Azo Polymerization Initiators Comprehensive Catalog
Azo Polymerization InitiatorsComprehensive Catalog
01Introduction/What is Radical Polymerization?INDEX01Introduction/What is Radical Polymerization?P1What are Azo Polymerization Initiator? Radical Formation MechanismP202Characteristics of Azo Polymerization Initiators and Comparison with PeroxidesP3Examples of radical reactions using Azo Polymerization InitiatorsP403040506Selection GuideP5-6Decomposition ProductsP7-807080910P9Solubility at a GlanceP10[Reference] PhotocharacterizationDetailed Explanations 1. Azo Nitrile2. Azo Ester3. Azo Amide4. Azo Imidazoline5. Azo Amidine6. Macro Azo ct ListP27-28List of Related ItemsP29-32List of Applicable LawsP33-34IntroductionWe develop a large variety of products taking advantage of our originalorganic synthesis technology, production technology, and refining technologyaccumulated in our long experience in the manufacturing of reagents.Azo polymerization initiators are used as reaction initiators in the synthesis ofpolymers. They are used mainly as radical polymerization initiators in a widerange of industries, such as acryl resins for paints, water absorbent resins,polymer coagulants, adhesives, and paper finishing agents.We have approximately 20 types of azo polymerization initiators oforganic-solvent soluble type and water-soluble type.What is Radical Polymerization?Radical polymerization is initiated by the formation of free radicals. Free radicals are formed by thermac energy, light, orradioactivity. Radical polymerization is mainly used for the polymerization of vinyl monomers. In addition to radicalpolymerization, cationic polymerization and anionic polymerization are common polymerization methods. In the case ofradical polymerization, initiators are generally used. The typical initiators are azo polymerization initiators and peroxides.Characteristics of Radical Polymerization Initiators Radical polymerization initiator shows an effect even in a small amount. It is not polar-sensitive, and a large number of solvent is available, a wide range of monomers can be polymerized. Polymerization at a low to high temperature ranges is possible. Reaction with simple facility and equipment is possible.Active SpeciesRadicalTypical ReactionXXCO 2 RXHCationic O H2 OBase1Azo Polymerization InitiatorsOSH BaseCO 2 ROOHOAnionicHSCO 2 ROOOR – Si(OMe 3 )CO 2 ROOR Si O Si ROOOHOHSSAddition AmountType of SolventSmall amount¡Usable in manysolvents¡r r
01What is Azo Polymerization Initiator? Radical Formation MechanismWhat are Azo Polymerization Initiator?An azo polymerization initiator is a compound having an azo group (R-N N-R’), which decomposes with heatand/or light, and forms carbon radical. The formed carbon radical is excellent in reactivity, and progresses polymerization and halogenation reactions of different types of vinyl monomers.Radical Formation Mechanism of Azo Polymerization Initiators (Thermal Decomposition)XX (1)Formation–Propagation reaction(3) RecombinationCH 3R–C–HXXX––H3 C – C – C – CH3–PolymerCH 2 ––RXC – CH2H2Y(4) Disproportionation–––(2) Initiation reaction/of radicalRR–CR–C–2hv–orCH3R–C–X––R – C – N N – C – RYMonomerCH 3–CH 3––CH 3H2 C CHCarbon radicalN2XFormation by side reactionP7Decomposition product(1) Formation of radical: Azo polymerization initiators decompose with heat or light, and form nitrogen gas andcarbon radicals.*The decomposition rate (in solution) follows first-order reaction rate kinetics and aries due to structure differences.(2) Initiation reaction/Propagation reaction: Azo polymerization initiator addition-polymerizes with vinyl monomersand forms a polymer.*Since a section of the azo polymerization initiator is introduced at the end of polymer, the effect of end group is expected.The efficiency of common azo polymerization initiators is approximately 0.5-0.7, and the remaining results in (3)recombination or (4) disproportionation(3) Recombination: The carbon radicals which did not engage in polymerization recombine.(4) Disproportionation: The carbon radicals which did not engage in polymerization abstracts hydrogen of othercarbon radicals.ReferenceRadical Formation Mechanism of Peroxides! 2R–C–O R–C–O–O–C–ROOO R–C–OR CO 2OWhere R is an alkyl.R-CO2· decomposes (decarboxylation) immediately, and R· starts polymerization.Where R is an aryl,R-CO2· is hard to decompose (decarboxylation), so decarboxylation and addition reactionto monomers are competitive reactions. Therefore, R· or R-CO2 are the radical active species.Azo Polymerization Initiators2
02Characteristics of Azo Polymerization Initiators and Comparison with PeroxidesCharacteristics of Azo Polymerization Initiators and Comparison with PeroxidesPeroxides are used as an initiator for radical polymerization, in addition to azo polymerization initiators.Characteristics of Azo Polymerization Initiators Azo polymerization initiators can be used safely as they do not decompose by induction and there is no risk of explosion. They decompose at a constant rate regardless of the solvent used, so they can be used with different solvents. Unlike the case of peroxides, the resulting carbon radical does not cause a hydrogen abstraction reaction,but forms linear polymers.Comparison with PeroxidesDecomposabilityItemReactivity of Formed RadicalsOthers*23PeroxideReversibility of decompositionIrreversible reactionReversible reactionEfficiency of initiator0.5 to 0.70.9 to 1Decomposition rateFirst-order reaction rate equation shall apply.Depends on additives and solvents.Solvent effect*1SmallLargeInduced decompositionNot reactiveReactive(Pay attention to contact with metal.)Redox decompositionNot reactiveReactive(Forms redox system witha reducing substance)Formed radicalRC RO Hydrogen abstractabilitySmallLargeGraft/crosslinking polymerHard to occurEasy to form.Formed polymerForms linear polymers.Forms branched polymers.Gas generationReactiveNot reactiveOxdizabilityNot reactiveReactive*2*1Azo Polymerization InitiatorSolvent effect: This means that the system is affected by polarization of hydrogen bonding, etc. depending on the types of solvent.Redox: Redox reaction is a chemical reaction that electrons are given and received between atoms, ions, or compounds in the process of formation of products from reactants.Azo Polymerization Initiators
02Examples of radical reactions using Azo Polymerization InitiatorsExamples of radical reactions using Azo Polymerization InitiatorsAzo polymerization initiators are used as catalyst and foaming agent in organic synthesis, in addition to in polymer synthesis.CH3N2CH3 R C N N C R XXorCH3 2 R C XhvCarbon radicalPolymer SynthesisRadical polymerization of styreneRRRRadicalactive speciesRadical polymerization of acrylic esterRRRRCO 2 RCO 2 RRRCopolymerization of styrene and acrylic esterRRRRCO 2 R CO 2 R CO2 RCO 2 RRRRRRRRmCO 2 RnCO 2 RCatalyst for Organic SynthesisAddition reaction to olefinsBrAzo polymerization initiator can be used for additionreactions of HBr, H2S, etc. to olefins. Especially, when using styrenes, bromine or mercapto groups may beselectively introduced to the β position.Mitsunobu reaction *3Azo compounds*4 can be used as reagents forMitsunobu reaction.OHRR' NuHHBrAzo polymerization initiator Azo compoundΔorhvNu*4RR' Ph3 P OFoaming AgentAzo polymerization initiators are used as foaming agents for vinyl chloride or other plastics,taking advantage of the property of generating nitrogen gas.*3 Mitsunobu*4 Azoreaction: Sn2 (reaction) that activates hydroxyl group of alcohol with azo carboxylic acid ester and triphenylphosphine.compounds: Bis (2-methoxyethl) azodicarboxylate, etc.Azo Polymerization Initiators4
03Selection GuideSelection GuideSelection of Polymerization ProcessStep 1Is polymerization process a radical reaction?Step 2Is the solvent an organic solvent or water?Organic solventRadical polymerizationinitiatorWater10-hour Half-life Temperature by StructureWe have azo polymerization initiators fit for a large extent of 10-hour half life temperature (*). You can select an initiator fit for your purpose.(*10-hour half-life temperature: A temperature at which the concentration (amount) of azo group becomes a half in 10 hours in the solvent.)Organic solvent soluble type (oil-solubility)10-hour Half-lifeTemperatureAzo nitrileAzo EsterAzo AmideP17110 ºCOCH3CH3 OC C N N C CCH3 NHCH2 CH2 CH2 CH3CH3 CH2 CH2 CH2 NH CH3V-40 (88 ºC)P13N N80 ºCNCCNV-59 (67 ºC)P12CH3CH3 CH3CH2 C N N C CH2CH3 CNCN70 ºCAIBN (65 ºC)P12* Metal-content-control-gradeproducts are also available.CH3CH3 H3C C N N C CH3 CNCN60 ºCV-65 (51 ºC)P11* Metal-content-control-gradeproducts are also available.CH350 ºCCH3CH3CNCH3CNCH3V-70 (30 ºC)OCH3H3C CCH2CH35CH3CH CH2 C N N C CH2 CHP1130 ºCVAm-110 (110 ºC)CH3CCNAzo Polymerization InitiatorsNNCH3OCH3CC CH3CNCH2CH3P15V-601 (66 ºC)* Metal-content-control-gradeproducts are also available.CH3CH3 H3C C N N C CH3 COOCH3 COOCH3
03Selection GuideStep 3Polymerization MethodStep 4 Polymerization TemperatureSuspension polymerizationA polymerization method to heat theoil-soluble monomers in a dispersed conditionin water (The initiator solves in monomers.)Solution polymerizationA polymerization method under which the initiator,monomers and formed polymers are all dissolved status.Bulk polymerizationA polymerization method under which liquid monomersare polymerized by itself or with adding the initiator.Emulsion polymerizationA polymerization method under which oil-solublemonomer is dispersed in water with emulsifyingagent. (The initiator dissolves in water.)88 ºC V-4066 ºC V-60151 ºC V-65etc86 ºC VA-08656 ºC V-5044 ºC VA-044etcWater-soluble type (water solubility)10-hour Half-lifeTemperatureAzo nitrileAzo AmideP17Azo AmidineAzo ImidazolineVA-086 (86 ºC)CH3 OO CH3C C N N C CCH3 NHCH2CH2OHHOCH2CH2 NH CH380 ºC70 ºCP1360 ºCV-501 (69 ºC)CH3CH3 HOOCH2CH2C C N N C CH2CH2COOH CNCNP19NP21VA-057 (57 ºC)HNHOOCH 2CH2CHNP2150 ºCNHCH3CH3C CCH3N NCCCH3CH3CH3 4H2ONHCH 2CH2COOHCH3CH3 NHCH3 2HClCH3 NH2P1930 ºCCH3 NCCH3 NHC C N N CV-50 (56 ºC)C C N N C CNH2NHNHVA-061 (61 ºC)NNHVA-044 (44 ºC)CH3CH3 NCCH3 NHC C N N CCH3 2HClAzo Polymerization Initiators6
04Decomposition ProductsDecomposition Product of Azo Polymerization Initiators1. Formed Amount of each Decomposition Product of Azo NitrileCH 3––CH 3CNRatio of decomposition product in the case of thermal decomposition with GC (%)DisproportionationV-59C 2 H5*6V-65(CH 3 ) 2 CHCH 2V-70CH 3 OC(CH 3 ) 2 CH 2V-40*5 In-house DataPolymerUnknownTrace––CH 3H3 C – C – C – CH3H3 C – C – CNHH2 C C – CN44CN CN926Trace8687785Trace8878899821*5*5c-C 6 H10 *5–AIBN*5R–R–RCompoundNameRecombinationR R–CN––R – C – N N – C – R*6 Polymer journal 9275 (1977)2. Decomposition Product of V-601 (Special Case)*7N2CH3CH3–COOCH3 COOCH3–CH3COOCH3CH3CH 3 – C – C – CH3CH3(IV)– –CH 3 – CHCH 3– ––COOCH3 COOCH3Disproportionation(I)–Recombination2 CH3 – C –hvor–––CH 3 – C – N N – C – CH 3(I)*7 H.TANAKA, T.KAGAWA, T.SATO, T.OTA, Macromolecules, 19(3), 934(1986)––CH3CH 2 CCOOCH 3 (II)CH3COOCH 3 (III)––CH3CH 3 – C – CH2 – C ––(I) (III)COOCH3 COOCH3 (V)CH3––CH3––CH 3 – C – CH2 – C – C – CH 3–(V)CH3–(I)COOCH3 COOCH3 COOCH3–CH3CH 3 – C – CH2 – C CH2––Disproportionation(VI)COOCH3 COOCH3 (VII)Ratio of decomposition product in the toluene solution (%)(25 ºC)Decomposition Product Thermal Decomposition (80 ºC) Photodecomposition(100 W HP Hg lamp)7Azo Polymerization InitiatorsIV42.142.7II36.438.5VI13.813.8
Decomposition Products043. Volatility of Decomposition ProductsThe decomposition product of V-601 is characterized by a higher volatility than that of AIBN. Also, the decompositionproduct of V-601 is azeotropic with water, therefore, thus can be easily removed from the post-reaction system. Boilingpoint of decomposition product of V-601: 85-90 ºC (5 mmHg)point of decomposition product of V-601 with water: 90 ºC AzeotropicOn the other hand, the decomposition product of V-40 is hardly volatile, therefore, applications such as paint are expected.Evaporation Rate of Decomposition Products50V-601(AIBN)40V-59Evaporation Rate (mg/hr cm2)V-65V-403020100020406080100120140Temperature (ºC)Azo Polymerization Initiators8
05SolubilitySolubilityOil-soluble Azo Polymerization Initiators (g/100 g solvent, ambient temperature)V-70V-65AIBNV-601V-59V-40VAm-1100.1 0.1 0.10.3 0.10.1 0.11287.5 50 504.4 50Acetone3.3 5029 50 5030 50Chloroform20 5025 50 50 50 50Ethyl Acetate2.0 5014 50 5015 50Toluene3.0 507.0 50 5027 50WaterMethanolWater-soluble Azo Polymerization Initiators (g/100 g solvent, ambient .04.5Methanol1.72.128.87.4AcetoneNot solubleNot solubleNot solubleNot solubleEthyl AcetateNot solubleNot solubleNot solubleNot solubleTolueneNot solubleNot solubleNot solubleNot solubleN,N-DimetylformamideNot solubleNot solubleNot soluble4.4Azo Polymerization Initiators
06[Reference] PhotocharacterizationReference! PhotocharacterizationR1R2R1N NXR2These products are decomposed by exiting of Azo (N N) group by light irradiation.They are able to be used also as photo radical initiators.XAbsorbs around 360 nm.Photo Polymerization by Oil-Soluble Azo Polymerization InitiatorsPhotodecomposition Reaction Rate ConstantExample of Photo Polymerization (Bulk Polymerization)Solvent: TolueneLight source: 100 W high-pressure mercury lamp30Molar Absorbance Coefficient kd 104λmax (nm)ε (L/mol·cm)(sec-1)Polymerization ratio V-601230.26368144.43MonomerMethyl methacrylateV-65248.37350224.86Initiator0.01 mol/l (ratio to monomer)VAm-110312.45376308.01Light Source 100 W high-pressure mercury lampPhoto Polymerization of Water-Soluble Azo Polymerization InitiatorsPhotodecomposition Reaction Rate ConstantExample of Photo Polymerization (Solution Polymerization)Solvent: WaterLight source: 100 W high-pressure mercury lamp100AzoCompoundMolar Absorbance Coefficient kd 104λmax (nm)ε 72Polymerization ratio lamide 10 w/wt%Initiator0.01 mol/l (ratio to monomer)Light Source 100 W high-pressure mercury lamp*Since photodecomposition reaction rate constant depends on the strength of light source, the above photodecomposition reaction rate constant is not an absolute value.However, since these are data measures with a same light source, these data can be used for relative comparison.Azo Polymerization Initiators10
07Detailed Explanations 1. Azo NitrileDetailed Explanations1. Azo eronitrile)OCH3H 3C CCH 2CH3CH3CN NCNCH3OCH3CC CH3 V-70 is an oil-soluble azo polymerization initiator of which 10-hour half-life temperature is 30 ºC.V-70 can be used as a polymerization initiator for different types of vinyl monomers and aCH3catalyst for organic radical reactions at a low temperature.CH 2CNCharacteristicsPropertiesLow-temperature typeItemMolecular formulaMolecular weightCAS No.Oil-soluble typeForm50-96(dec.) C30 ºC (Toluene)Solubilitieswater : practically insoluble.dichloromethane : freely soluble.acetonitrile, N,N-Dimethylformamide :soluble. methanol, acetone,toluene : slightly soluble.CH3CH3CH3Packaging and Storage RequirementsItemPackaging100 g25 kgStorage requirement Please keep at -10 ºC or less.CNCNCH3Characteristics:When compared with AIBN, the 10-hour half-life temperature of this oil-soluble azo polymerization initiator is10 ºC or lower than AIBN.This product can be used for a wide range of applications, from versatile polymers to cosmetics-related use.PropertiesLow-temperature trile)CH CH2 C N N C CH2 y white, crystalline powder*Contains water.Melting point10-hour half life temperatureV-65CH3Applicable Laws and RegulationsOil-soluble typeItemMolecular formulaMolecular weightCAS No.FormMelting point10-hour half life temperatureSolubilitiesApplicable Laws and RegulationsC14H24N4248.374419-11-8white, crystalline powder45-70(dec) C51 ºC (Toluene)ItemTSCAEINECSListedListedPackaging and Storage Requirementswater : insoluble. benzene,acetone, ether,N,N-Dimethylformamide, toluene,methanol : soluble.ItemPackaging500 g25 kgStorage requirement Please keep at 10 ºC or less.V-65HP (Metal-content-control-grade products)SemiconductorsLCDPackaging and Storage RequirementsItemPackaging500 g10 kgStorage requirement Please keep at 10 ºC or less.11Azo Polymerization InitiatorsMetal Specification value500 ppb or less300 ppb or less
Detailed Explanations 1. Azo NitrileAIBN072,2’-Azobis(isobutyronitrile)CH3CH3 H3C C N N C CH3 CNCNCharacteristics:AIBN is the most common oil-soluble azo polymerization initiator, and is used forpolymerization of versatile polymers.PropertiesApplicable Laws and RegulationsItemMolecular formulaMolecular weightCAS No.FormMelting point10-hour half life temperatureOil-soluble typeC8H12N4164.2178-67-1white, crystalline powder100-103(dec.) C65 ºC (Toluene)ItemTSCAEINECSPackagingand Storage RequirementsItemwater : very slightly soluble.acetone : free soluble. methanol,toluene : soluble.Ethanol : sparingly soluble.SolubilitiesListedListedPackaging 20 kgStorage requirement Please keep at 20 ºC or less.AIBN-HP (Metal-content-control-grade products)SemiconductorsPackaging and Storage ,Mn,FeNi,Cu,ZnZr,Pb,Sn500 g10 kgStorage requirement Please keep at 20 ºC or less.V-59Specification value500 ppb or less2,2’-Azobis (2-methylbutyronitrile)CH3CH3 CH3CH2 C N N C CH2CH3 CNCNOil-soluble typeMetal ContentCharacteristics:V-59 is an oil-soluble azo polymerization initiator which shows almost a similar10-hour half-life temperature to that of AIBN and has excellent solubility to manydifferent solutions.Applicable Laws and RegulationsPropertiesItemMolecular formulaMolecular weightCAS No.FormMelting point10-hour half life te, powder48 - 52 ºC67 ºC (Toluene)water : very slightly soluble.dimethyl sulfoxide : free soluble.toluene, methanol : Very soluble.ItemTSCAEINECSListedListedPackaging and Storage RequirementsItemPackaging500 g10 kg25 kgStorage requirement Please keep at 10 ºC or less.Azo Polymerization Initiators12
07Detailed Explanations 1. Azo e)Characteristics:N NCNPropertiesHigh-Temperature TypeApplicable Laws and RegulationsItemMolecular formulaMolecular weightCAS No.FormMelting point10-hour half life temperatureOil-soluble typeWater : practically insoluble.acetone, chloroform,benzene : freely soluble. Ethanol : soluble.petroleum ether : practically insolubleSolubilitiesExample of Polymerization100Block Polymerization of Styrene%100Polymerization Ratio (%)Storage requirement500 g20 kgPlease keep at 20 ºC or less.480V-40Polymerization conditions:V-4060AIBN40V-6520Temperature80 ºC95 ºCTime1 Hr2 Hrs32Co-using with V-65 0.1 %1Co-using with V-65 0.15 %20Without adding initiator15Polymerization time (h)1000V-50100.010.020.030.040.05Addition Amount of V-40 (Ratio to Monomer %)123Polymerization time (h)Characteristics:V-501 is a nitrile-based water-soluble azo polymerization initiator, having a carboxyl group at the end. Byintroducing carboxyl group at polymer, post-polymerization mddification can be achieved.PropertiesWater-soluble type04,4’–Azobis(4–cyanovaleric acid)CH3CH3 HOOCH2CH2C C N N C CH2CH2COOH CNCNNon-halogenF ClBr IItemMolecular formulaMolecular weightCAS No.FormMelting point10-hour half life temperatureSolubilities13ItemPackaging 36000ListedListedPackaging and Storage RequirementsInitiator concentration 7.0 10 mol/ℓPolymerization temperature 120 ºC 340ItemTSCAEINECSSuspension Polymerization of MMA by co-using with V-40 and V-65.(Relationship between the addition amount of initiator and residual monomers)%Initiator concentration 7.0 10 mol/ℓPolymerization temperature 90 ºC80C14H20N4244.342094-98-6white, crystals110-120 ºC88 ºC (Toluene)Residual monomers (%)NCSince the 10-hour half-life temperature is as high as 88 ºC, V-40 can be used to decrease residualmonomer concentration when used with other initiators, such as V-65. This is an oil-soluble azopolymerization initiator which has a high solubility in various organic solvents. The decomposition product ofV-40 has a unique characteristic of low volatility, therefore it could be useful for cow-voc paint applications.Azo Polymerization InitiatorsApplicable Laws and RegulationsC12H16N4O4280.282638-94-0white, powder*Containing water120-123(dec.) C69 ºC (In water, as sodium salt)water : practically insoluble.Ethanol, ether, formamide : freelysoluble methanol : soluble.toluene : insoluble.ItemTSCAEINECSListedListedPackaging and Storage RequirementsItemPackagingStorage requirement500 g10 kgPlease keep at 20 ºC or less.
Detailed Explanations 1. Azo NitrileHalf-life of Azo Nitriles in Solution(2)10000(3)(4)(6)07(5)1000Half-life (minutes)600(1)1001013.33.23.132.92.82.72.6(K-1 103)30405060708090100110Temperature (ºC)(1) V-70 (2) V-65 (3) AIBN (4) V-59 (5) V-40 (6) V-501Azo Polymerization Initiators14
07Detailed Explanations 2. Azo Ester2. Azo EsterV-601Dimethyl 2,2’-azobis(2-methylpropionate)CH3CH3 H3C C N N C CH3 COOCH3 COOCH3Characteristics:V-601 is a nitrile-free oil-soluble azo polymerization initiator which has similar level of polymerizationactivity as AIBN. A safer developed as alternative to AIBN, V-601 decomposition results in much lesstoxic byproducts. As a nitrile-free azo initiator, V-601 displays excellent solubility characteristics in organicsolvents. Since the volatility of the decomposition product is higher than that of others, such a productcan be removed in the process of polymer manufacturing. Being of non-nitrile type, the polymerizedpolymers are highly transparent, therefore, semiconductors and LCDs applications are expected.PropertiesNon-nitrileOil-soluble typeCNItemMolecular formulaMolecular weightCAS No.FormMelting point10-hour half life temperatureSolubilitiesApplicable Laws and RegulationsC10H18N2O2230.262589-57-3slight yellow or pale yellow, crystals or oily22-28 C66 ºC (Toluene)water : insoluble. benzene, Ethanol,N,N-Dimethylformamide,dioxane, DMSO : freely soluble. methanol,toluene, chloroform, hexane : soluble.ItemTSCAEINECSListed (Listed under 5e Consent Order)ListedPackaging and Storage RequirementsItemPackaging500 g10 kgStorage requirement Please keep at 10 ºC or less.V-601HP (Metal-content-control-grade products)SemiconductorsLCDPackaging and Storage RequirementsItemPackaging500 g10 kgStorage requirement Please keep at 10 ºC or less.15Azo Polymerization InitiatorsMetal ContentNaLi,Mg,AlK,Ca,CrMn,Fe,NiCu,Zn,ZrPb,Sn200 ppb or less100 ppb or less
07Detailed Explanations 2. Azo EsterHalf-life of Azo Esters in Solution100000(1)Half-life .6(K 103)-130405060708090100110120Temperature (ºC)(1) V-601Azo Polymerization Initiators16
07Detailed Explanations 3. Azo amide3. Azo l)propionamide] Characteristics:VA-086 is a non-ionic and non nitrile water-soluble azo polymerizationinitiator having a hydroxyl group at the end. The 10-hour half-lifetemperature is as high as 86 ºC, therefore, reduction of residual monomercan be expected by co-using it with another initiator. CH3CH3O O C C N N C C HOCH2CH2NHCH3CH3 NHCH2CH2OHPropertiesCNNon-halogenF ClBr IWater-soluble typeApplicable Laws and RegulationsItemMolecular formulaMolecular weightCAS No.FormMelting point10-hour half life temperatureC12H24N4O4288.3561551-69-7white - slightly yellow, crystalline powder138-145(dec.) C86 ºC (Water)Solubilitieswater, methanol : soluble.chloroform : slightly solubleVAm-110Packaging and Storage RequirementsItemPackagingStorage requirement500 g5 kgPlease keep at 25 ºC or less. Characteristics:VAm-110 is an oil-soluble azo polymerization initiator which is active in hightemperatures, the 10-hour half-life temperature is as high as 110 ºC. This producthas characteristics which show high solubility to different organic solvents.PropertiesApplicable Laws and RegulationsItemMolecular formulaMolecular weightCAS No.FormMelting point10-hour half life temperatureHigh-Temperature TypeCNOil-soluble typePolymerization conditions (Sealed tube polymerization)Concentration of initiator 0.4 mmol/lPolymerization temperature 110 ºCPolymerization Ratio (%)Examples of -32-2slight yellow powder65 C110 ºC (Ethylbenzene)Not ListedNot ListedPackaging and Storage RequirementsWater : insoluble. methanol,ethyl acetate, toluene, methylethyl ketone : freely soluble.SolubilitiesItemPackagingStorage requirementBulk Polymerization of Styrene500 g5 kgPlease keep at 25 ºC or less.Solution Polymerization of n-Butyl methacrylate100100757550Polymerization conditionsMonomer concentration 20 wt%Initiator concentration 0.19 mol%/monomerPolymerization temperature 120 ºCPolymerization solvent Diisobutyl Ketone25VAm-110Thermal polymerization5025VAm-110017ListedNot Listed2,2’-Azobis (N-butyl-2-methylpropionamide)CH3CH3O O C C N N C C CH3CH2CH2CH2NHCH3CH3 ion Ratio (%)Non-nitrile0Azo Polymerization Initiators1234Polymerization Time (h)56001234Polymerization Time (h)56
Detailed Explanations 3. Azo amideHalf-Life of Azo Amides in Solution(1)1000007(2)1000Half-life (minutes)6001001013.132.92.82.72.62.52.42.3(K-1 103)5060708090100110120130140150Temperature (ºC)(1) VA-086 (2) VAm-110Azo Polymerization Initiators18
07Detailed Explanations 4. Azo Imidazolin4. Azo ImidazolinVA-044CH 3NCNHCNCH pane]dihydrochlorideCH 3N CN 2HClCNHCH 3Characteristics: VA-044 is a non-nitrile, cationic water-soluble azo polymerization initiator. It is highlyeffective for the polymerization of water-soluble vinyl monomer. The 10-hour half-lifetemperature is as low as 44 ºC, and the product is active at low temperatures.PropertiesItemMolecular formulaMolecular weightCAS No.Low-temperature typeCNFormWater-soluble typeMelting point10-hour half life leCNApplicable Laws and RegulationsC12H24Cl2N2323.2727776-21-2white - light yellowcrystals or crystalline powder188-193(dec.) C44 ºC (Water)water : free soluble.methanol : sparinglysoluble. Ethanol : very slightly soluble.acetone, toluene : insoluble.ListedListedPackaging and Storage RequirementsItemPackagingStorage requirement500 g20 kgPlease keep at 40 ºC or 3N CCH3Characteristics: VA-061 is the free base of VA-044 and VA-046B, which are water-soluble azo polymerization initiators. By forming salts with differentNCNHorganic acids, the product dissolves in water, creating a highly effective initiator for polymerization of water-soluble vinyl monomers.PropertiesNon-halogenF ClBr IWater-soluble typeItemMolecular formulaMolecular weightCAS No.FormMelting point10-hour half life temperatureSolubilitiesApplicable Laws and RegulationsC12H22N6250.3520858-12-2slightly yellowish white, crystalline powder115-125(dec.) C61 ºC (Methanol)water : practically insoluble.methanol : soluble. Ethanol,chloroform : slightly soluble.toluene : insoluble.*Acid: Soluble19ItemTSCAEINECSAzo Polymerization InitiatorsItemTSCAEINECSListedListedPackaging and Storage RequirementsItemPackagingStorage requirement500 g5 kgPlease keep at 10 ºC or less.
Detailed Explanations 4. Azo ImidazolineHalf-Life of Azo Imidazolines in Solution07100000(2)Half-life (minutes)10000(1)10006001003.23.132.9(K-1 103)40506070Temperature (ºC)(1) VA-044 (2) VA-061Azo Polymerization Initiators20
07Detailed Explanations 5. Azo Amidine5. Azo hydrochlorideCH3 NHNH CH3C C N N C C2HClCH3 NH 2NH 2 CH3Non-nitrileCharacteristics:V-50 is a highly active water-soluble azo polymerization initiator. A variety of polymerizationapplications can be expected. This product is uniquely characterized by the amidine group which iscationic. Cationic emulsions, latex, etc. can be synthesized easily and in a stable manner, thereforean excellent effect can be expected for emulsion polymerization of synthetic rubber, adhesives, etc.Water-soluble typeItemMolecular formulaMolecular weightCAS No.FormMelting point10-hour half life 7-92-4nearly white, Granular160-169(dec.) C56 ºC (Water)water : freely soluble.methanol, Ethanol, acetone,N,N-Dimethylformamide,dioxane : practically insoluble.CH3CCNHCH3NNCH3CCH34H2OCCNNHCH 2 CH2 COOHNon-halogenF ClBr IWater-soluble typeItemMolecular formulaMolecular weightCAS No.FormMelting point10-hour half life temperatureSolubilities21ListedListedPackaging and Storage RequirementsItemPackaging500 g5 kg20 kgStorage requirement Please keep at 40 ºC or less.Characteristics:VA-057 is a water-soluble azo polymerization initiator which has a zwitterinoic structure. The 10-hour half-life temperature is 57 ºC, which allows a polymerization under a mild condition. As a non-halogenated initiator, VA-057is uniquely characterized by not causing any concerns about coloring of polymer or corrosion of polymerization facilitieswith halogen. Since the product has a zwitterionic structure, formation of both cationic and anionic latex is tetrahydrateNHHOOC CH2 CH2 NHApplicable Laws and RegulationsPropertiesAzo Polymerization InitiatorsApplicable Laws and RegulationsC14H34N6O8414.461041483-94-6 (n-hydrate)white - pale yellowpowder - crystalline powder97(dec.) C57 ºC (Water)water, methanol : free soluble.Ethanol, isopropanol, acetone,toluene : very sli
1600 Bellwood Road Richmond, VA 23237, U.S.A. TEL 1-804-271-7677 USA. 01 Introduction/What is Radical Polymerization? 01 Radical polymerization is initiated by the formation of free radicals. Free radicals are formed by thermac energy, light, or radioactivity. Radical polymerization
Red Pullulan S-RPUL Pullulanase / Limit-dextrinase Azo-Carob Galactomannan S-ACGLM endo-1,4-β-Mannanase Azo-Galactan (potato) S-AGALP endo-1,4-β-Galactanase Azo-Casein (sulphanilamide dyed) S-AZCAS endo-Protease AZ-Rhamno
photo-alignment effect of the azo dyes, the excited azo dyes are adsorbed to the inner surface of the front substrate to form a homogeneous alignment. The texture of the illuminated region is transformed from random to nearly perfect planar, as Fig. 1 depicts. Therefore, a strong Bragg reflection from the exposed region is observed. 8 mm Fig. 3.
Print Shop Work Order System for Initiators Revised 11/2017 Page 1 . BROWARD COUNTY OFFICE OF PUBLIC COMMUNICATIONS . PRINT SHOP . 151 SW 2 Street Fort Lauderdale FL 33301 . 954-357-7120 Voice / 954-357-6124 Fax . Printshop@broward.org. OFFICE OF PUBLIC COMMUNICATIONS PRINT SHOP . WORK ORDER SYSTEM FOR INITIATORS . Revision 3 - August 2006
after polymerization. For example, after Nylon 6,6 forms, the leftover product was water. Step-growth polymerization often requires two different monomers to form one polymer. Step-growth polymerization occurs when monomers start to join together. Any monomer can star forming chains, so the molecular weight is low.
1 Poly(ether)s derived from oxa-Michael polymerization - A comprehensive review Karin Ratzenböck1,2 Susanne M. Fischer1,2 Christian Slugovc1,2 1 Institute for Chemistry and Technology of Materials, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, 8010 Graz, Austria 2 Christian Doppler Laboratory for Organocatalysis in Polymerization, Stremayrgasse
Synthesis of Polypeptides by Ring-Opening Polymerization. 2.2 Transition Metal Initiators One strategy for eliminating side reactions in NCA polymerizations is the use of transition metal complexes as active species to control addition of NCA monomers to polymer chain-ends. The use of transition metals to control reactivity has been
PART I POLYMER STRUCTURE AND PROPERTIES I. Basic principles, 3 1.1 Introduction and historical development, 3 1.2 Definitions, 6 1.3 Polymerization processes, 10 1.4 Step-reaction polymerization, 12 1.5 Chain-reaction polymerization, 13 1.6 Step-reaction addition and chain-reaction conde
ASAM FOLAT (FOLIC ACID) Berbentuk kristal kuning oranye, tidak berasa, tidak berbau Tahan cahaya matahari bila dlm larutan asam Fungsi utama : pematangan sel darah merah Kekurangan : anemia, lelah Sumber : sayuran hijau, hati, gandum, kacang hijau, daging, ikan Kebutuhan : Lk 170 mg, Pr 150 mg . Tugas 1. Sebutkan pengelompokkan vitamin 2. Jelaskan penyebab dan terjadinya anemia pada wanita ! 3 .
