DrydenReader in Cultural StudiesFaculty of Arts and SocialSciencesCraighouseNapier UniversityEdinburghEH10 5LGScotlandTel: 0131 455 6128Email: l.dryden@napier.ac.ukProfessor Roderick WatsonEnglish StudiesUniversity of StirlingStirlingFK9 4LAScotlandTel: 01786 467500Email: r.b.watson@stir.ac.ukContributions to issue 5 are warmly invited and should be sentto either of the editors listed above. The text should be submitted in MS WORD files in MHRA format. All contributions aresubject to review by members of the Editorial Board.Published byThe Centre for Scottish StudiesUniversity of Stirlingc. The contributors 2007ISSN: 1744-3857Printed and bound in the UK byAntony Rowe Ltd.Chippenhan, Wiltshire.
ivJournal of Stevenson StudiesEditorial BoardProfessor Richard AmbrosiniUniversita’ di Roma TreRomeProfessor Stephen ArataSchool of EnglishUniversity of VirginiaProfessor Oliver BucktonSchool of EnglishFlorida Atlantic UniversityDr Jenni CalderNational Museum of ScotlandDr Linda DrydenFaculty of Arts and SocialScience Napier UniversityProfessor Richard DuryUniversity of Bergamo(Consultant Editor)Professor Gordon HirschDepartment of EnglishUniversity of MinnesotaProfessor Katherine LinehanDepartment of EnglishOberlin CollegeOhioProfessor Barry MenikoffDepartment of EnglishUniversity of Hawaii atManoaProfessor Glenda NorquayDepartment of English andCultural HistoryLiverpool John MooresUniversityProfessor Marshall WalkerDepartment of EnglishThe University of WaikatoProfessor Roderick WatsonDepartment of EnglishStudiesUniversity of Stirling
Journal of Stevenson StudiesContentsEditorial and Introduction . 1I. THE HISTORICAL CONTEXTMary B. HotalingTrudeau, tuberculosis and Saranac Lake .4Jenni Calder‘I should like to be an American’: Scots in the USA.20Robert Benjamin Stevenson IIIStevenson’s dentist: an unsung hero.43II. STEVENSON IN AMERICAGordon HirschThe fiction of Lloyd Osbourne: was this ‘American gentleman’Stevenson’s literary heir? .52Wendy R. KatzStevenson’s Silverado Squatters: the figure of ‘the Jew’ and therhetoric of race. 73Hilary J. Beattie‘The interest of the attraction exercised by the great RLS ofthose days’: Robert Louis Stevenson, Henry James and theinfluence of friendship. 91Roderick Watson‘The unrest and movement of our century’: the universe of TheWrecker .114Marilyn SimonDoubled brothers, divided self: duality and destruction in TheMaster of Ballantrae . 129Richard AmbrosiniStevenson’s self-portrait as a popular author in the Scribner’sessays and The Wrong Box .151v
viJournal of Stevenson StudiesIII. STEVENSON AND THE SEAJürgen KramerThe sea in Robert Louis Stevenson’s writings . 168Ilaria B. Sborgi‘Home’ in the South Seas . 185Cinzia GiglioniStevenson gets lost in the South Seas . 199IV. FABLES, POEMS AND COMICSR. L. Abrahamson‘I never read such an impious book’: re-examining Stevenson’sFables .209Dennis DenisoffPleasurable subjectivities and temporal conflation inStevenson’s aesthetics .227William B. Jones Jr.‘Hello, Mackellar’: Classics Illustrated meets The Master ofBallantrae .247Reviews .270Contributors .276
Journal of Stevenson Studies1EditorialThis issue of the Journal of Stevenson Studies has been guestedited by Professors Ann Colley and Martin Danahay, who werethe organisers of the 2006 conference at Saranac Lake. Our warmthanks go to them for a memorable conference and also for thisexcellent edition of the Journal.Stevenson was chosen as the key writer for Edinburgh’s City ofLiterature celebrations in 2007, and indeed many contemporarywriters have expressed their admiration for his work. For volume5 of JSS we have asked a number of distinguished creative writers to give us their reflections on Stevenson, or their creativeresponses to his work and what he means to them. With thisprospect in mind and on the strength of the current edition,may we encourage all contributors and readers to sustain theirsubscriptions, and persuade their institutions to do the same? Ifa case has to be made, we would point to the continuing successof the international Stevenson conferences and the developingstatus of this Journal as an outlet for some of the best work inthe field.Linda Dryden and Roderick WatsonIntroduction to volume 4The essays in this special issue of the Journal of StevensonStudies are based upon selected papers delivered at the fifthbiennial Robert Louis Stevenson Conference, ‘TransatlanticStevenson’, held in Saranac Lake, New York, July 18-20, 2006.Saranac Lake is a small town nestled among the AdirondackMountains. It was both a beautiful and an appropriate setting.Stevenson and his family lived in the community from 3 October1887 to 18 April 1888. Their residence is now a museum, theRobert Louis Stevenson Cottage and Museum. While there,Stevenson wrote a considerable amount, including two thirds of
2Journal of Stevenson StudiesThe Master of Ballantrae, various prefaces and essays and, withLloyd Osbourne, an early draft of The Wrong Box. Stevensoncame to Saranac Lake in order to be under the care of Dr EdwardLivingston Trudeau, a specialist in pulmonary disease and himselfa sufferer from tuberculosis. Stevenson fortunately enjoyed goodhealth during the cold, winter months of Saranac Lake and didnot require care. He and Dr Trudeau, though, became friends.The six or so months in Saranac Lake were important not onlybecause of the writing that Stevenson accomplished but alsobecause they represented yet another transatlantic crossing: thefirst had been when he had travelled to America as ‘an amateuremigrant’ in August, 1879. This time the move from his countryof birth was a permanent one, for in April, 1888, Stevensonleft Saranac Lake by train and went to the west coast where he,Fanny, Lloyd, and sometimes Margaret Stevenson, were to begina series of cruises in the Pacific Ocean. They eventually settledin Samoa until Stevenson’s death in December 1894. AlthoughStevenson occasionally talked of the possibility, he was never toreturn home.This collection of essays addresses the various contexts andconsequences of Stevenson’s transatlantic experiences. We havedivided the essays into four sections: ‘The Historical Context’;‘Stevenson in America’; ‘Stevenson and the Sea’; and ‘Fables,Poems, and Comics’.The first section, ‘The Historical Context,’ concentrates, inpart, on the immigration and various contributions of Scots toNorth America: it places Stevenson in a broader perspectiveof immigration patterns; two essays in this section also focusupon Saranac Lake as a centre for the cure of tuberculosis, aswell as upon dental practices of the period. The largest portionof the issue, ‘Stevenson and America,’ deals with Stevenson’srelations to America: his literary correspondence with HenryJames; the novels he wrote based upon his experiences in theStates, as well as upon the ambiguous anti-Semitism expressed
Journal of Stevenson Studies3while he was living in California. Since part of the transatlanticexperience has to do with Stevenson’s representations of the seaand journeys to other lands, the next section, ‘Stevenson and theSea,’ explores Stevenson’s reactions to being across the sea andaway from home. The final portion of this issue, ‘Fables, Poems,and Comics,’ looks at both Stevenson’s imagination and howothers have imagined him. These essays discuss his fables, hispoems for children as well as twentieth-century Classic Comicinterpretations of his texts.We are pleased to present this special issue that continuesto demonstrate the growing interest in and range of Stevensonscholarship.Ann C. Colley and Martin A. DanahayAcknowledgementsThe Journal of Stevenson Studies has permission to reproduceselected artwork from Classics Illustrated No. 82, includingcover variants, for illustrative purposes in the academic article‘“Hello, Mackellar”: Classics Illustrated meets The Master ofBallantrae’ by William B. Jones Jr. Our thanks go to RichardBerger, President, First Classics, Inc.
4Journal of Stevenson StudiesTrudeau, tuberculosis and Saranac LakeMary B. Hotaling‘Trudeau, Tuberculosis and Saranac Lake’ is the working titleof the museum that the Historical Society is developing in theformer Saranac Laboratory on Church Street, in Saranac Lake,New York. All three elements, Trudeau, tuberculosis and SaranacLake, are essential to understanding the context of Robert LouisStevenson’s visit in 1887-88, but the most important is thecharacter of Edward Livingston Trudeau, the medical doctorwho was this village’s foremost citizen. He treated Stevensonduring his visit and became friends with him. He was one of theauthor’s few peers in the community at that time. The disease‘tuberculosis’ was of course the reason that both Trudeau andStevenson had come to Saranac Lake. Trudeau expected to dieand found instead a measure of health, while Stevenson cameto take advantage of the nascent health resort that Trudeau wasfounding, and it served him well. In 1887 the term ‘tuberculosis’was new, and probably largely limited to the emerging scientific community. In common language, the disease was ‘phthisis’(pronounced tis’-is) or ‘consumption.’Saranac Lake in 2006 is not the muddy little community ofguides and lumbermen that Stevenson came to in 1887. Nor is itthe grander, more prosperous Saranac Lake into which Trudeau’sleadership later transformed it, but something in between. It isa village with a glorious past; a village that has had grand buildings and substantial institutions—losing many, retaining others;a village that has recovered from the days when the recession ofits one industry, the treatment of the sick, left it almost a ghosttown; a village with a tentative, but hopeful future. It is thelargest centre of population in a 114-year-old land use experiment, the Adirondack Park, a combination of public and private
Hotaling5lands circumscribed by the so-called ‘Blue Line’ on the map ofNew York State.Lloyd Osbourne wrote that:In 1888, Saranac [as it was often called in those days—notSaranac Lake] was a little backwoods settlement in whichlog cabins were common, and venison one of the staplesof diet. On the edge of the Canadian border, and encompassed by a trackless country of woods and lakes whichhad not then been abbreviated to ‘the Adirondacks,’ butwas still called ‘the Adirondack Wilderness,’ it had inwinter the isolation of an outpost of the snows.Sleighs, snowshoes, and frozen lakes; voyageurs in quaintcostumes and with French to match; red-hot stoves andstreaming windows; guides who spat and looked likeLeatherstocking; consumptives in bright caps and manyhued woollens gaily tobogganing at forty below zero; buffalo coats an inch thick; snow-storms, snow-drifts, Arcticcold; the sensation of rubbing snow on your congealedears and unfortunate nose—of such was our new home inwhich R L S was hoping to regain his health.1From other accounts, I think this is a pretty true picture, atleast from the point of view of a visitor. One of the doctors wrotethat ambulatory patients at the sanatorium in its earliest dayswere like inmates of a boarding house under mild supervision.(Incidentally, it’s no longer recommended to rub snow on frostbitten extremities.)So, who was Doctor Trudeau? Only two years older than hisfamous patient, he was a happily married man and a father ofthree. Before the diagnosis of his TB, he had been an accomplished and versatile amateur athlete, who boxed, rowed in thewaters around New York City, and race-walked from Fifty-ninthStreet to the Battery in a little over 47 minutes. He was a subsistence hunter and a famously quick and accurate shot. EdwardLivingston Trudeau was born in New York City on October 5,
6Journal of Stevenson Studies1848, the third child of Dr. James de Berty Trudeau and his wife,Cephise Berger Trudeau. James Trudeau, a doctor, was one ofthe founders of the New York Academy of Medicine. CephiseTrudeau was the daughter of the French doctor Francois Berger,whose ancestors in France had been ‘physicians for manygenerations, as far back as they could be traced,’ and his wife,Rebecca Aspinwall, daughter of a rich New York merchant family.2 Not long after Edward was born, his parents separated, andJames Trudeau returned with his daughter to New Orleans; theboy never saw his father again. From that time on Edward, hisbrother Francis, and their mother lived with her parents. Hisgrandfather retired to Paris when Edward was three years oldand they lived there until 1865; Edward was educated in Paris.Returning to New York after the Civil War with his grandparents and brother (his mother had remarried and remained inFrance), 17-year-old Edward spent a few aimless years as thepoor relation of a fast New York set, where he met the love of hislife—a minister’s daughter from Long Island named CharlotteBeare. Unlike his wealthy Aspinwall cousins and their friends,he needed to find a livelihood to supplement the income from atrust that provided him with about 700 a year. He was about toenter the Naval Academy at Newport when his brother, Francis,was diagnosed with tuberculosis. Edward assumed total responsibility for his brother’s care until he died that December—his‘first great sorrow’—and likely became infected himself at thesame time.3Lottie Beare’s high expectations caused Trudeau to settleon a plan of life in order to win her hand, and he accordinglymatriculated at the College of Physicians and Surgeons, nowColumbia University Medical School, in the fall of 1868. Noentrance examination was required, and none of his friendscared to bet that he would finish. However, Trudeau finishedthe relatively minimal course promptly, and on June 29, 1871,he and Lottie Beare were married. They sailed for Europe, visit-
Hotaling7ing London, Paris, Switzerland and Germany, and returned inOctober of the same year, expecting their first child. But youngDr. Trudeau’s prospects, both professional and personal, wereshattered in February 1873 by Dr. Edward G. Janeway’s diagnosis that ‘the upper two-thirds of the left lung is involved inan active tuberculous process’ (Autobiography, p. 71). At thattime such a finding was virtually a death sentence. Followingthe then-current climatic treatment, the Trudeaus travelled toAiken, South Carolina, returning early in April with Edward’shealth unimproved. Their second child Ned was born on May 18,and a week later his father left for Paul Smith’s wilderness hotelon Lower St. Regis Lake in the Adirondack mountains of NewYork, accompanied by a friend. Trudeau expected to die, andchose a destination which he had visited before on a hunting triponly because he loved the wildlife and the woods. Unexpectedly,his health improved.After he spent the next winter in St. Paul, Minnesota with noimprovement in his health, he returned to Paul Smith’s in Juneof 1874, this time with his young family. There he met Dr. AlfredLoomis, a New York physician in camp with a hunting party.Loomis had tuberculosis himself and was particularly interestedin the effects of climate on health. He advised Trudeau to spendthe winter. At this time conditions in the Adirondacks were veryprimitive; few people could bear the harsh weather and theisolation, forty-two miles over unbroken roads from the nearestdoctor or railroad. The Trudeaus boarded with a reluctant Pauland Lydia Smith at their shuttered hotel through the long winterof 1874-75. The next winter Trudeau rented a house on MainStreet in Saranac Lake. By this time he was also treating a fewwinter tuberculosis cases sent by Dr. Loomis. That fall there wasno question of going back to New York: the family returned toSaranac Lake to board with Mrs. Nellie Evans at her cottage onMain Street. Winters in the village and summers at Paul Smith’sbecame the pattern of the rest of their lives. The following
8Journal of Stevenson Studiesspring the doctor agreed to manage the construction of the firsthouse of worship built in Saranac Lake, the Episcopal missionof St. Luke, the Beloved Physician. St. Luke’s was completed inJanuary 1879, and the village grew.E. L. Trudeau’s convalescent life of rest, hunting, fishing anda bit of medical practice began to change in 1882, when heread in his second-hand copy of Anstie’s English Practitionerabout two developments in Germany. Dr. Gustav HerrmannBrehmer opened a sanatorium for pulmonary tuberculosis in1859 in Silesia, on the theory that high altitude exercise wouldbuild up his patients’ hearts, strengthening them ‘to pump awaypoisonous accumulations from the lungs.’4 Brehmer’s studentPeter Dettweiler founded his own establishment in the TaunusMountains in 1876, where he developed a contrary regimen ofrest. Trudeau’s reading in European medical journals was anavenue of information atypical in American medicine, but perfectly logical for a man who had been educated in France. ThoughTrudeau saw ‘no reference to either Brehmer’s or Dettweiler’swork in my American journals,’ he thought their ideas wereworth testing (Autobiography, p. 154). That summer he suggested the plan of a semi-charitable sanatorium in Saranac Laketo Dr. Loomis, who immediately agreed to examine and referprospective patients in New York at no charge. Trudeau began togather donations for an Adirondack Cottage Sanatorium, whichwould open in 1884.On March 24, 1882, in Berlin, Dr. Robert Koch read his paperon tuberculosis, with its startling conclusion that the diseasewas caused by an identifiable organism, the tubercle bacillus.Trudeau read abstracts of the paper in his journals, and itexcited his imagination. He inquired of his friend C. M. Lea, amedical publisher from Philadelphia, what the doctors therethought about it. Though Lea found the American medicalestablishment almost uniformly indifferent, he gave Trudeau aChristmas present of ‘a very full translation’ hand-written in a
9Hotalingcopybook. Wrote Trudeau, ‘I read every word of it over and overagain’ (Autobiography, p. 175).Convinced by Koch’s logic and enchanted by the possibility ofa cure, Trudeau determined to learn how to stain and recognisethe tubercle bacillus under a microscope in order to try Koch’sexperiments for himself. He applied to Dr. T. Mitchell Prudden,who taught pathology at the College of Physicians and Surgeonsin New York, and who directed its first laboratory, a new addition since Trudeau’s student days. Located in a narrow storefront at the corner of Twenty-third Street and Fourth Avenuebetween an ice-cream store and a harness shop, the laboratorystruck Trudeau as ‘a large, dark room, with a high ceiling [. . .]gloomy, ill-smelling’ (Autobiography, p. 177). Vibrations frompassing brewery wagons frequently interrupted work at themicroscopes. A biographical sketch of Dr. Prudden describedhis workplace:Prudden partitioned off for bacteriology a small cornerof his dark and crowded laboratory with second-handglass sashes, the wreckage of a livery stable. . . .Thiswa
Sea,’ explores Stevenson’s reactions to being across the sea and away from home. The final portion of this issue, ‘Fables, Poems, and Comics,’ looks at both Stevenson’s imagination and how others have imagined him. These essays discuss his fables, his poems for children as well as twentieth-century Classic Comic
Ian Stevenson Associate Professor University of Connecticut tel: (860) 486-6822 . 203-213.[PDF] 2008 Stevenson IH, Rebesco JM, Miller LE, and Körding KP. Inferring functional connections between neurons. Current Opinion in Neurobiology. 18: 582-588.[PDF] 2007 Whitehead JA and Stevenson I. Turbulent Mixing of two-layer strati ed uid .
Welcome to Stevenson University. However you come to us—new or returning student, prospective student, or simply exploring—thank you for taking time to look at the catalog and learn more about Stevenson. The 2021/2022 Stevenson University Undergraduate Catalog provides you with a detailed overview
The Stevenson Center board as well as the ACED Students Association reviewed previous editions of this program manual. NOTE: The Stevenson Center may amend this manual at any time. If changes are made, the Center will provide Fellows with an updated version and highlight those changes. Stevenson Center for Community and Economic Development
Robert Louis Stevenson’s and Joseph Strong’s ‘A Samoan Scrapbook’1 Carla Manfredi 1. Fragments of a Photo-Book According to Stevenson in A Footnote to History: Eight Years of Trouble in Samoa (1892), the Island’s political situation dur-ing the closing decades of the nineteenth century is a ‘singular
9 Robert Louis Stevenson, Literary Papers _ in Collected Works Vailima Edition (London: Charles Schribner & Son, 1923), 472. 10 Harmen, Stevenson, 70. - 6 - arguing Stevenson was a covert Calvinist or otherwise, but rather that he participated within a religious framework which supported and fostered such
IN RE: TRAVIS STEVENSON The final report of the circumstances, the investigation, and the determination of criminal responsibility for the officer involved death of Travis Stevenson on February 23, 2016. ISSUED September 22, 2016 THIS IS A P
Angus Hall of Fame Tom Burke (816) 853-2697 Kurt Schaff (816) 520-6447 Jeremy Haag (816) 516-1309 Stevenson Family Members Bob Stevenson, S
A CENSUS LIST OF WOOL ALIENS FOUND IN BRITAIN, 1946-1960 221 A CENSUS LIST OF WOOL ALIENS FOUND IN BRITAIN, 1946-1960 Compiled by J. E. LOUSLEY Plants introduced into Britain by the woollen industry have attracted increasing interest from field botanists in recent years and this follows a long period of neglect. Early in the present century Ida M. Hayward, assisted by G. C. Druce, made a .
