Reza Shah's Role In The Collapse Of Iran's Constitutional .
Print ISSN: 2321-6379Online ISSN: 2321-595XDOI: 10.17354/ijssI/2017/42Origi na l A r tic leReza Shah's Role in the Collapse of Iran'sConstitutional MovementHamid Reza Taleghani IsfahaniAssistant Professor of Department of Islamic Education, Isfahan University of Medical SciencesAbstractReza Khan’s coup started on the last days of the Iranian constitutional movement to eradicate the hopes the ConstitutionalRevolution had created in the Iranian nation and to replace the old Qajar tyranny with the modern one. In this analytical anddescriptive study, using the library method, we wanted to answer the question of how Reza Khan, with the mentioned coup,ended the life of the Iranian constitution, prevented its revival, and created a new chapter in tyranny. In doing so, first, we studythe factors behind the coup of Reza Khan, and then the developments in Iran from the time of mentioned coup until his beingoverthrown with an emphasis on the level of conflict between religion and government in this period. In line with British colonialpolicies and the realization of the goals of Western intellectuals, Reza Shah’s coup aimed at eliminating intellectual, social,cultural and political effects of Iran’s constitution and, unprecedentedly, set battle against religion and clergy as its base to deterthe rebuilding of the constitutional and similar movements.Key words: Reza Shah, Coup, Constitution, Colonialism, ClergyPROBLEM STATEMENTIn addition to demanding the structural reform of theQajar regime, Iran’s Constitutional Movement demandedIran’s political independence from the colonial influenceof Britain and Russia. The critical state in Iran duringWorld War I caused the constitutional movement to beforgotten, but the colonialists were worried that the end ofthe war and the improvement of the security and livelihoodconditions, the Iranian public opinion would turn to thepursuit of Iranian constitution.In the research on the Reza Shah era, his role inoverthrowing Qajar dynasty has always been focusedon, but this article examines his role in the completedestruction of the Constitutional Movement of Iran.Moreover, this study shows that one of the most importantreasons behind planning of the Reza Khan coup was theAccess this article onlinewww.ijss-sn.comMonth of Submission : 06-2017Month of Peer Review : 06-2017Month of Acceptance : 07-2017Month of Publishing : 07-2017Qajar dynasty’s ineffectiveness in preventing and then thesuppression of popular movements, such as tobacco andconstitutionalism. In fact, the colonialists concluded thatthe weak Qajar had lost their effectiveness in securingtheir illegitimate interests, and despotism needed a kindof reconstruction. Therefore, the British coup of 1921of Reza Khan is considered a coup against the revival ofsocial movements of Iran, especially constitution.This study reveals that the first Pahlavi’s approach, onthe one hand, is the opposition to religion and repressionof the clerics- as the main elements of the establishmentof social movements. Moreover, on the other hand, it isthe institutionalization of the influence and dominationof foreigners, in particular the colonialism of Britain invarious parts of Iran’s political, cultural and economic life.Factors Contributing to The First Pahlavi CoupEach one of the historical occurrences is caused bysome factors, without careful consideration of which it isimpossible to accurately analyze the historical event.The formation of Reza Khan’s tyranny is affected byfactors, some of which are internal and some go backto regional actions and global equations and relations(Loseueur, 1994).Corresponding Author: Hamid Reza TaleghaniIsfahani, Assistant Professor of Department of Islamic Education, Isfahan University ofMedical Sciences, P.O. Box 319, Hezar- Jerib Ave, Isfahan, IR Iran, 81746 73461, Tel: 98 31 37928079, Fax: 98 31 37928080.E-mail: H.taleghani@med.mui.ac.irInternational Journal of Scientific Study July 2017 Vol 5 Issue 4318
Isfahani: Collapse of Iran's Constitutional MovementWorld War IIn August 1914, World War I began and Iran, in spiteof its neutrality in the war, became the battlefield ofhostile governments (Bayat, 1990). Although Russia andEngland had previously divided Iran between themselvesin the face of the growing threat of Nazi Germany withsigning of the 1907 treaty (Turkaman, 1991), after the warbegan, the number of foreign forces quickly increased andstruck deadly blows into the new constitutional system(Homayoon Katouzian, 2001; 87).The world war brought hunger, famine, diseases, mortality,general poverty, insecurity, and looting to Iran, so thatthere was no remnant to maintain the achievements ofthe Constitutional Revolution. The power of the centralgovernment was virtually limited to Tehran, and in otherplaces, chaos and insecurity had expanded. In every cornerof the country, local, ethnical, and tribal autonomy claimswere being heard, and widespread disputes had madepeople’s lives insecure (Majd, 2011).However, the occupation of Iran by the Russian, Britishand Ottoman forces undermined the rule of Ahmad Shah.After the end of the war, British colonialism paid seriousattention to the reconstruction of political power in Iran, sothat with the advent of a powerful dependent dictatorshipsuppress and control uprisings, movements, and threatsthat threatened his interests before the war, and throughviolence restore his intended stability and security in thecountry (Besharati, 2002).The Power of The British, Following The Collapse of TheRussian TsaristsWith the victory of the Bolsheviks in Russia, the Russianforces left Iran. The new conditions provided a goodopportunity for the British to consolidate their powerthroughout Iran; hence, the British forces in Qazvinreplaced the Russian forces and controlled the north andnortheast of the country (Jay Olson, 2001).The Cossack forces, which until then were managed bythe Russians, remained at a disadvantage with the defeatof the tsars, without commander and without salaries.The replacement of the British forces in the north of Iranresulted in their influence in the Cossack forces, and sincethen, these forces were arranged under the command ofthe Great Britain. The British started to recognize talent inthe Cossack forces and identified the Cossacks who wereprone to take command of the Cossack forces. Amongthem was Reza Khan Mirpanj who was identified by thefamous British spy Ardeshir J. Reporter and introduced tothe British as the commander of the Cossack forces after319the necessary training, and this was the start for the rapidascent of a young, cruel, military man to political powerof Iran (Kedi, 2002).Failure of The 1919 AgreementAfter the deployment of British military forces, Britishcolonialism sought to extend its political dominance tothe rule of Iran. To do this, it had to influence the Iraniangovernment, and therefore, Vouqul al-Dawlah, as thehead of the government of the Iranian government, atthe request of the occupying forces concluded the 1919agreement with the British. Under this agreement, themilitary and financial authority of Iran was entrusted toEnglish advisers; although their salaries were borne by theIranian government. Moreover, the gendarmerie and theCossack forces were abolished and the allied army wasformed under the command of British officers. In addition,the customs duty of Iran that was in the Russian monopolyof the tsar was given to England.The Iranian income from the 1919 agreement was merelythe receipt of two million pounds of loans and theapproval of the territorial integrity of Iran by the Britishgovernment, as if there had not been a country called Iranuntil then (Najmi, 2002).Freedom fighters in parts of the country fought in responseto this deal (Homayoon Katouzian, 2008; 315-378).Protests by Seyyed Hassan Modarres, the position ofMirza Kuchakkhan Jangali and the occupation of Tabrizunder the leadership of Sheikh Mohammad Khaybani(Homayoun Katouzian, 2001; 201) are examples ofthis reaction. Eventually, the British, who knew that bysigning the contract and other diplomatic actions theycould not come to Iran for their long-term intentions,became determined to establish a military governmentthat preserved the interests of England and fully satisfiedthe demands of the British government with Iraniancapital and forces. The best option for this was RezaKhan, who was introduced by Ardeshir J (Reporter) toGeneral Ironside, commander of the British forces inIran, who at that time was responsible for the withdrawalof English troops from Iran after the establishment ofthe rule supporting British interests (Ironside, 1994: 203240).With the appointment of Reza Khan to the command ofthe Cossacks, the Cossacks army was organized with thesupport of the British (Agheli, 1998) and while moving toTehran, seized the capital without resistance, and actuallytook over the political power of the country (Shahbazi,1989; 148/2).International Journal of Scientific Study July 2017 Vol 5 Issue 4
Isfahani: Collapse of Iran's Constitutional MovementTransnational Colonial FlowsOne of the most important reasons for the supremacyof Western colonialism, especially Britain during the newcolonial era was that it did not enter into formal actionthrough its formal institutions, but through the creationof seemingly non-governmental political and economicfoundations. Thus, it reached its desirable results insuch a way that the changes are assessed as natural andconsequential developments of domestic social needs ofcountries. The trans-nationality of these centers has ledto the emergence of global networks that in the last twocenturies played the most important role in securing theinterests of colonial powers:FreemasonryThe Freemasonry transnational network, which is rooted inBritain, appeared in various parts of the world, especially inthe East, apparently as an independent liberal movement.Maneki Lymzhi Hatria, and Indian Freemasonry, at thetime of Nasir al-Din Shah, founded the Freemasonryin Iran. His close colleagues in this campaign wereJalaluddin Mirza, the head of Malekm Freemasonary,Akhundzadeh, Mirza Malkumkhan Nazem al-Dawlah, aswell as Bábism and Babiyeh traditions, which formed theprimary spectrum of Iranian freemasons. In other words,they have formed the enlightened and selected the nextgeneration of Freemasonries from the court site or atleast affiliated aristocracy and send them in disguise ofhigher education to Europe to gain membership of theWorld Wide Freemasonry Society led by the UK (AriaBakhshayesh, 2014).Enlightened were the intermediary forces between thecourt and the British colonial government, who playeda role in the various political developments in Iran fromthe Naseri period and then during the ConstitutionalRevolution (Abadian, 2004; Chapter 3). At the beginningof the Constitutional Revolution, after the suppressionof the scholars’ sit-in at the shrine of Hazrat Abdul Azimby the court, they forced thousands of unknowing peopleinto a sit-in at the British embassy in Tehran and had adark role in Constitutionalism of Iran (Jafarian, 1999).Moreover, after the conquest of Tehran by the liberators,they played a pivotal role in the execution of AyatollahSheikh Fazlollah Noori (Ansari, 1990), and they were fromallies and companions near Reza Khan and in did their bestin his gaining power.The successor to Manjecki Lymzhi Hatria was ArdeshirJ, who came to Iran before the assassination of Nasiral-Din Shah. Establishing Iran awakening legion, activeparticipation in constitutional intellectuals associations,preparing for a sit-in at the British embassy, promotingBaha’is, influencing the Cossack forces and preparing andtraining Reza Khan Mirpianj for the coup are of what hedid (Heidari, 2015).Therefore, Freemasonry and Enlightened dependent onit played a significant role in the relocation of Reza Khanfrom the command of the Cossack forces to the positionof the Commander-in-Chief and then his appointment asthe head of the Supreme Council in 1923 and finally hisarrival in the reign of the monarchy. This group, whichwas in the minority in the fourth parliament in the formof the Transformed Party of the Modernist Party faction,opposed the slogan of democracy and immediately praisedoverthrowing the imperial modernity. They consideredrevolutionary dictatorship of Reza Khan and his reigningnecessary to save Iran and end all the problems that theIranian people had at that time. The modernist partyincluded Freemasonry; such as Mohammad Ali Foroughi,Davar, Timurthas, Taghizadeh, Tadayon, etc., who areconsidered as the main factors in Reza Khan’s gainingmonarchy (Toloui, 1993).Iron committee or ZargandehIt was a committee that British Colonel Hague founded itin order to organize elements of British policy. Its mainbranch was in Isfahan, and he seemed to have chosensocialist ideology cover to attract the attention of thepeople and intellectuals and escape the accusation ofbeing British. Seyyed Ziauddin Tabataba’i established thecommittee in Tehran. The members of the committeeconsisted of a politicians who often held important politicaland military posts in the unstable cabinet of Ahmad ShahQajar; thus, they were able to play an important role indefeating the weak states that were on the verge of a coup.The list of the actions of Zargandeh committee in thatcondition can be stated as follows:“Influencing in the Cossack forces and taking responsibilityfor their management, empowering the settled andvery weak state of Armydar Rashti, creating social andpsychological insecurity through the press, rebuilding theCossack forces with the help of Imperial Bank of Persiafinancial resources, and influencing Tehran’s Nazmiyeh(law enforcement agency) and gendarmerie to make thecapital defenseless.” After the victory of the coup, themembers of Zargandeh Committee were all appointed tomajor government positions (Najafi and Faqih Haghani,2005: 400-403).Baha’i sectOne of the British colonial methods to defy rival ideologiesand to cast doubt on people’s beliefs was to build fakealternative ideologies and promote it in the community.Wahhabism in the world of Sunnis and Baha’is in the ShiiteInternational Journal of Scientific Study July 2017 Vol 5 Issue 4320
Isfahani: Collapse of Iran's Constitutional Movementworld are of these examples. In the coup of 21 February1921, the Freemasonry and the cult of the Baha’is werethe two executive levers of England aimed at achieving thedesired goals that was the replacement of a native militarygovernment protecting British interests., so that therecould not be any real difference between the Freemasonry,Zargandeh Committee and the Bahá’ís (Zahed Zahedani,2015).Ardeshir J, a member of the Awakening Legion, is aFreemasonry who has played a role in promoting Baha’isamong Zoroastrians in Iran. Einolmolk Hoveida, AliMohammad Khan Moqir al-Dawlah, and his son HasanMakar al-Dawlah known as Hassan Baliuzi were bothFreemasons and Baha’is. Among the members of theZargandeh Committee that at the same time had beenpromoting Baha’is, Lutfalikhan Klabadi, known as SardarJalil Mazandarani, as well as Mahmoud Khan Jam can becited. All of these figures played a pivotal role in the 1921coup (Karimi, 2010).Imperial BankSasson Jewish family founded the bank in Iran. The ownerof the ban was Sir Philip Sasson, who played a major rolein creating economic crises for the Qajar. The head of thebank was James McMurray, who had friendly relations withhim since the time of Reza Khan’s presence in Hamadan.He paid Reza Khan a large amount of money to equipand strengthen the Cossack forces and prepare him forthe coup, and in fact, provided the financial support forthe coup and, after the coup paid heavy and lofty loans toReza Khan (Najafi and Fagih Haghani, ibid: 398).General Sir Edmund IronsideThe British, few months before the coup, when the failureof 1919 agreement became clear to Iran brought himto Iran. It can be said that he managed the coup. Thewithdrawal of British forces from Iran, which was theaspiration and will of the Iranian nation, associated withreplacement of a native military government protecting theinterests of England was of the major duties of Ironsidein Iran. In addition, he assumed the coordination of allthe factors and influences affecting the coup, such as theFreemasonry, the Baha’is sect, Zargandeh committee,Imperial Bank, the forces Cossacks, etc. were of the majorduties of Ironside in Iran (Ironside, ibid).Deviation of ConstitutionalismThe main reason for the establishment and initial victoryof the Constitutional Movement of Iran was the Sharia ofIslam, the Shiite religion and the leadership of the Shiiteclergy, and the British colonialism, using all the capacitiesand elements we enumerated, led to the diversion of Iranianconstitutionalism. This deviation has many different factors321that should be considered independently in the analysisof constitutionalism in Iran (International ConstitutionalProceedings in Iran, 1999). The mentioned elementscreated disorganization and insecurity in the country byisolating religious thought, disappointing the religiouspeople and eliminating them from the struggles, reducingnational sensitivity to the danger of colonialism, promotingWestern thought and imitation of the aliens, fomenting theplurality of leadership, the overcoming of secularism andLaiseism in the political developments in Iran, weakeningconstitutional constitution, the division of political partiesand the plethora of political parties, the establishment ofaffiliated and Western-oriented press and other factors.The increasing famine and mortality that arose in the FirstWorld War for Iranians strengthened the issues made themasses feel the need for a powerful and even repressivegovernment that could end this insecurity and instabilityin every possible way (Jafarian, 2007).The Evolution, from the Coup of Reza Khan to his FallFollowing the organization of the Cossack forces, whichwas conducted with the direct help of Ironside, Reza KhanMirapanj was mandated to travel to Tehran with SeyyedZiaeddin Tabataba’i to establish a strong governmentto form a strong government, firstly, to establish agovernment affiliated with the UK and, secondly, tostop all the ways to rebuild the Iranian constitution. Thenon-resistance of Tehran against the coup expressesthe unconditional adherence of the Qajar court to thenew British colonial policy for the re-establishment ofautocratic rule.On the morning of 21 February 1921, the British coup won(Kedi, 2007), and Reza Khan published his first declaration,which became known as “I Decree”. In this statement,firstly, martial law was announced; second, the formationof any gatherings and the publication of the press werebanned; thirdly, Reza Khan warned that he would stronglysuppress opposition and resistance to the coup.The first practical action of Reza Khan was to attack on thehouses of the effective religious authorities of the countryand their arrest, including Haj Agha Jamal Isfahani, SeyedHassan Modares, Sheikh Mohammad Yazdi, and others,who sought renewal of the constitution.On February 23, 1921, Ahmad Shah introduced RezaKhan as the commander of the Army and commissionedSeyyed Zia al-Din Tabataba’i, the head of the IslamicRevolutionary Majlis to introduce his cabinet.On 1 March, Seyed Zia introduced his cabinet, consistingof some members of the Iranian Freemasonry AwakeningLegion, some of the members of the ZargandehInternational Journal of Scientific Study July 2017 Vol 5 Issue 4
Isfahani: Collapse of Iran's Constitutional MovementCommittee, as well as some of the activists of the Baha’ireligious sect. The ambitions of Reza Khan preventedhim from sufficing to the commandership of the army;hence, he seized the ministry by removing the Ministerof War. He succeeded in the post of Minister of War,which heavily suppressed all his opponents, in addition tothe local and tribal revolts and insecurities that had arisenthroughout Iran, and thus gaining popularity among theIranians (Deldam, 1992).Reza Khan’s successes in this helped him gain a huge shareof the country’s budget and provide a regular army.Seyyed Zia’s cabinet collapsed after ninety days and he wasexpelled from the country on the pretext of mistreatmentof Ahmad Shah Qajar and political prisoners.Though the Ministry of War was an important positionfor Reza Khan, it did not satisfy its demands, so in postSeyyed Zia governments, he disturbed the affairs, and thesegovernments collapsed one after the other, and no otheroption were left. Therefore, the Qajar king appointed himin November 1923 as head of state law.Reza Khan sought to establish a republic in Iran andsucceed himself as a presidential candidate by the abolitionof the Qajar era like what happened in Turkey. To dothis, he cheated on the fifth parliamentary elections andallocated the majority of it to his supporters, the Factionof the Modernist Party. These were enlightened peopleeducated in the West fascinated by British colonialismand by membership in the Freemasonry network pursuedmodernity goals of Western world in Iran. The modernityparty, which was supporting democracy those days,by a tactical change, chanted the slogan of modernistrevolution or revolutionary dictatorship, and introducedReza Khan as the best figure for its realization (Hessam,2003).The fifth parliamentary minority, led by Ayat Allah Modares,fought severely with Republican Reza Khan, so that theRepublican plan failed in parliament, and this was the firstdefeat of Reza Khan from the clergy, especially Modarres(Baghi, 1991: 56-52/5). With his disappointment with therepublican plan, he decided to take over the monarchy, andeventually, on October 30, 1924, he forced the parliamentto approve the single article of the Qajar disengagement,and was appointed as the chairperson of the ProvisionalGovernment and one month later, officially took over themonarchy (Mollayi Tavanayi, 2002).The famous freemason; Mohammad Ali Foroughi, whoplayed an important role in Reza Khan’s reign, wasintroduced as prime minister to provide all means for theestablishment of a new government and to plan RezaKhan’s coronation ceremony.Eventually, in 1925, Reza Khan was crowned Reza Shah,and in the first steps, he started the cultural replacement andde-Islamization, along with it, intensified the plundering ofthe property of the people and the seizure of the country’sproperty, which he had begun from the Cossack era. Thiswork went so far that Reza Shah was forced to establish a“special estate administration of the kingdom” to run it.The most valuable ranges, gardens, farmlands, and villageswere captured by the Shah’s agents and were registered inthe special estate office for Reza Shah. The remaining pagesof this office show located in historical documents of Iranshow that more than 6,000 villages throughout the countryhave been registered for Reza Shah (Maki, 1987; 80-19/1).His other actions were the elimination of the oppositionand their severe repression. Until before the coronation,he pretended to be faithful, then he showed his real faceand established the highest level of war with religion andreligious people, and in the year 1926, he tried to assassinateAyat Allah Modares to remove the constitutionalityrevitalization ideal leader physically (Homayoon Katouzian,1994; 425).In Nowruz of 1927, Ayatollah Bafghi strongly objected tothe Pahlavi family being without veil in the holy shrine ofMasumeh (SA). Reza Khan went to Qom personally andentered into the shrine with his bootleg and his agents beatthe scholars and students, including Ayatollah Bafghi. Infact, this was the announcement of Reza Shah’s war to thereligious and clerical institutions (Basirat Manesh, 1997).In July 1927, Reza Shah approved the plan for the useof Pahlavi hats, and his agents forced the people for thatacross the country.In November 1927, after the announcement of the lawof the system of compulsory duty, Ayat Allah Haj AqaNoorullah Isfahani turned against Reza Khan and askedthe scholars throughout the country to accompany himto immigrate to Qom. The result of this uprising was themartyrdom of Ayat Allah Haj Aqa Noorullah Esfahani.Reza Khan, at the request of the British government,imposed heavy taxes on sugar and sugar cube, so that fromits revenue build north-south railroad to secure the interestsof England and make it easy for troops to be transportedto the Russian borders.Iran’s economy changed during the Reza Shah era(Homayoon Katouzian, ibid: 129). About one thirdof the country’s budget was allocated to the army andInternational Journal of Scientific Study July 2017 Vol 5 Issue 4322
Isfahani: Collapse of Iran's Constitutional Movementmilitary expenses; however, the agricultural industry thatwas the first industry of the country by then, and themajority of the people were making life through it, wasweakened by applying the immigration policy to the citiesand farmers were still in poverty. The country’s livestockindustry, which had the second rank after agriculture, wasseverely undermined by the disarmament and compulsorysettlement of tribes and nomads, and went into ruin (Maki,ibid: 95/6). Reza Shah identified the seasonal migration ofnomads as a sign of backwardness and heavily opposed it;hence, settled nomads lost their livelihood and became oneof the poorest strata (Nighibzadeh, 2000).Firooz, Timurthas and Jaafarqoli Khan Sardar Asad wereamong them. Mohammad-Hosayn Ayrom, the frighteninghead of the police of Reza Khan fled to Europe in fear ofbeing killed, and Ali Akbar Khan Davar, commander ofthe judiciary of Reza Khan, commited suicide.Therefore, economic growth during the period of RezaShah meant his benefit and the court, and then the urbanclasses, but the villagers, livestock farmers, and tribes whoformed the majority and had the pulse of the economy ofthe country became poorer.In 1934, Reza Shah traveled to Turkey and closely followedthe observance of the secular regime, led by Atatürk, andwas heavily influenced by his actions. Reza Khan’s souvenirfrom this trip was to turn the Pahlavi hat into a shawl orEuropean hat, as well as the ratification and enforcementof the hijab discovery after the establishment of thewomen’s center.Major measures of Reza Shah in Iran include the creationand consolidation of intellectual and cultural changes.Undoubtedly, it was not Reza Shah designing and executingengineering changes because he was a totally militaryperson who was very illiterate and free of cultural thoughtand aspects, and all Reza Shah’s anti-cultural programsand actions were due to the design of the British colonialthink tank. The British had experienced the bitter tasteof defeat in the two movements of the Iranian tobaccoand Constitutionalism movements, which were broughtabout by the role of Islam and led by the Shiite clergyand endangered all the interests of British colonialism.Moreover, they knew that by the end of the World Warand the betterment of the internal situation of Iran, thefire under the ashes of the Islamic movements led by theclergy would re-ignite; hence, they tried to prevent it bymajor cultural changes. In 1929 and 1930, the government’spolicy was to unify the dress of the Iranian people inimitation of the Europeans. On the eve of the opening ofthe Seventh Majlis, he announced the law and enforced itby force and coercion. At the same time, he captured hisold enemy, Ayatollah Seyyed Hassan Modarres, and exiledhim to Khaf in Khorasan.His next steps were for cultural change; in other words, deIslamization and Westernizing Iran were the establishmentof a pioneering organization, the spread of Europeannames, the change of the education system of the countrywith incomplete imitation of the French educationalmethod, and the massive deployment of students toEurope, and so on. (Safai, 1977).He then slaughtered or imprisoned those who gave him themost of the services and at the same time were likely to beposited as his political rivals in the future. Nusrat al-Dawlah323In 1923, Reza Shah abolished the Darcy contract in orderto meet the British interests and concluded a new contractthat more than ever met their needs. According to theagreement, the British government for another thirty yearsplundered Iran’s oil under much better conditions thanbefore (Lesani, 1978; 137).These actions sparked a wave of dissatisfaction againstReza Khan, culminating in the uprising of the Mashhadpeople led by the great saints Seyedyouns Ardebili,Aghazadeh Khorasani, and Haj Agha Hossein Qomi thatwere finally killed on July 12, 1935 in Gohar Shaad Mosquein Mashhad by Reza Shah’s army. Moreover, the soldiers,with the desecration of the holy shrine of Imam Reza(AS), fired on the crowd in the mosque, who listened to thespeech of Ayatollah Bohlul (Madani, 1982; 244/1; Vahed,1987; Bohlul, 1991).In 1937, Ayatollah Seyed Hassan Modares, who was inexile, was poisoned with a deadly poison, ordered by RezaShah, and martyred, so that all hopes for the restoration ofthe constitution of Iran would end (Modaresi, 1995; 318).In the first Pahlavi era, one of the concerns of the Britishwas the influence of the Soviet communist revolution inIran. Thus, the British government encouraged Europeancountries to increase their presence and influence in Iran.One of these countries was Germany, which, with thedesire and encouragement of Britain, launched economicand commercial investment in the south of Iran, but withthe onset of World War II in September 1939, the politicalequations of the world broke down. In this situation, thiscoincided with the opening of the 12th Majlis in Iran andthe introduction of Ahmad Matin Daftari as the primeminister to Parliament, Iran declared neutrality in theWorld War. However, in July 1941, the Germans attackedthe Soviet Union, and thus the Soviet Union joined theAllies and the Allied Alliance was formed against Hitler’sGermany.International Journal of Scientific Study Ju
Freemasonry The Freemasonry transnational network, which is rooted in Britain, appeared in various parts of the world, especially in the East, apparently as an independent liberal movement. Maneki Lymzhi Hatria, and Indian Freemasonry, at the time of Nasir al-Din Shah, founded the Freemasonry in Iran. His close colleagues in this campaign were
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