Surface Water Treatment Rules A
Arkansas Department of HealthSurface WaterTreatmentRules A
Goal of SWTRsTo improve public health protection from pathogens: ProtozoansBacteriaVirusesGiardia LambliaCryptosporidiumRotavirusE. Coli
SWTRsConsist of the following regulations(effective dates):Surface Water Treatment Rule (SWTR) (06/29/1993)Interim Enhanced Surface WaterTreatment Rule (IESWTR) (01/01/2002)Filter Backwash Recycling Rule (FBRR) (06/08/2004)Long Term 1 Enhanced Surface WaterTreatment Rule (LT1ESWTR) (01/01/2005)Long Term 2 Enhanced Surface WaterTreatment Rule (LT2ESWTR) (01/05/2006)
Regulated Pathogens(Removal/Inactivation Requirements)SWTR, IESWTR, LT1ESWTRSystems must comply with the removal/inactivation requirementsestablished for regulated equirements99.99% (4-log)Giardia LambliaZero99.9% (3-log)CryptosporidiumZero99% (2-log) (removal only)
Who is affected by SWTRs?All Public Water Systems that use:- Surface Sources LakesRivers/StreamsReservoirsSprings- Ground Water Under the Direct Influence ofsurface water (GWUDI)Referred to as Subpart H systems
Multi-Barrier TreatmentSourceSource ontact Basin /ClearwellToDist.
SWTR RequirementsSource Assessment Requirements for Groundwater Systems(GWUDI Evaluations)Source Monitoring RequirementsTurbidity Performance StandardsDisinfection Performance StandardsFilter Backwash RecyclingSanitary SurveysCovered Finished Reservoirs/Water Storage FacilitiesOperator Certification
Source Assessment RequirementsGroundwater SystemsAll PWS groundwater well sources: Evaluated for direct surface water influence (i.e. GWUDI)The evaluation process considers: Microbial and particulate analysisHistorical water quality dataWell constructionWell siting with respect to: Proximity to surface water sources and other potential sources of contamination Surface drainage Subsurface geology and aquifer characteristicsSWTR
Source Assessment RequirementsGWUDI SystemsIf a well is determined GWUDI: Must be in full compliance with the SWTRs within 18 months after thedetermination has been finalized. Must comply with interim monitoring requirements and a complianceschedule set by the ADH until filtration is installed.
SWTR RequirementsSource Assessment Requirements for Groundwater Systems(GWUDI Evaluations)Source Water Monitoring RequirementsTurbidity Performance StandardsDisinfection Performance StandardsFilter Backwash RecyclingSanitary SurveysCovered Finished Reservoirs/Water Storage FacilitiesOperator Certification
Source Monitoring RequirementsSource Water MonitoringMonitor to determineCryptosporidium and/or indicatorlevels (24 samples)LT2ESWTR
What is Cryptosporidium? A small, single celled parasite which causes the intestinal illnesscryptosporidiosis Found and transmitted in soil, food, water, or surfaces that havebeen contaminated with infected human or animal feces Protected by an outer shell (oocyst) that allows it to survive in theenvironment for long periods of time and makes it very resistant tochlorine- based disinfectantsCourtesy: Joint Photographic Group
CryptosporidiosisHow long after infection do symptoms appear? Generally begin 2 to 10 days (average 7 days) after becominginfected with the parasite.How long will symptoms last? In persons with healthy immune systems, symptoms usually lastabout 1 to 2 weeks. The symptoms may go in cycles in which you may seem to getbetter for a few days, then feel worse again before the illness ends.
Recorded Cryptosporidium Outbreaksin the U.S.1984TexasFirst recorded outbreak1987Carrolton, Georgia13,000 infected1993Milwaukee, Wisconsin400,000 infected1994Las Vegas, Nevada2005Upstate, New York2013Baker City, Oregonunknown35,000 infected28% infected
Source Monitoring TimelineSchRetail PopServed1st RoundMonitoring2nd RoundMonitoring1 100,000October 1, 2006April 1, 2015250,000 – 99,999April 1, 2007Oct 1, 2015310,000 – 49,999April 1, 2008Oct 1, 2016E. ColiOctober 1, 2008E. ColiOct 1, 2017CryptoApril 1, 2010CryptoApr 1, 20194 10,000LT2ESWTR
Source Monitoring RequirementsSource Water MonitoringMonitor to determine Cryptosporidiumand/or indicator levels(2 year period – 24 samples)Treatment Bins and the Microbial ToolboxAssignment to “bins” based on monitoringresults. Additional treatment based on therequirements for each bin, choosing from a set oftreatment options.LT2ESWTR
Source Water MonitoringBin Classification and TreatmentConventional FiltrationBinNumberCryptosporidiumConcentration(in oocysts/L)Additional TreatmentBeyond CurrentRequirements1Crypto 0.07520.075 Crypto 1.01.0 log (90%)3.0 log total31.0 Crypto 3.02.0 log (99%)4.0 log total43.0 CryptoLT2ESWTRNo additional treatment2.5 log (99.7%) 4.5 log total
Microbial ToolboxSourceProtection nBasinRiver Bankfiltration InactivationCombined FilterIndividual FilterDemonstration ofPerformanceUV LightOzoneAdditionalFiltrationChlorinedioxideLower finishedwater turbidityMembranesBag andcartridgefiltersOptions can be used singly or in combination to meet treatment requirementsSystems must meet criteria specific to each option to be granted treatment creditEPA has made removal/inactivation credit recommendations for each “tool”There is a 6-year compliance period from initial monitoring.LT2ESWTR
Requirements For BIN 2 and Using Toolbox Option:“Treatment encyCFEAt least every4 hours 0.15 NTU in 95% ofCFE MeasurementsIFEContinuously 0.15 NTU in 95% ofIFE MeasurementsContinuouslyNONE 0.3 NTU in 2Consecutive 15Min. MeasurementsIFELT2ESWTRMeasurement
Source Monitoring RequirementsSource Water MonitoringMonitor to determine Cryptosporidium and/orindicator levels (24 samples)Treatment Bins and the Microbial ToolboxAssignment to “bins” based on monitoring results.Additional treatment based on the requirements foreach bin, choosing from a set of treatment options.“Future” MonitoringSix years after initial source water monitoringends, monitor again to confirm or revise binclassification. (Doing now.)LT2ESWTR
SWTR RequirementsSource Assessment Requirements for Groundwater Systems(GWUDI Evaluations)Source Monitoring RequirementsTurbidity Performance StandardsDisinfection Performance StandardsFilter Backwash RecyclingSanitary SurveysCovered Finished Reservoirs/Water Storage FacilitiesOperator Certification
Conventional or Direct Filtration(Rapid Sand Filters) Combined Filter Effluent (CFE) Individual Filter Effluent (IFE)FilterFilterIFEFilterIFECFEIFE
Turbidity Performance StandardsCFE Requirements(Conventional and Direct yMeasurementCFE 95% Value At least every 4hours 0.3 NTUCFE Maximum At least every 4Valuehours1 NTUIESWTR and LT1ESWTR
Turbidity Performance StandardsCFE Requirements(Alternate bidity Performance95% of timeMax 4 hours 0.3 NTU1 NTU 4 hours 1.0 NTU5 NTUIESWTR and LT1ESWTR
Monitoring / Reporting RequirementsCFE TurbidityMonitored: Every 4 hours that the system produces water Continuous turbidity monitors can be substituted for grab samplesprovided that: Continuous monitoring results are manually or automaticallyrecorded Continuous monitor is calibrated on a regular basis ADH may reduce sampling frequency for systems serving 500people to once per day If ADH determines that less frequent monitoring is sufficient toindicate effective filtration
Turbidity Performance Standards- Turbidimeter calibration requirements: Must use procedure specified by manufacturer ADH recommends calibration w/ primary standards at least every3 months.
Turbidity Performance StandardsIf turbidimeter fails:Conduct grab sampling every 4 hours until repairedLarge Systems ( 10,000 pop.) must repair turbidimeter within 5 working daysSmall Systems ( 10,000 pop.) must repair turbidimeter within 14 daysPeriodic backup of data is recommended for systems using computersto log data.
Turbidity Performance StandardsIFE Requirements(Conventional and Direct Filtration only)Turbidity requency2 consecutivemeasurements15 min. apart 10,000IFEContinuously 0.5 NTU* IFEContinuously 1.0 NTU 10,000* If system has 2 filters or less monitoring location may be CFE.IESWTR and LT1ESWTR
Monitoring / Reporting RequirementsIFE Report FormsValue in NTU of Turbidity Measurements 1.0 in 2 Consecutive Measurements TakenFilter # 15 Minutes Apart -- During Normal OperationDate1-234-8Initial ReadingExceeding 1.0Conduct a Filter Profile Within 7 Days of theExceedance(s) or Determine Obvious Reason forAbnormal Filter Performance(Attach Filter Profile Report or Attach ReportOutlining Obvious Reason for Exceedance)2nd ReadingExceeding 1.0Date Profile Conducted2.49/21/02Date Obvious Reason forExceedance DeterminedNo Exceedance9/152.3No ExceedanceLT1ESWTR: 1.0 NTU exceedance in two consecutive readings taken 15minutes apart, system must report date, filter number, turbidity valueand reason (if known) for exceedance.
Monitoring / Reporting RequirementsIFE Follow-up Steps(Systems serving at least 10,000 people)Condition2 consecutive measurements 0.5 NTUtaken 15 minutes apart at the end of thefirst 4 hours of continuous filter operationafter backwash/offlineActionProduce filter profile within7 days (if cause is notknown)22 consecutive measurements 1.0 NTUtaken 15 minutes apart during normaloperationProduce filter profile within7 days (if cause is notknown)32 consecutive measurements 1.0 NTUtaken 15 minutes apart at the same filterfor 3 months in a rowConduct aassessmentdays42 consecutive measurements 2.0 NTUtaken 15 minutes apart at the same filterfor 2 months in a rowArrange for a CPE within30 days and submit reportwithin 90 days1IESWTRfilter selfwithin 14
Monitoring / Reporting RequirementsIFE Follow-up Steps(Systems serving less than 10,000 people)ConditionAction12 consecutive measurements 1.0NTU taken 15 minutes apartReporting only22 consecutive measurements 1.0NTU taken 15 minutes apart at thesame filter for 3 months in a rowConduct a filter selfassessment within 14 days3* 2 consecutive measurements 2.0NTU taken 15 minutes apart at thesame filter for 2 months in a rowArrange for a CPE within60 days and submit reportwithin 120 days* Exception if a CPE was done in the last 12 monthsLT1ESWTR
Monitoring / Reporting RequirementsFilter ProfileContinuous turbidity measurements of atypical filter run in graphical form. Starting at filter startup after backwashEnding at filter startup after next backwash1. Must include the filter performance while another filter isbeing backwashed.2. Must include explanations of the cause of performancespikes. Flow rate increase, adjoining filter backwash, filter backwash, etc.
Monitoring / Reporting RequirementsFilter Profile — Good PerformanceTurbidity (NTU)0.40.30.2BackwashesPeaks: 0.3 NTU0.1012 am6 am12 pm6 pmTime12 am6 am12 pm
Monitoring / Reporting RequirementsFilter Profile — Turbidity Excursion0.4Chemical Feed Failure0.3NTU0.2Filter BackwashInitiate Filter Backwash0.1012 am6 am12 pm6 pmTime12 am6 am12 pm
Monitoring / Reporting RequirementsFilter Self Assessment A general description of the filter. The development of a filter profile. An assessment of the hydraulic loading conditions of thefilter. An assessment of the actual condition and placement of thefilter media. A description of backwash practices. An assessment of the condition of the supportmedia/underdrain. An assessment of the filter rate-of-flow controllers and filtervalving adequacy.
Monitoring / Reporting RequirementsComprehensive Performance Evaluation (CPE) Is a thorough review and analysis conducted to identifyfactors that may be adversely impacting the plant’scapability to achieve compliance and /or optimalperformance. Evaluates: Design Operation Administration Maintenance
SWTR RequirementsSource Assessment Requirements for Groundwater Systems(GWUDI Evaluations)Source Monitoring RequirementsTurbidity Performance StandardsDisinfection Performance StandardsFilter Backwash Recycling RuleSanitary SurveysCovered Finished Reservoirs/Water Storage FacilitiesOperator Certification
Disinfection Performance StandardsCTPlant Effluent Disinfectant ResidualDistribution Disinfectant ResidualDisinfection Profiling and BenchmarkingSWTR, IESWTR, LT1ESWTR
Disinfection Performance Standards“CT”“CT” C x T; where (C) is the residual disinfectant concentration (mg/L) The residual disinfectant is measured at the effluent of a basin or pipeline (T) is the time credited for disinfectant contact “T” is the time it takes for 10% of the water entering the treatment unit to exit at peakflow Contact time is determine by tracer study or application of a baffle factor“CT” is an ADH assigned value based on the flow characteristics through the treatmentunit and historical data
Disinfection Performance Standards“CT”Common Disinfectants in WaterTreatment: ChlorineChloraminesChlorine DioxideOzoneUltraviolet Radiation (UV)
Monitoring / Reporting Requirements“CT” Peak plant flow rate (raw or plant flow rate)Peak high service flow rateMinimum clearwell depthWater temperature at peak flow rateIdentify disinfection injection pointsIdentify CT monitoring pointspH & disinfectant residual (free chlorine) ateach monitoring point at peak flow rate Determine CT compliance
Disinfection Performance Standards“CT”SourcePotential SedimentationBasinContact Basin /ClearwellToDist.
Disinfection Performance Standards“CT”Disinfection treatment (CT) must be sufficient to ensurethe total treatment processes achieve inactivation of:ADH establishes removal and inactivation ionalGiardiaLamblia99% (2-log)ZeroVirusesDirectGiardiaLambliaMinimum InactivationRequirements byDisinfection68% (0.5-log)99.9% (3-log)ZeroSWTR90% (1.0-log)
Disinfection PerformanceStandards“CT”HOCl Hypochlorous AcidOCl- Hypochlorite IonNo CT credit given by ADH for pH above 9.0.
Disinfection Performance Standards“CT Letter”
Disinfection Performance Standards“CT Letter”
Disinfection Performance Standards“CT Letter”
Monitoring / ReportingRequirements“CT”(RECORD DISINFECTANT INJECTION POINTS BELOW)#1: Flash MixPeakPeakDRaw / PlantHighMinimumWaterAFlowServiceClearw ( C / F)7575100100686870#3: Clearwell Inf.(RECORD MONITORING LOCATIONS BELOW)#1: Sed. Basin Eff.#2: Filter Effluent#3: Clearwell Eff.pH(GPM)#2: Filter l)6.56.80.20.47.87.6Wasco mpliance If no , withinResidualmet this(mg/l)date?12 ho urs?(Yes / No )(Yes / No )NoYesYes0.40.9EPA approved test methods must be used for CT compliance.
Disinfection Performance StandardsPlant Effluent and Distribution ResidualsPopulationTreatment PlantEffluentDistribution SystemAll Subpart HSystemsCannot be 0.2 mg/Lfor more than 4hoursDetectable in at least 95% ofsamples in a month for any 2consecutive months* Heterotrophic plate counts 500 colonies / mL are deemed toequal to a detectable residual (not used in Arkansas)
Monitoring / Reporting RequirementsDistribution Entry Point ResidualRecord lowest measured value each day.Monitoring FrequencyPopulationServedSamplesPer Day 5001501 - 100021001 - 250032501 - 33004 3300ContinuouslyRecord results on Operations Report FormNote: If plant effluent residual 0.2 mg/L, the system must notifyADH and monitor every 4 hours until 0.2 mg/L.
Monitoring / Reporting RequirementsDistribution Entry Point ResidualSystems using Chlorine Dioxide:– Monitor ClO2 at the entry point to the distributionsystem daily.– For any daily sample exceeding 0.8 mg/L, thesystem must: Collect three distribution system samples the next day atlocations as specified in their ADH approved sample siteplan
Monitoring / Reporting RequirementsDistribution Disinfectant Residual Monitor at same points and frequency as TCR samples. Failure to meet distribution system residuals is atreatment technique violation (if non-detect in 5% ofsamples for two months) . Maximum Residual Disinfectant Levels (MRDL).Chlorine 4.0 mg/L (as Cl2) Yearly AvgChloramines 4.0 mg/L (as Cl2) Yearly AvgChlorine Dioxide 0.8 mg/L (as ClO2) Max
Monitoring / Reporting RequirementsDistribution Disinfectant ResidualEffluent Cl2(ppm)Low estMeasuredValue*Chlorite M onitoring(For Systems UsingChlorine ed(Y / N)DA*4 Hr Effluent Residual Monitoring Required if 0.2 PPMAMTE0.610.520.730.140.256PMDate12 -- 4 4 -- 8 8 -- 12 12 -- 4 4 -- 840.10.150.5A8 --12
Disinfection Performance StandardsDisinfection ProfilingLog-Reduction of Giardia LambliaLog BenchmarkLog Inactivation10.01.00.1Disinfection ProfilingMonitor and record giardia and virusinactivation throughout plant.Develop Disinfection BenchmarkEstablish representative benchmark of microbial protection throughoutplant based on monitoring results.Consultation with StateConsult with state prior to making significant changes todisinfection practices.
SWTR RequirementsSource Assessment Requirements for Groundwater Systems(GWUDI Evaluations)Source Monitoring RequirementsTurbidity Performance StandardsDisinfection Performance StandardsFilter Backwash RecyclingSanitary SurveysCovered Finished Reservoirs/Water Storage FacilitiesOperator Certification
Filter Backwash Recycling Rule General Description Requires that all recycle flows be returned through all treatment processes (i.e., at orprior to the point of primary coagulation). Applies to: All Subpart H systems that uses conventional or direct filtration treatment, and Recycles water from: Filter Backwash Thickener Supernatant Dewatering Processes
Monitoring / Reporting RequirementsFilter Backwash Recycling Rule– Copy of recycle notification and informationsubmitted to the State.– List of all recycle flows and frequency with whichthey are returned.– Average and maximum backwash flow rates &average and maximum duration of backwashprocess (in minutes.)
Monitoring / Reporting RequirementsFilter Backwash Recycling Rule– Typical filter run length and written summary ofhow filter run length is determined.– Type of treatment provided for recycle flows. Physical dimension of recycle equalizationtreatment units Typical and maximum hydraulic loading rates Types of chemicals used and average dose Frequency of use Frequency at which solids are removedand/or
SWTR RequirementsSource Assessment Requirements for Groundwater Systems(GWUDI Evaluations)Source Monitoring RequirementsTurbidity Performance StandardsDisinfection Performance StandardsMonitoring and Reporting RequirementsSanitary SurveysCovered Finished Reservoirs/Water Storage FacilitiesOperator Certification
Sanitary SurveysSignificant deficiencies Defect in a system’s design, operation,maintenance, or administration. Failure or malfunction of any systemcomponent, that the State (ADH) determinesto cause, or have the potential to cause, risk tohealth or safety.
Sanitary SurveysSignificant DeficienciesIf determined to have significant deficiencies: Respond in writing to the ADH within 45 daysof written notification. Provide a corrective action plan and time tablefor resolving significant deficiencies. Correct significant deficiencies according totime table submitted to and approved by ADH.
Sanitary SurveysRecords and ReportsThe system must have, at a minimum, the following records onfile and available for review during Sanitary Surveys. Sanitary SurveysBacteriological and Chemical Analysis ReportsSource Water Assessment ReportSample Site PlansOptimal Corrosion Control and Treatment Plan (If Applicable)Disinfection Profile and Benchmark Report (If Applicable)Individual Filter Monitoring Data (If Applicable)Filter Profile Report (If Applicable)Filter Self-Assessment Report (If Applicable)CPE Report (If Applicable)
SWTR RequirementsSource Assessment Requirements for Groundwater Systems(GWUDI Evaluations)Source Monitoring RequirementsTurbidity Performance StandardsDisinfection Performance StandardsMonitoring and Reporting RequirementsSanitary SurveysCovered Finished Reservoirs/Water Storage FacilitiesOperator Certification
Covered Finished Reservoirs/Water StorageFacilitiesUncovered Finished WaterReservoirs (LT2)Systems with uncoveredreservoirs must either cover,treat, or implement riskmitigation plan
SWTR RequirementsSource Assessment Requirements for Groundwater Systems(GWUDI Evaluations)Source Monitoring RequirementsTurbidity Performance StandardsDisinfection Performance StandardsMonitoring and Reporting RequirementsSanitary SurveysCovered Finished Reservoirs/Water Storage FacilitiesOperator Certification
Operator CertificationAll Subpart H systems must be operated by qualifiedpersonnelTo be qualified: Treatment License Must be Grade II or higher(based on system size and job duties) Three months to obtain license, however The system will be in violation of the SWTR during thisperiod Violations will be reported to EPA
Analytical Techniques
Analytical Techniques Turbidity must be measured in accordance with: EPA Method 180.1, or Method 214A in the 16th or later edition of Standard Methods(2130 B in 22nd edition) Chlorine residual (free or combined) must be measured in accordancewith: Method 408C (Amperometric Titration Method), Method 408D (DPD Ferrous Titrimetric Method), or Method 408E (DPD Colorimetric Method)in the 16th, or later, edition of Standard Methods(4500-Cl X-00 (X D, F, or G) in SM Online) EPA Method 334.0 (On-line analyzer) DPD colorimetric field test kits are also acceptable.
Analytical Techniques Ozone Residual concentration must be measured by: Method 4500-O3 B of the 17th, or later,edition of Standard Methods Chlorine Dioxide Residual concentration must be measured by: Method 410B or 410C (Amperometric Titration) of the 16th, orlater, edition of Standard Methods(Method 4500-ClO2 D or E in 19th or 20th edition)(Method 4500-ClO2 C or E in 22nd edition)(Method 4500-ClO2 E-00 in SM Online) EPA Method 327.0 Rev. 1.1 Amperometric Sensor using ChlordioX Plus
Analytical Techniques pH Measurements must be in accordance with: Method 423 in the 16th, or later, edition of Standard Methods(4500-H B-00 in Standard Methods Online) (Note: This method requires the use of a specific ionelectrode for pH measurements, colorimetric methods are notacceptable. EPA Method 150.1 EPA Method 150.2 Temperature Measurements must be in accordance with: Method 212 in the 16th, or later, edition of Standard Methods(2550-00 in Standard Methods Online)
Analytical Techniques Total Trihalomethanes (TTHMs) Must be collected, handled, and analyzed by one of thefollowing analytical methods: EPA 502.2, EPA 524.2 or EPA 551.1 Haloacetic Acids (five) (HAA5s) Must be collected, handled, and analyzed by one of thefollowing analytical methods: EPA 552.1, EPA 552.2 (or 552.3), or Standard Method 6251B, 19th Edition, ofStandard Methods (6251 B-94 at SM Online)
Questions?Copy of the SWTRs:Safe Drinking Water Hotline at (800) 426-4791 mentation-resourcesTechnical information on the SWTRs:ADH-Engineering SectionSource Protection Program (501) 661-2623Aaron HilbornAaron.Hilborn@arkansas.govVickie WelytokVictoria.Welytok@arkansas.govChris RobertsChristopher.Roberts@arkansas.gov
To which of the following sources dothe SWTRs NOT apply?A. RiversB. SpringsC. ReservoirsD. WellsD. Wells
Under the Surface Water TreatmentRule, “CT” stand for.A. Concentration X TimeB. Contact TimeC. Cryptosporidium TotalD. Clearwell TurbulenceA. Concentration X Time
Individual filters must be monitored forturbidity.A. every 4 hoursB. continuallyC. once per dayD. once per shiftB. continually
A filter with an average pore size of 1micron is designated.A. 1 micron absoluteB. 1 micron nominalC. uniformly coefficientD. 1 micron medianB. 1 micron nominal
If 99.9% of Giardia Lamblia is removedfrom a water source, that removal israted as.A. 1 logB. 2 logC. 3 logD. 4 logC. 3 log
A failure of a system component thatposes a threat to health or safety isreferred to as a.A. significant deficiencyB. sanitary hazardC. MRDLD. filter profileA. significant deficiency
The “cloudiness” of water, measured inNTUs is called.A. alkalinityB. turgor potentialC. combined filter effluentD. turbidityD. turbidity
If a turbidimeter fails, the systemmust.A. repair turbidimeter within 24 hoursB. submit Tier 2 Public NotificationC. take grab samples every 4 hoursD. apply for a CPEC. Take grab samples every 4 hours
The maximum turbidity measurementfor combined or individual filter effluent(conventional or direct) is.A. 5.0 NTUsB. 1.0 NTUC. 0.3 NTUD. 0.5 NTUB. 1.0 NTU
NTU stands for.A. North Thornton UniversityB. Nonbiodegradable Turgor UnitsC. Nostalgic Teletubby UnionD. Nephelometric Turbidity UnitD. Nephelometric Turbidity Unit
CFE Requirements (Alternate Filtration) Filter Rating Monitoring Location Monitoring Frequency Turbidity Performance 95% of time Max 1-micron nominal CFE 4 hours 0.3 NTU 1 NTU 1-micron absolute C
Rules database is the basis of the rules engine and it is a collection of rules files which are established by rules engine. Rules database is maintained by rules management and it is used by rules engine. (5) Rules Matching The first step is modelling with rules files in rules database. Then, it will match rules with users'
2.0 Surface Water Treatment Rules Surface water sources and sources designated as groundwater under the direct influence of surface water (GWI) carry a high microbial risk. As a result, the basic treatment framework requires the following minimum level of treatment. 2-log removal or inactivation of Cryptosporidium oocysts.
1. Filtration of surface water or ground water under the influence of surface water. 2. Prefiltration prior to subsequent treatment. 3. Solids removal. Surface Water Treatment Rule (SWTR) Compliance: Bag filters and cartridge filters may be used to provide filtration of surface water or ground water under the influence of surface water.
Classification Rules -MDR, Annex VIII MDR MDD Rules 1 -4: Non-invasive devices Rules 5 -8 : Invasive devices Rules 9 -13 : Active Devices Rules 14 -22 : Special rules Rules 1 -4 : Non-invasive devices Rules 5 -8 : Invasive devices Rules 9 -12 : Active devices Rules 13 -18 : Special rules
Long Term 2 Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule (LT2ESWTR). The LT2ESWTR applies to all public water systems (both community and non-community) that are supplied by a surface water source or by ground water sources under the direct influence of surface water (Sub-part H systems), including
draft 2013 v2.1. maximum volume: 1,296.00 ac-ft surface water surface water surface water surface water surface water . hardcopy form from the office of the engineer of the flathead reservation water management board. . through 43 of the ferc license in order to meet the minimum pool requirements of pablo reservoir. 76l 30052929.
The sequence of treatment processes through which wastewater passes is usually characterized as: 1. Preliminary treatment 2. Primary treatment 3. Secondary treatment 4. Tertiary treatment This discussion is an introduction to advanced treatment methods and processes. Advanced treatment is primarily a tertiary treatment.
The sequence of treatment processes through which wastewater passes is usually characterized as: 1. Preliminary treatment 2. Primary treatment 3. Secondary treatment 4. Tertiary treatment This discussion is an introduction to advanced treatment methods and processes. Advanced treatment is primarily a tertiary treatment.
