Micrometeoroid And Orbital Debris (MMOD) Shield Ballistic .
NASA/TM–2009–214789Micrometeoroid and Orbital Debris (MMOD)Shield Ballistic Limit Analysis ProgramShannon RyanUSRA Lunar and Planetary InstituteJohnson Space Center, Houston, TexasEric L. ChristiansenJohnson Space Center, Houston, TexasFebruary 2010
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NASA/TM–2009–214789Micrometeoroid and Orbital Debris (MMOD)Shield Ballistic Limit Analysis ProgramShannon RyanUSRA Lunar and Planetary InstituteJohnson Space Center, Houston, TexasEric L. ChristiansenJohnson Space Center, Houston, TexasNational Aeronautics andSpace AdministrationJohnson Space CenterHouston, TX 77058February 2010
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ContentsContents . iFigures . iiiTables . vGlossary of Terms and Abbreviations . viNotations . viiDisclaimer . viiiIntroduction . 1Installation . 1Operation . 1User Inputs, Material Properties, and Calculation Notes and Warnings . 3Ballistic limit curves . 6Ballistic Limit Equations . 7Single wall . 7Metallic single wall . 7Titanium single wall . 9Stainless-steel single wall . 9Carbon fiber reinforced plastic (CFRP) single wall . 11Fiberglass single wall . 11Fused silica glass. 13Fused Quartz Glass . 14Polycarbonate . 15Dual wall . 17Metallic Whipple shield . 17Honeycomb sandwich panel . 20Triple wall . 22Advanced configurations . 24Stuffed Whipple shield . 24Multi-shock shield . 26Mesh double-bumper shield . 29Thermal Protection Systems . 31Ceramic tiles . 31Reinforced Carbon-Carbon . 34Ablative heat-shield . 36Shape effects . 38Multilayer Insulation. 40Conclusions . 42References . 42Appendix: Validation of Program Output. 44Aluminum Single Wall (No Perforation). 44Aluminum Single Wall (No Detached Spall) . 45Titanium Single Wall (No Perforation) . 46Titanium Single Wall (No Attached Spall). 47Stainless-steel Single Wall (No Perforation) . 48Stainless-steel Single Wall w/MLI (No Perforation) . 49Fused Silica Single Wall (No Perforation) . 50i
Fused Silica Single Wall (No Detached Spall) . 51Fused Quartz Single Wall (No Perforation) . 52Fused Quartz Single Wall (Maximum crater diameter). 53Polycarbonate Single Wall (No Perforation) . 54Polycarbonate Single Wall (No Detached Spall) . 55CFRP Single Wall . 56Fiberglass Single Wall . 57Metallic Whipple Shield (No Perforation). 58CFRP/Al Honeycomb Sandwich Panel (No Perforation) . 61Aluminum Honeycomb Sandwich Panel (No Perforation) . 62Triple wall w/CFRP/Al HC SP (No Perforation) . 63Triple Wall w/Al HC SP (No Perforation) . 64Nextel Multi-shock Shield w/Aluminum Rear Wall (No Perforation) . 65Hybrid Nextel/Aluminum Multi-shock Shield (No Perforation) . 66Stuffed Whipple Shield (No Perforation) . 68Ceramic Tile (LI-900) Thermal Protection System w/Substructure (No Perforation) . 70Ceramic Tile (LI-2200) Thermal Protection System (No Perforation) . 71Ceramic Tile (AETB-8) Thermal Protection System (No Perforation) . 72Ceramic Tile (AETB-8) TPS w/Substructure (No Perforation) . 73RCC Thermal Protection System (No Perforation) . 74Avcoat Ablative Heat Shield (No Perforation) . 75PICA Ablative Heat Shield (No Perforation) . 76ii
FiguresFigure 1: Ballistic limit analysis program icon. . 1Figure 2: Main screen for the design and performance modules. . 2Figure 3: Metallic Whipple shield sizing window. . 2Figure 4: Selecting a material from the drop-down menu (metallic Whipple shield design module). 4Figure 5: Direct insertion of material properties from the material property database (metallic Whipple shield designmodule). . 5Figure 6: Example of warning dialog (metallic Whipple shield design module). . 6Figure 7: Output of the performance module-ballistic limit curve (metallic Whipple shield). . 7Figure 8: Metallic single-wall target schematic for application of the Cour-Palais semi-infinite plate equation. 8Figure 9: Damage characteristics and measurements in glass targets. Top: front view (photograph and schematic);bottom: damage measurement schematic (side view). . 13Figure 10: Metallic Whipple shield configuration for application of the Whipple shield BLE. . 17Figure 11: The effect of bumper thickness to projectile diameter ratio on required total Whipple shield thickness [12](note: ts indicates bumper thickness). . 18Figure 12: The onset of spherical projectile fragmentation for aluminum-on-aluminum impacts depending on theratio of bumper plate thickness (t) to projectile diameter (D). Dashed curve is linear regression from [12]. . 19Figure 13: Honeycomb sandwich panel configurations applicable for application of the SRL triple-wall BLE. . 20Figure 14: Applicable configurations for the SRL triple-wall BLE. . 22Figure 15: Stuffed Whipple shield configuration for application of the NASA JSC stuffed Whipple shield BLE. . 25Figure 16: Configurations applicable for the NASA JSC MS BLEs. Clockwise from upper left: Nextel MS shieldwith a fabric rear wall, Nextel MS shield with an aluminum rear wall, and a hybrid ceramic/aluminum MS shieldwith an aluminum rear wall. . 27Figure 17: MDB shielding configuration for application with the NASA JSC MDB BLE. 29Figure 18: Shuttle thermal tile configurations for application of the NASA JSC general BLE for ceramic tiles. . 31Figure 19: RCC TPS configuration for application of BLEs. 34Figure 20: Clear hole diameter measurement in RCC panels. . 35Figure 21: Avcoat ablative heat shield configuration for application with the NASA JSC ablative heat shield BLE.36Figure 22: Ellipsoid with rotational symmetry. . 38Figure 23: External (left) and internal (right) MLI configurations (shown with Whipple shield). 40Figure 1: Ballistic limit curves of a representative metallic single-wall MMOD shield calculated using BUMPER-IIand the Ballistic Limit Analysis Program (SAP). . 44Figure 2: Ballistic limit curves of a representative metallic single-wall MMOD shield calculated using BUMPER-IIand the Ballistic Limit Analysis Program (SAP). . 45Figure 3: Ballistic limit curves of a representative titanium single-wall MMOD shield calculated using the publishedBLE and the Ballistic Limit Analysis Program (SAP). . 46Figure 4: Ballistic limit curves of a representative titanium single-wall MMOD shield calculated using the publishedBLE and the Ballistic Limit Analysis Program (SAP). . 47Figure 5: Ballistic limit curves of a representative stainless-steel single-wall MMOD shield calculated using thepublished BLE and the Ballistic Limit Analysis Program (SAP). . 48Figure 6: Ballistic limit curves of a representative stainless-steel single wall (with MLI) MMOD shield calculatedusing the published BLE and the Ballistic Limit Analysis Program (SAP). . 49Figure 7: Ballistic limit curves of a representative fused silica glass single-wall MMOD shield calculated usingBUMPER-II and the Ballistic Limit Analysis Program (SAP). . 50Figure 8: Ballistic limit curves of a representative fused silica glass single-wall MMOD shield calculated usingBUMPER-II and the Ballistic Limit Analysis Program (SAP). . 51Figure 9: Ballistic limit curves of a representative fused quartz glass single-wall MMOD shield calculated using theBLE and the Ballistic Limit Analysis Program (SAP). . 52Figure 10: Ballistic limit curves of a representative fused quartz glass single-wall MMOD shield calculated using theBLE and the Ballistic Limit Analysis Program (SAP). . 53iii
Figure 11: Ballistic limit curves of a representative polycarbonate single-wall MMOD shield calculated using thepublished BLE and the Ballistic Limit Analysis Program (SAP). . 54Figure 12: Ballistic limit curves of a representative polycarbonate single-wall MMOD shield calculated using thepublished BLE and the Ballistic Limit Analysis Program (SAP). . 55Figure 13: Ballistic limit curves of a representative CFRP single-wall MMOD shield calculated from publication(PUB) and using the Ballistic Limit Analysis Program (SAP). . 56Figure 14: Ballistic limit curves of a representative CFRP single-wall MMOD shield calculated from publication(PUB) and using the Ballistic Limit Analysis Program (SAP). . 57Figure 15: Ballistic limit curves of a metallic Whipple shield calculated using BUMPER-II and the Ballistic LimitAnalysis Program (SAP) (property ID 1). 59Figure 16: Ballistic limit curves of a metallic Whipple shield calculated using BUMPER-II and the Ballistic LimitAnalysis Program (SAP) (property ID 3). 59Figure 17: Ballistic limit curves of a honeycomb sandwich panel with CFRP facesheets calculated from publication(PUB) and using the Ballistic Limit Analysis Program (SAP). . 61Figure 18: Ballistic limit curves of an Aluminum honeycomb sandwich panel calculated from publication (PUB) andusing the Ballistic Limit Analysis Program (SAP). . 62Figure 19: Ballistic limit curves of a triple wall MMOD shield (CFRP/Al HC SP bumper) calculated frompublication (PUB) and the Ballistic Limit Analysis Program (SAP). 63Figure 20: Ballistic limit curves of a triple wall MMOD shield (Al HC SP bumper) calculated from publication(PUB) and using the Ballistic Limit Analysis Program (SAP). . 64Figure 21: Ballistic limit curves of a Nextel MS MMOD shield (w/aluminum rear wall) calculated using BUMPERII (BUM) and the Ballistic Limit Analysis Program (SAP). . 65Figure 22: Ballistic limit curves of a hybrid Nextel/aluminum MS MMOD shield calculated using BUMPER-II(BUM) and the Ballistic Limit Analysis Program (SAP). 66Figure 23: Ballistic limit curves of a Nextel/Kevlar stuffed Whipple shield calculated using BUMPER-II (BUM)and the Ballistic Limit Analysis Program (SAP). . 68Figure 24: Ballistic limit curves of a ceramic tile TPS (w/honeycomb sandwich panel skin) calculated usingBUMPER-II and the Ballistic Limit Analysis Program (SAP). . 70Figure 25: Ballistic limit curves of an AETB ceramic tile TPS (no substructure) calculated using the published BLEand the Ballistic Limit Analysis Program (SAP). . 71Figure 26: Ballistic limit curves of a LI-2200 ceramic tile TPS (no substructure) calculated using the published BLEand the Ballistic Limit Analysis Program (SAP). . 72Figure 27: Ballistic limit curves of a LI-2200 ceramic tile TPS (graphite-cyanate face-sheeted honeycomb sandwichpanel substructure) calculated using the published BLE and the Ballistic Limit Analysis Program (SAP). . 73Figure 28: Ballistic limit curves of an RCC panel calculated using BUMPER-II and the Ballistic Limit AnalysisProgram (SAP). . 74Figure 29: Ballistic limit curves of an Avcoat ablative heat shield calculated using BUMPER-II and the BallisticLimit Analysis Program (SAP). 75Figure 30: Ballistic limit curves of a PICA ablative heat shield calculated from the published BLE and the BallisticLimit Analysis Program (SAP). 76iv
TablesTable 1: Material Properties Included in the Database . 3Table 2: Valid Application of the Cour-Palais Single-plate BLE . 9Table 3: Valid Application of the Titanium Single-plate BLE . 10Table 4: Valid Application of the Stainless-single plate BLE . 10Table 5: Valid Application of the Schaefer BLE for CFRP Plates . 12Table 6: Valid Application of the Fiberglass Single-plate BLE. . 12Table 7: Valid Application of the Cratering Equation for Fused Silica Glass Targets . 14Table 8: Valid Application of the Cratering Equation for Fused Quartz Glass Targets . 16Table 9: Valid Application of the Cratering Equation for Polycarbonate Targets . 16Table 10: Valid Application of the Christiansen Whipple Shield BLE . 20Table 11: List of Fit Parameters for the SRL Triple-wall Equation (Aluminum Impactor) . 21Table 12: Valid Application of the SRL Triple-wall BLE . 22Table 13: List of Fit Parameters for the SRL Triple-wall Equation (Aluminum Impactor) . 24Table 14: Valid Application of the SRL Triple-wall BLE . 24Table 15: Valid Application of the Christiansen Stuffed Whipple Shield BLE. 26Table 16: Valid Application of the NASA JSC MS Shield BLE . 29Table 17: Valid Application of the NASA JSC MDB BLE . 31Table 18: Valid Application of the NASA JSC BLE for Shuttle Ceramic Tiles. 33Table 19: Valid Application of the NASA JSC RCC BLE . 35Table 20: Valid Application of the NASA JSC BLE for an Ablative Heat Shield . 37Table 21: Set of Parameters for Use in Schaefer et al. Shape Effects BLE. 39Table 22: Valid Application of Schaefer Unyawed Ellipsoid Shape Effects . 39Table 23: Guidelines for the Inclusion of Internal or External MLI in Shield Performance Assessments . 41v
Glossary of Terms and uminum enhanced thermal barrierballistic limit curveballistic limit equationcarbon fiber reinforced plasticcrew return vehicleErnst-Mach-InstituteEuropean Space Agencygraphical user interfacehoneycombhypervelocityhypervelocity impactInternational Space StationJohnson Space CenterJames Webb Space Telescopelow velocitymesh double-bumpermultilayer insulationmicrometeoroid and orbital debrismulti-shockNaval Research Laboratoryphenolic impregnated carbon ablatorReinforced Carbon-Carbonroom temperature vulcanizingstandoff-to-projectile-diameter ratiosilicon carbidestrain isolation padsandwich panelSchaefer Ryan Lambertvi
NotationsADcCdDcDeDhEgiHBkKK3sK3dmP StV ρθσAreal density (g/cm2)CoefficientCoefficientDiameter (cm)Crater diameter (cm)Entry hole diameter (cm)Clear hole diameter (cm)Modulus of elasticity (Pa)Failure coefficientBrinell hardness (HB)Failure coefficientCoefficientLow-velocity coefficientHigh-velocity coefficientMassPenetration depth (cm)Spacing (cm)Thickness (cm)Projectile velocity (km/s)Elongation to fail (%)Density (g/cm3)Impact angle measured from target normal to velocity vector (radians)Rear wall yield stress (ksi) (Note: 1 ksi 1,000 lb/in2 6.895 rojectilesShieldwRear wall1.3Individual bumpers, layers or spacingvii
DisclaimerThe Micrometeoroid and Orbital Debris (MMOD) Shield Ballistic Limit Analysis Program, which isherein referred to as “the program,” that is described in this report is provided as a tool to aid in MMODshield design and impact performance assessment. While every effort has been made to ensure accuracyof program calculations, the results should be used only as a guide. Furthermore, ballistic limit equations(BLEs) that were implemented in the program were selected as a result of their correct form for: implementation into the NASA MMOD risk analysis software (BUMPER-II), common acceptance and application inthe MMOD field, and preliminary assessments of predictive accuracy. The selection of the BLEs that wereimplemented within the program should not be considered either an endorsement or a recommendation byNASA or the Johnson Space Center Hypervelocity Impact Technology Facility. Updates to the BLEs thatare implemented within the program will be provided in light of new test data and validation assessments.VersionThis report documents version 1.9 of the Micrometeoroid and Orbital Debris (MMOD) Shield BallisticLimit Analysis Program, released on February 18th, 2010. Updated documentation may be provided withlater releases.viii
IntroductionA software program has been developed that enables the user to quickly and simply performballistic limit calculations for shield configurations that are subject to hypervelocity meteoroid/orbitaldebris (MMOD) impacts. This analysis program consists of two core modules: a design module and aperformance module. The design module enables a user to calculate preliminary dimensions of a shieldconfiguration (e.g., thicknesses/areal densities, spacing, etc.) for a “design” particle (diameter, density,impact velocity, incidence). The performance module enables a more detailed shielding analysis, providing the performance of a user-defined shielding configuration
The NASA STI program provides access to the NASA Aeronautics and Space Database and its public interface, the NASA Technical Report Server, thus providing one of the largest collections of aeronautical and space science STI in the world. Results are published in both non-NASA channels and by NASA in the
Handbook for Designing MMOD Protection Astromaterials Research and Exploration Science Directorate (KA) Human Exploration Science Office (KX) NASA Johnson Space Center (JSC) January 28, 2009 Prepared by: Eric L. Christiansen, Dr., MMOD Protection Lead NASA JSC KX Co-Authors and Contributors: Jim Arnold, UC SC Alan Davis, ESCG, NASA JSC
honeycomb 2mm Al pressure shell m 1mm Al Corrugated 0.5mm Al Russian “Kevlar” fabric (6) m 3mm Fiberglass panel EVA Installation 23 “conformal” panels on cone region 5 panels on small diameter cylinder SM “conformal” augmentation shield
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