Installation Of Basic 4 Sanitary Fittings And Fixtures
4Installation of BasicSanitary F ittingsand F ixturesIntroductionYou must have seen plumbing and sanitary fittingsand fixtures installed in the kitchen, bathroom ortoilets of your home, school or other buildings. Manypeople confuse the words plumbing fittings andplumbing fixtures. A plumbing fixture is a part thatis connected to a plumbing system and carries waterthrough a building. The most common plumbingfixtures are bathtubs, sinks, showers, tubs, toiletsand faucets. While a fixture can be fixed into wallsor the floor, a fitting is an item that can be hung by ahook, screw or nail.Plumbing fittingsVarious types of pipe fitting are available in plumbingsystems for different purposes and functions. A pipefitting is used in the plumbing system to join multiplepipes of same size or different sizes, to regulate the flowor to measure the flow. They are made, up of differentmaterials like copper, iron, brass, PVC, etc.There are many different kinds of fittings, madefrom a variety of materials. Some of the most commontypes are as follows.
Types of rTeeNipple8. TrapFor a building, the plumbing system should bedesigned in a way that water is distributed uniformly,throughout the day. It should be ensured that acombination of fittings and fixtures is selected in sucha way that uniform supply of water and discharge ofwater is maintained.CollarWhile joining two pipes in the same length, collar isused. It is fitted at the end of the pipe (Fig. 4.1).Fig. 4.1: CollarsElbowIt is installed at the time of joining two pipes. With thehelp of an elbow, the direction of liquid is changed.Normally a 45 degree or 90 degree elbow is used. Whenthe two sides of pipes differ in size, an elbow of reducingsize is used. This is called reducing type elbow or reducertype elbow.Elbows are categorised as follows.Long Radius (LR) elbowsHere, the radius is 1.5 times the diameter of pipe.Short Radius (SR) elbowsIn this, the radius is 1.0 times the diameter of pipe.45-degree elbowThis is used when the change in direction required is45 degrees (Fig. 4.2).40Unit 4.indd 40Plumber General II – Class XI25-06-2019 14:35:33
90-degree elbowThis is used when the change in direction required is90 degrees (Fig. 4.3).Fig. 4.2: Bend 45 degreeFig. 4.3: Bend 90 degreeFig. 4.4: Y-T jointFig. 4.5: Double Y-T joint-1InstallationUnit 4.indd 41ofBasic Sanitary FittingsandFixtures4125-06-2019 14:35:34
Fig. 4.6: Double Y-T joint-2Fig. 4.7: T-trapGasketFig. 4.8: GasketThey are mechanical seals, generally ring-shaped andfitted for sealing flange joints. A flange joint is a plateor ring to form a rim at the end of a pipe when fastenedto the pipe. Gaskets are made as per by construction,materials and features. Important gaskets used are nonmetallic, spiral-wound and ring-joint type (Fig. 4.8).UnionFig. 4.9: UnionWhen two ends of pipes are joined, the pipe fitting usedis called a union. A union is made of three parts, namelya nut, a male end and a female end. The male and femaleends are assembled with the support of the nuts, andnecessary pressure is applied to connect the joint. Sincethe pairing ends of the union are interchangeable, theunion can be changed easily in a short time (Fig. 4.9).ReducerIt is used to connect pipes of different diameters. Areducer may be of various types like reducer tee, reducerelbow and reducer socket (Fig. 4.10).Fig. 4.10: Reducers42Unit 4.indd 42Plumber General II – Class XI25-06-2019 14:35:34
TeeIt is an important fitting with a side outlet at 900 tothe run of the pipe. Tees connect pipes of variousdiameters and help in changing the direction of wateror material in a pipe. Tees are made in various sizes likeequal or unequal. The equal tee is most commonly used(Figs. 4.11–4.13).Fig. 4.11: Single tee socketFig. 4.12: Single tee socketFig. 4.13: Double tee socketNippleIt is a piece of pipe having thread at both sides, andcould be used for short extension of plumbing lines. Itcan also be used for connecting two fittings within smalldistance (Fig. 4.14).InstallationUnit 4.indd 43ofBasic Sanitary FittingsandFixturesFig. 4.14: Nipple4325-06-2019 14:35:34
TrapBottle trapP-trapS-trapFig. 4.15: TrapIt is a fitting in a P-, U-, S- or J-shaped type (Fig. 4.15).Traps are fitted near a plumbing fixture. The trap bend isfitted to prevent sewer gases from entering the building.If the gases are inserted back into home, then it couldlead to people inhaling foul smell, which could causeillnesses. It could even explode.CrossFig. 4.16: CrossWhen four pipes are joined, a cross is formed. It isalso called a cross branch line or a four-way fitting(Fig. 4.16). This fitting has three outlets and one inlet.Cross fittings may deteriorate when temperatureschange, because cross fitting is made at the centre ofthe four connection points.OffsetWhen an assembly of fittings on a pipeline makes onesection of pipe out of line and parallel to a secondsection, then it is known as an offset (Fig. 4.17).Fig. 4.17: OffsetCommon sanitary fittings and fixturesBathtubFig. 4.18: BathtubInstalled in a bathroom, it is made of vitreousmaterial, enamelled iron, plastic, marble, etc.Its length varies from 1.7 m to 1.85 m, thewidth is 70 cm 75 cm and the depth variesfrom 43 cm to 45 cm to the outlet end. Coldand hot water taps are provided for filling thetank, and an overflow pipe is provided for excesswater drainage. A waste coupling with a waste sealtrap is provided at the drain with a rubber plug as inthe washbasin.WashbasinIt is provided for washing hands, face, etc. These aregenerally made of vitreous china, burnt fireclay, ceramic,enamel over steel, marble, glass, etc. Washbasins areavailable in different shapes, sizes and colours.Fig. 4.19: Washbasin44Unit 4.indd 44Plumber General II – Class XI25-06-2019 14:35:36
NotesWater closetIt is provided to receive human excreta directly fromthe user. It is connected through a suitable trap to thesoil pipe and finally to a municipal sewer or septic tank.The excreta is flushed with the help of water from thecistern tank. There are two types of water closets.1. Indian type2. European typeFig. 4.20: Water closetFaucetIt is a device that controls the flow of liquid, especiallywater, from a pipe. It is also called a water tap. It isavailable in a bathroom, kitchen or sink, as per use.Fig. 4.21: FaucetFig. 4.22: SinkSinkIt is a rectangular, shallow, waterproof tank made ofconcrete, vitreous china, fireclay, or stainless steel.It is used for cleaning utensils, clothes, etc. The flow ofa sink is provided with a hole for fixing a waste couplingand a waste pipe.InstallationUnit 4.indd 45ofBasic Sanitary FittingsandFixtures4525-06-2019 14:35:37
Flushing cisternIt is a small tank holding water for flushing urinals andwater closets. It is made of cast iron, glazed earthenware,glazed vitreous, or any other material. Depending uponits size, a cistern can hold the following quantities ofwater—5 litres, 10 litres and 15 litres. A 10-litre cisternis the most common.GeyserFig. 4.23: Flushing cisternIt is used for heating water. It is available in differentcapacities, upto 25 litres, as per requirement.Installation50 LitresWater inletWater outletFig. 4.24: GeyserIt refers to the act of placing or fixing in position aplumbing fixture such as a washbasin, a water closet,etc. Installation is an important step in fixing thecomponents of a system as per the design. During theinstallation of plumbing system in a building, home ora housing colony, planning is done as per the standardprocedure of designing. A good installation systemprevents water leakage, allows optimum installation ofthe money spent and enhances the life of the plumbingfixtures. Instructions for installation are given either bythe manufacturer on one’s own or the specifications inthe construction map.If the standard procedure is followed during theinstallation of plumbing system, it allows for smoothand efficient functioning of the system.Important points before installationRead the plumbing drawingStudy the drawing of the bathroom, washroom, kitchenor other places where installation is to be done. Thedrawing will help the Plumber General to understandvarious aspects of plumbing fittings, fixtures, distanceand height to be maintained during installation.Install the basic sanitary fixtureFittings (faucets and valves) are used more often thanany other part of the plumbing system. The best modernfittings selected should use chrome-plated brass as it46Unit 4.indd 46Plumber General II – Class XI25-06-2019 14:35:38
bears the effect of water quality and has a high durability.They can be cleaned easily with soap and warm water.NotesProtection against backflowThe supply lines and fittings for every plumbingfixture should be installed in such a way that thereis no backflow. There may be a backflow due toimproper design.Access for cleaningPlumbing fixtures should be installed in such a waythat they can have easy access for cleaning, for boththe fixture and the area around the fixture.Check for alignment and settingThe fixtures must be set level in proper alignmentwith the adjacent walls. As per the Indian PlumbingAssociation Code, a water closet, lavatory or bidetshould not be set closer than 15 inches (381 mm)from its centre to any sidewall, partition, vanity orother obstruction, or closer than 30 inches (762 mm)centre-to-centre between toilets or adjacent fixtures.An 18-inch (457 mm) distance must be in front of thewater closet or bidet to any wall, fixture or door. Watercloset compartments should not be less than 30 inches(762 mm) wide and 60 inches (1524 mm) deep. Theremust be at least 18 inches (457 mm) clearance in frontof a lavatory to any wall, fixture or door. A urinal shallnot be set closer than 15 inches (381 mm) from thecentre of the urinal to any sidewall, partition, vanity orother obstruction, or closer than 30 inches (762 mm)centre-to-centre between urinals.Make floor and wall drainage connectionsConnections between the drain and floor outlet plumbingfixtures must be made with a floor flange. The flange shallbe attached to the drain and anchored to the structure.Connections between the drain and wall-hung waterclosets should be made with an approved extensionnipple or horn adapter. The water closet must be boltedto the hanger with corrosion-resistant bolts or screws.Joints should be sealed with an approved elastomericgasket or setting compound.InstallationUnit 4.indd 47ofBasic Sanitary FittingsandFixtures4725-06-2019 14:35:38
NotesCheck for floor flangesFloor flanges for water closets or similar fixtures shallnot be less than 1/8 inch (3.2 mm) thick for brass, 1/4inch (6.4 mm) thick for plastic, and not less than a 2-inch(51 mm) caulking depth for cast-iron or galvanisedmalleable iron. Floor flanges of hard lead shall weighnot less than 0.7 kg and shall be composed of lead alloywith not less than 7.75 percent antimony (a chemicalelement which is a brittle, silvery-white metalloid)by weight. Closet screws and bolts shall be of brass.Flanges shall be secured to the building structure withcorrosion-resistant screws or bolts.Secure floor outlet fixturesFloor outlet fixtures must be secured to the floor orfloor flanges by screws or bolts of corrosion-resistantmaterial.Secure wall-hung water closet bowlsWall-hung water closet bowls should be supportedby a concealed metal carrier that is attached tobuilding the structural members so that strain is nottransmitted to the closet connector or any other partof the plumbing system.Make water-tight jointsAll the joints of fixtures close to the wall or floor mustbe sealed to prevent water from entering or passingthrough.Plumbing in mental health centresIn mental health centres, pipes or traps should not beexposed, and fixtures must be bolted through walls.Design of overflowsWhere any fixture is provided with an overflow, thewaste should be designed and installed in such a waythat standing water in the fixture will not rise in theoverflow when the stopper is closed, and no water willremain in the overflow when the fixture is empty.Connection of overflowsThe overflow from any fixture should be discharged intothe drainage system on the inlet or fixture side of the48Unit 4.indd 48Plumber General II – Class XI25-06-2019 14:35:38
trap. The only exception exists in case of the overflowfrom a flush tank serving a water closet or urinal, whichshould be discharged into the fixture served.Access to concealed connectionsFixtures with concealed slip-joint connections shouldbe provided with an access panel or utility space atleast 12 inches (305 mm) in its smallest dimension orother approved arrangement so as to provide accessto the slip connections for inspection and repair.Where such access cannot be provided, access doorsshall not be required, provided that all joints aresoldered, solvent cemented or screwed so as to form asolid connection.Installation of a wall hung fixtureStep 1. Install the mounting board between the studsat the proper height, using the same method as for awall-hung flush tank.Step 2. Attach a hangerbracket on the finishedwall using the properlength of wood screws atthe recommended height.The metal bracket must belevel.Mounting boardMounting boardHangerLevelLavatory (on hanger)HangerStep 3. Place the lavatoryon the bracket and pushdown. Make sure thelavatory is level.Water supplyShutoff valveJoining of pipesFig. 4.25: Wall-hung lavatory installationProper solvent cementing techniques are fundamentalto the successful installation of pipes. Such techniquesprovide the basis for strong and durable solvent cementjoints.Solvent cementingAlso known as solvent welding, solvent cementingis a chemical process that uses a primer, or theInstallationUnit 4.indd 49ofBasic Sanitary FittingsandFixtures4925-06-2019 14:35:38
Notescement itself, to soften the surface of a plastic pipeand fittings in order to weld, or fuse them together.When applied, the solvents soften and dissolve thetop layer of the pipe and fitting material, looseningits molecular structure. A taper in the fitting socketcreates an interference fit that ensures contactbetween the pipe and fitting. This allows the materialto fuse to itself when the two pieces are connected.Solvent cementing is a fast, easy and highly reliableprocess that produces a joint, stronger than eitherthe pipe or fitting alone.Fig. 4.26: Solvent cementing is the most popular kind of ChlorinatedPolyyvinyl Chloride joining methodPVC glue is used as a solvent cement. It is an adhesivethat is used to create an airtight seal that holds the PVCpipe and connection fittings together. Considering thatthe majority of piping installation failures are the resultof improper cementing techniques, an understanding ofthe proper techniques required for joining, saves bothtime and money.Procedure for solvent cementing1. Inspect the pipe and fittings for overall appearanceand compatibility. Obvious defects such ascracks, burrs and incompatible materials mustbe addressed as required. The joining surfacesmust be clean and dry. In addition, the cementfor the type and size of pipe and fittings shouldbe determined. Also, remember both temperatureand humidity may be issues to consider. Anotherdetail that is often overlooked is the need to havethe correct size applicator for the size of pipe. Thesize of the applicator should be about half the size50Unit 4.indd 50Plumber General II – Class XI25-06-2019 14:35:39
of the pipe diameter in order to ensure proper andtimely solvent cement coverage.2. Cut the pipe with a cutter or saw in square toprovide optimal bonding area. See Fig. 4.26.3. De-burr the pipe with a chamfering tool or file toensure proper contact between pipe and fitting.Remove all burrs from both the inside and outsideof the pipe with a knife, file or reamer. Burrs canscrape channels into pre-softened surfaces orcreate hang-ups inside surface walls. Removedirt, grease and moisture. A thorough wipe with aclean dry rag is usually sufficient.4. Apply a heavy, even coat of CPVC primer (ifnecessary) to the fitting. Use the right applicatorfor the size of pipe or fittings being joined. Theapplicator size should be equal to 1/2 the pipediameter. It is important that a satisfactory sizeapplicator be used to help ensure that sufficientlayers of cement are applied.5. Apply a heavy, even coat of primer (ifnecessary) to the pipe end. The purposeof a primer is to pierce through and softenthe surfaces so they can fuse together.The proper use of a primer and checkingits softening effect provides assurancethat the surfaces are prepared for fusionin a wide variety of conditions. Check thepiercing or softening on a piece of scrapbefore you start the installation or if theweather changes during the day. Using aknife or other sharp object, drag the edgeover the coated surface.Proper piercing has been made if youcan scratch or scrape a few thousandthsof the primed surfaces away. Becauseweather conditions do affect priming andcementing action, repeated applications toeither or both surfaces may be necessary.In cold weather, more time is required.InstallationUnit 4.indd 51ofBasic Sanitary FittingsandFixturesFig. 4.27: Joining of elbow afterapplication of solvent5125-06-2019 14:35:39
Notes6. Apply a heavy, even coat of CPVC cement (ifnecessary) to the fitting. Then apply to the pipeend. Stir the cement or shake can before using.Using the proper size applicator for the pipe size,aggressively work a full even layer of cement ontothe pipe-end equal to the depth of the fittingsocket. Do not brush it out to a thin paint typelayer, as this will dry within a few seconds.7. Insert the pipe into the fitting socket, rotating ¼to ½ turn. Hold the pipe for 10 seconds, allowingthe joint to set. A merit of using plastic pipesis that if you make a mistake, you can cut thesection out and re-do it.8. The joining is finished. The cure (drying) timedepends on pipe size, temperature and relativehumidity. If local codes permit, successful jointscan be made without a primer using cementalone, but extra care must be taken during theinstallation. It is important that a good interferencefit exists between the pipe and fittings. It is for thisreason that we recommend that joints being madewithout a primer be limited to systems 2" andsmaller for pressure applications (water systemsonly) or 6" and smaller for drain waste vent (DWV)or non-pressure applications. Extra care mustalso be taken in applying the cement to makesure proper piercing (insertion) and softening ofthe pipe and fitting surfaces is achieved.9. Joint strength develops as the cement dries. Inthe tight part of the joint, the surfaces will tendto fuse together; in the loose part, the cementwill bond to both surfaces. These areas mustbe softened and pierced through. Piercing andsoftening can be achieved by the cement itself,by using a suitable primer or by the use of bothprimer and cement. For certain materials and incertain situations, it is necessary to use a primer.A suitable primer will usually slip into and softenthe surfaces more quickly than cement alone.52Unit 4.indd 52Plumber General II – Class XI25-06-2019 14:35:39
NotesActivity 1Visit a local sanitary shop and identify various types of plumbingfixture.Material required1.2.3.PenPencilFileProcedure1.2.3.4.Visit a sanitary store.Identify various plumbing fixtures available there andmake a list.Ask for the price and technical details (size, capacity,make) of the fixtures and note down in your file.Collect pamphlets of the same, if available.Activity 2Practise joining pipes using plumbing tools.Material required1.2.3.4.JointsPipeTools—hacksaw, cutter, brush, clampAdhesiveProcedure1.2.3.4.Collect the pipe joints, pipes and tools—hacksaw, cutter,brush and clamp.Identify the parts to be joined.Collect the joints.Join the pipe with help of a pipe jointing adhesive.Activity 3Identify the various fixtures and fittings used in the bathroomand toilet.Material required1.2.3.PenPencilFileProcedure1.2.3.Go to your bathroom and toilet.Identify the fixtures and fittings used there.Make a list of these in your practical file.InstallationUnit 4.indd 53ofBasic Sanitary FittingsandFixtures5325-06-2019 14:35:39
NotesCheck Your ProgressA. Answer the following questions1.2.3.4.Explain the different fittings and its uses in theplumbing system.Enlist the different fixtures and its uses in the plumbingsystem.Write the important steps for the installation of plumbingfixtures.Explain the procedure of pipe joining.B. Fill in the blanks1.Water closet, lavatory or bidet shall not be set closerthan inches.2.Closet screws and bolts shall be of made of .3.should be accomplished by using a file or achamfering tool.4.The supply lines and fittings for every plumbing fixtureshall be installed so as to prevent .C. Multiple choice questions54Unit 4.indd 541.A good installation system(a) prevents water leakage(b) allows the optimum utilisation of the money spent(c) enhances the life of the plumbing fixtures(d) All of the above2.The(a)(b)(c)(d)length of1.7 m to1.0 m to1.2 m to1.5 m to3.The(a)(b)(c)(d)full form of CPVC isChlorinated Polyvinyl ChlorideChlorinated Pipevinyl ChlorideChlorinated Polyvinyl ChlorineChemical Polyvinyl Chloride4.Geyser is used for(a) heating the water(b) cooling the water(c) storing the water(d) None of thesea bathtub varies from .1.85 m1.15 m2.0 m1.8 mPlumber General II – Class XI25-06-2019 14:35:39
plumbing fixtures. A plumbing fixture is a part that is connected to a plumbing system and carries water through a building. The most common plumbing fixtures are bathtubs, sinks, showers, tubs, toilets and faucets. While a fixture can be fixed into walls or the floor, a fitting is an item that can be hung by a hook, screw or nail. Plumbing .
Dixon Sanitary is proud to be a participant in the 3A TPV program. See the Dixon Sanitary web site, www.bradfordfittings.com, to download a PDF of the certificate or call Dixon Sanitary . 800.789.1718 Clamp Fittings The Clamp Fitting system consists of two grooved ferrules, a sanitary gasket, and a clamp which create a leak-proof connection.
Sanitary Tri-Clamp Reducing Tees Sanitary Fittings 1.1 Tri-Clover Sanitary Finish: OD/ID Ra 0.8 Product code: 5030/AA Material Dimension Item No. Material Item No. Size DN/OD AB 304 316L Inch mm Inch mm Inch mm B7RMP - #7 (3A) 9634-003834 9634-003882 2 x 1 50.8 x 25.4 3.38 85.7 3.13 79.4 9634-003835 9634-003883 2 x 1½ 50.8 x 38.1 3.38 85.7 3. .
Sanitary 40 Sanitary tri-clamp 40F Sanitary flare thru 41 Sanitary step-up 42 Sanitary mini 48 I-line male 49 I-line female 45 Bevel seat female 46 Bevel seat male Step 4 Determine Fitting Material: 6 316 S.S. 4 304 S.S. 6 316 S.S. C Carbon Steel T TFE encapsulated H Hastelloy M Monel A Alloy 20 K Kynar P .
THE TECHNICAL GUIDELINE FOR SANITARY LANDFILL, DESIGN AND OPERATION (Revised Draft, 2004) The Technical Guideline for Sanitary Landfill comprises of four (4) parts, they are: i. Part I : Introduction and Basic Design of Sanitary Landfill ii. Part II : Technical Guideline on Sanitary Landfill System iii.
GUIDELINES FOR SANITARY DESIGN AND MILK PRODUCTS PLANTS (rev. 10-20-2011) OF The outline below lists sanitary requirements and standards of construction applicable to milk products plants. It is intended only as a guideline to assist with understanding the need for sanitary design when construction of a milk product plant is being considered. For
Mel Deines Sanitary Service Dan Walker Disposal Deines Brothers Sanitary Service (now Hoodview Disposal . Wacker Sanitary Walker Garbage Service Weber Disposal Weitzel & Son Refuse Fred Wunsch Sanitary Service . They even had signs to let you know. .
Sanitary Solutions is your source for T316L . Swivel Joints primarily found in the Bakery, Beverage, Cosmetic, Dairy, Food, Meat, Poultry Industries. Go to . www.sanitarysolutions.com. and click accessories/swivel joints for a "live" look. Product Recovery Systems Sizes/Alloy: 1" —4", T316L. Sanitary Solutions stocks a Sanitary "PIG"
Sanitary Solutions Inc. 1-888-909-3569 or 1-855-640-7871 Prices are subject to change without notice; please call before you quote 4 Sanitary Solutions Clamp Fittings 63-03 Sanitary Solutions Clamp Various Fittings are: Clamp Fittings Stocking Alloys: T304 or T316L Clamp Fittings Sizes: ½" - 12" OD Tube
