5.1 ELECTRICAL MACHINES-II
1175.1ELECTRICAL MACHINES-IIL P4 3RATIONALEElectrical machines is a subject where a student will deal with various types of electrical machineswhich are employed in industries, power stations, domestic and commercial appliances etc. Afterstudying this subject, an electrical diploma holder must be competent to repair and maintain thesemachines and give suggestions to improve their performance. Explanation of practical aspects of thesubject will make the students capable of performing various tests on the machines as per latest BISspecificationsDETAILED CONTENTS1.Synchronous Machines1.1(24 hrs)Main constructional features of synchronous machine including commutator andbrushless excitation system1.2Generation of three phase emf1.3Production of rotating magnetic field in a three phase winding1.41.7Concept of distribution factor and coil span factor and emf equationArmature reaction at unity, lag and lead power factorOperation of single synchronous machine independently supplying a load - Voltageregulation by synchronous impedance methodNeed and necessary conditions of parallel operation of alternatorsSynchronizing an alternator (Synchroscope method) with the bus barsOperation of synchronous machine as a motor –its starting methods1.8Effect of change in excitation of a synchronous motor1.9Concept and Cause of hunting and its prevention1.10Rating and cooling of synchronous machines1.11Applications of synchronous machines (as an alternator, as a synchronous condenser)1.51.62. Induction Motors2.1(16 hrs)2.2Salient constructional features of squirrel cage and slip ring 3-phase inductionmotorsPrinciple of operation, slip and its significance2.3Locking of rotor and stator fields2.4Rotor resistance, inductance, emf and current2.5Relationship between copper loss and the motor slip2.6Power flow diagram of an induction motor117 \\Hameed\Official\SyllabusPDF\Elect-5Sem.pdf
1183.2.7Factors determining the torque2.8Torque-slip curve, stable and unstable zones2.92.102.11Effect of rotor resistance upon the torque slip relationshipDouble cage rotor motor and its applicationsStarting of 3-phase induction motors, DOL, star-delta, auto transformer2.12Causes of low power factor of induction motors2.13Testing of 3-phase motor on no load and blocked rotor test and to find efficiency2.14Speed control of induction motor2.15Harmonics and its effects, cogging and crawling in Induction Motors.Fractional Kilo Watt (FKW) Motors3.1Single phase induction motors; Construction characteristics and applications3.2Nature of field produced in single phase induction motor3.3Split phase induction motor3.3.13.3.23.3.34.Capacitors start and run motorShaded pole motorReluctance start motor3.4Alternating current series motor and universal motors3.5Single phase synchronous motor3.5.13.5.2(16 hrs)Reluctance motorHysteresis motor3.6Comparison of 3 phase and 1 phase Induction motor3.7Application of 3 phase and Single phase Induction motorSpecial Purpose Machines(8 hrs)Construction and working principle of linear induction motor, stepper motor, Servomotor,Submersible Motor, Introduction to Energy efficient Motors.LIST OF PRACTICALS1.Demonstration of revolving field set up by a 3-phase wound stator2.To plot relationship between no load terminal voltage and excitation current in a synchronousgenerator at constant speed3.Determination of the relationship between the voltage and load current of an alternator,keeping excitation and speed constant118 \\Hameed\Official\SyllabusPDF\Elect-5Sem.pdf
1194.Determination of the regulation and efficiency of alternator from the open circuit and shortcircuit test5.Synchronization of polyphase alternators and load sharing6.Determination of the effect of variation of excitation on performance of a synchronous motor7.Study of ISI/BIS code for 3-phase induction motors8.Perform at least two tests on a 3- phase induction motor as per BIS code9.Determination of efficiency by (a) no load test and blocked rotor test on an induction motor (b)direct loading of an induction motor (refer BIS code)10.Determination of effect of rotor resistance on torque speed curve of an induction motor11.To study the effect of a capacitor on the starting and running of a single-phase induction motorby changing value of capacitor and also to reverse the direction of rotation of a single phaseinduction motorINSTRUCTIONAL STRATEGYTeacher should lay-emphasis on development of understanding amongst students about basicprinciples of operation and control of electrical machines. This may be achieved by conducting quiztests and by giving home assignments. The teachers should also conduct laboratories classesthemselves encouraging each should to perform with his/her own hands and draw conclusions.RECOMMENDED BOOKS1.Electrical Machines by SK Bhattacharya, Tata Mc Graw Hill, New Delhi2.Electrical Machines by SK Sahdev, Uneek Publications, Jalandhar3.Electrical Machines by Nagrath and Kothari, Tata Mc Graw Hill, New DelhiElectrical Engineering by JB Gupta, SK Kataria and sons, New Delhi4.Electrical Machines by Samarjit Ghosh, Pearson Education (Singapore) Pte, Ltd.482, FIE Patparganj, Delhi 1100925.Electrical Machines by DR Arora, Ishan Publications, Ambala City.SUGGESTED DISTRIBUTION OF MARKS FOR FACILITATING THE PAPER SETTERSr.No1234TopicSynchronous MachinesInduction MotorsFractional Kilo Watt MotorsSpecial Purpose MachinesTotal119 \\Hameed\Official\SyllabusPDF\Elect-5Sem.pdfTime Allotted(hrs)241616864Marks Allocation(%)40252510100
120120 \\Hameed\Official\SyllabusPDF\Elect-5Sem.pdf
1215.2ELECTRICAL POWER –IL4P-RATIONALEThe majority of the polytechnic passouts who get employment in State Electricity Boards have toperform various activities in the field of Generation, Transmission and Distribution of Electrical power.The range of these activities vary from simple operation and maintenance of equipment, lines, faultlocation, planning and designing of simple distribution schemes, executive and supervisory control inpower stations, transmission and distribution networks in addition to administrative jobs including publicrelations. They should also be made aware of recent developments, current practices in the electricitydepartments, corporations and boards to keep them abreast with modern techniques in Transmissionand Distribution of Electrical Power.DETAILED CONTENTS1.Power Generation1.11.21.32.2.23.Main resources of energy, conventional and non-conventionalDifferent types of power stations, thermal, hydro, gas, diesel and nuclear powerstations. Flow diagrams and brief details of their operation, comparison of thegenerating stations on the basis of running cost, site, starting, maintenance etc.Importance of non-conventional sources of energy in the present scenario. Briefdetails of solar energy, bio-energy, wind energyEconomics of Generation2.1(10 hrs)(08 hrs)Fixed and running cost, load estimation, load curves, demand factor, load factor,diversity factor, power factor and their effect on cost of generation, simple problemsthere on.Base load and peak load power stations, inter-connection of power stations and itsadvantages, concept of regional and national grid.Transmission Systems( 20 hrs)3.1Layout of transmission system, selection of voltage for H.T and L.T lines,advantages of high voltage for Transmission of power in both AC and DC3.2Comparison of different systems: AC versus DC for power transmission, conductormaterial and sizes from standard tables3.3Constructional features of transmission lines: Types of supports, types of insulators,Types of conductors, Selection of insulators, conductors, earth wire and theiraccessories, Transposition of conductors and string efficiency of suspension typeinsulators, Bundle Conductors.121 \\Hameed\Official\SyllabusPDF\Elect-5Sem.pdf
1224.5.6.3.4Mechanical features of line: Importance of sag, calculation of sag, effects of wind andice related problems; Indian electricity rules pertaining to clearance3.5Electrical features of line: Calculation of resistance, inductance and capacitancewithout derivation in a.c. transmission line, voltage regulation, and concept of corona.Effects of corona and remedial measures3.6Transmission LossesDistribution System(14 hrs)4.1Lay out of HT and LT distribution system, constructional feature of distribution linesand their erection. LT feeders and service mains; Simple problems on AC radialdistribution system, determination of size of conductor4.2Preparation of estimates of HT and LT lines (OH and Cables).4.3Constructional features of LT (400 V), HT (II kV) underground cables, advantages anddisadvantages of underground system with respect to overhead system.4.4Calculation of losses in distribution system4.5Faults in underground cables-determine fault location by Murray Loop Test, VarleyLoop TestSubstations:(08 hrs)5.1Brief idea about substations; out door grid sub-station 220/132 KV, 66/33 KV outdoorsubstations, pole mounted substations and indoor substation5.2Layout of 33/11 and kV/400V distribution substation and various auxiliaries andequipment associated with it.Power Factor:6.16.26.3(4 hrs)Concept of power factorReasons and disadvantages of low power factorMethods for improvement of power factor using capacitor banks, VAR StaticCompensator (SVC)INSTRUCTIONAL STRATEGYSince this is a descriptive and practice oriented subject, it is suggested that visits to different types ofpower generating stations and substations including grid stations be arranged and various equipment,accessories and components explained to the students before the actual class room teaching and122 \\Hameed\Official\SyllabusPDF\Elect-5Sem.pdf
123make them familiar with the equipment and accessories installed over there. There should be at least3 visits during the semester. The students may be asked to prepare notes while on visit and submit thereport and give seminar. In addition, viva-voce be conducted to evaluate the knowledge gained duringthe field visit.RECOMMENDED BOOKS1.2.3.Electrical Power System and Analysis by CL Wadhwa, 3rd edition, New Age InternationalPublishers, New DelhiSubstation Design and Equipment by Satnam and PV Gupta, Dhanpat Rai & Sons, New DelhiElectrical Power –I by SK Sahdev, Uneek Publications, Jalandhar4.Electrical Power System by VK Mehta, S Chand and Co., New Delhi5.Electrical Power System by JB Gupta, SK Kataria and Sons, New Delhi6.Sub-Station Design by Satnam, Dhanpat Rai and Co., New Delhi7.Electrical Power Distribution System by AS Pabla, Tata McGraw Hill, New Delhi8.Electrical Power System by S Channi Singh, Tata McGraw Publishing Co. New DelhiSUGGESTED DISTRIBUTION OF MARKS FOR FACILITATING THE PAPER SETTERSr.No1TopicTime Allotted (hrs)Marks Allocation (%)Power Generation10152Economics of Generation8103Transmission Systems20354Distribution System14205Substations8106Power Factor41064100Total123 \\Hameed\Official\SyllabusPDF\Elect-5Sem.pdf
1245.3INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS AND CONTROL OF DRIVESL4P3RATIONALEIndustrial electronics plays a very vital role in the field of control engineering specifically in the modernindustries as they mostly use electronic controls, which are more efficient, effective and precise ascompare to the conventional methods. The old magnetic and electrical control schemes have allbecome obsolete. Electrical diploma holder many times has to maintain the panels used in the moderncontrol process. Therefore, the knowledge of components like thyristors and other semiconductordevices used in such control panels is must for them in order to supervise the work efficiently andeffectively. Looking in to usefulness and importance of the subject this has been incorporated in thecurriculum.DETAILED CONTENTS1.Introduction to SCR(16 hrs)1.1. Construction and working principles of an SCR, two transistor analogy andcharacteristics of SCR1.2. SCR specifications and rating1.3. Construction, working principles and V-I characteristics of DIAC, TRIAC and Quadriac1.4. Basic idea about the selection of heat sinks for SCR and TRIACS1.5. Methods of triggering a Thyristor. Study of triggering circuits1.6. UJT, its Construction, working principles and V-I characteristics, UJT relaxation oscillator1.7. Commutation of Thyristors (Concept)1.8. Series and parallel operation of Thyristors1.9. Applications of SCR, TRIACS and Quadriac such as light intensity control, speed controlof DC and universal motor, fan regulator, battery charger etc.1.10. dv/dt and di/dt protection of SCR.2.Controlled Rectifiers2.12.22.32.42.52.6(10 hrs)Single phase half wave controlled rectifier with resistive load and inductive load,concept of free wheeling diode.Single phase half controlled full wave rectifier (No mathematical derivation)Single phase fully controlled full wave rectifier bridge (Workshops only)Single phase full wave centre tapped rectifier (Workshops only)Three phase full wave half controlled bridge rectifier (Workshops only)Three phase full wave fully controlled bridge rectifier (Workshops only)124 \\Hameed\Official\SyllabusPDF\Elect-5Sem.pdf
1253.Inverters, Choppers, Dual Converters and Cyclo Converters3.13.23.33.44.5Inverter-introduction, working principles, voltage and current driven series and parallelinverters and applicationsChoppers-introduction, types of choppers and their working principles and applicationsDual converters-introduction, working principles and applicationsCyclo-converters- introduction, types, working principles and applicationsThyristor Control of Electric Drives4.14.24.34.44.54.64.74.84.94.104.114.12(15 hrs)DC drives control (Basic Concept)Half wave drivesFull wave drivesChopper drivesAC drives controlPhase controlVariable frequency a.c. drivesConstant V/F applicationVoltage controlled inverter drivesConstant current inverter drivesCyclo convertors controlled AC drivesSlip control AC drivesUninterrupted Power Supplies5.15.25.3(18 hrs)(5 hrs)UPS, Stabilizers, SMPSUPS online, off lineStorage devices (batteries)LIST OF PRACTICALS1.To draw V-I characteristics of an SCR2.To draw V-I characteristics of a TRIAC3.To draw V-I characteristics of a DIAC4.To draw uni-junction transistor characteristics5.Observe the output wave of an UJT relaxation oscillator6.Observe the wave shape across SCR and load of an illumination control circuit7.Fan speed regulator using TRIAC Quadriac (fabrication of this circuit)8.Speed-control of a DC shunt motor or universal motor9.To observe the output wave shape on CRO of a Single phase half controlled full wave rectifier10. Single phase controlled rectifier125 \\Hameed\Official\SyllabusPDF\Elect-5Sem.pdf
12611. Use of Variable Frequency Drive for running a 3 phase Induction motorINSTRUCTIONAL STRATEGYThe teachers may encourage students to perform practical simultaneously for better understanding ofthe subjects and verification of theoretical concepts. The various components must be shown to thestudents for identification and also tested. Practical applications of the various circuits and devicesshould be discussed in the class. The available video films on the subject must be shown to thestudents.BOOKS RECOMMENDED1.Industrial Control Electronics. John Webb, Kevin Greshock, Maxwell, Macmillan Internationaleditions.Fundamentals of Power Electronics by S Rama Reddi, Narosa Publishing House Pvt. Ltd, NewDelhiPower Electronics, Circuits Devices and Applications by Mohammad H. RashidPower Electronics by PC SenPower Electronics by Dr. PS Bhimbra, Khanna Publishers, New DelhiIndustrial Electronics & Control by SK Bhattacharya & S Chatterji, New Age internationalPublications(P) Ltd, New DelhiIndustrial Electronics and Control of Drives by SK Sahdev, Uneek Publication, JalandharIndustrial Power Electronics by JC Karhava, King India Publication,Fundamentals of Electrical Drives by Gopal K Dubey, Narosa Publishing House Pvt. Ltd, NewDelhiPower Electronics and Controls by Samir K Datta, Prentice Hall of India, New Delhi2.3.4.5.6.7.8.9.10.SUGGESTED DISTRIBUTION OF MARKS FOR FACILITATING THE PAPER SETTERSr.No1TopicIntroduction of SCRTime Allotted(hrs)16Marks Allocation(%)252Controlled Rectifiers10153Inverters, Choppers, Dual Convertersand cyclo converters18304Thyristor Control of Electric Drives15205Uninterrupted power supplies51064100Total126 \\Hameed\Official\SyllabusPDF\Elect-5Sem.pdf
1275.4 Elective - I5.4 (a) INSTRUMENTATIONL P4 -RATIONALEThis subject deals with the various instruments, their construction and working which control thevarious parameters and operations in any industry. Electrical supervisor employed for maintenance ofelectrical equipment/ machinery is required to diagnose faults, rectify them and test the total system forgood performance. Thus there is a need of introducing diploma holders to the basics ofInstrumentation. Basics of instrumentation has been dealt with in this subjectDETAILED CONTENTS1.Measurements:( 4 hrs)Importance of measurement, Basic measuring systems, advantages and limitations of eachmeasuring systems, generalized measurement system, signal conditioning and display devices2.Transducers:( 8 hrs)Theory, construction and use of various transducers (resistance, inductance, capacitance,electromagnetic, piezo electric type)3.Measurement of Displacement and Strain:(10 hrs)Displacement Measuring Devices: wire wound potentiometer, LVDT, strain gauges and theirdifferent types such as inductance type, resistive type, wire and foil type etc. Gauge factor,gauge materials, and their selections, sources of errors and its compensations. Use ofelectrical strain gauges, strain gauge bridges and amplifiers.4.Force and Torque Measurement:(10 hrs)Different types of force measuring devices and their principles, load measurements by usingelastic Transducers and electrical strain gauges. Load cells, proving rings. Measurements oftorque by brake, dynamometer, electrical strain gauges, speed measurements; differentmethods, devices.5.Pressure Measurement:( 8 hrs)Bourdon pressure gauges, electrical pressure pick ups and their principle, construction andapplications. Use of pressure cells.6.Flow Measurement:Basic principles of magnetic and ultrasonic flow meters127 \\Hameed\Official\SyllabusPDF\Elect-5Sem.pdf( 6 hrs)
1287.Measurement of Temperature:(10 hrs)Bimetallic thermometer, pressure thermometers, thermoelectric thermometers, resistancethermometers, thermocouple, thermisters and pyrometer, errors in temperature measurementsin rapidly moving fluids. Temperature recorders8.Measurement of other non electrical quantities such as humidity, pH level and vibrations( 8 hrs)INSTRUCTIONAL STRATEGYThe teacher should explain the scope of various measuring devices and their practical applications inthe field. The transducers and measuring devices must be shown to the students and they should betrained in the reaction, operation, maintenance and calibrations. Frequent visits to nearby processindustries will be of immense help to the students.SUGGESTED DISTRIBUTION OF MARKS FOR FACILITATING THE PAPER surement of Displacement andStrainForce and Torque MeasurementPressure MeasurementFlow MeasurementMeasurement of TemperatureMeasurement of other non electricalquantitiesTotalTime Allotted(hrs)4810Marks Allocation (%)108610815101015156410051515RECOMMENDED BOOKS1.Electronic Measurement and Instrumentation by Dr Rajendra Prasad2.Electronic Measurement and Instrumentation by JB Gupta, SK Kataria and Sons, New Delhi3.Electrical and Electronics Measurement and Instrumentation by AK Sawhney, Dhanpat Raiand Co., New Delhi4.Electronic Instrumentation and Measurement Techniques by WD Cooper, AD Helfrick PrenticeHall of India Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi5.Industrial Instrumentation by Umesh Rathore, SK Kataria and Sons, New Delhi128 \\Hameed\Official\SyllabusPDF\Elect-5Sem.pdf
129Elective-I5.4(b) INSTALLATION AND MAINTENANCE OF ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENTL4P-RATIONALEIn his career as a supervisor, an electrical engineering technician will be called upon to inspec
4. Electrical Power System by VK Mehta, S Chand and Co., New Delhi 5. Electrical Power System by JB Gupta, SK Kataria and Sons, New Delhi 6. Sub-Station Design by Satnam, Dhanpat Rai and Co., New Delhi 7. Electrical Power Distribution System by AS Pabla, Tata McGraw Hill, New Delhi 8. Electrical Power System by S Channi Singh, Tata McGraw .
OTHER USEFUL BOOKS J.B. GuptaA Course in Electrical Technology J.B. GuptaBasic Electrical Engineering [A Course in Electrical Technology Vol. 1] J.B. GuptaElectrical Machines [A Course in Electrical Technology Vol. 2] J.B. GuptaElectronics Engineering [A Course in Electrical Technology Vol. 3] J.B. GuptaTheory and Performance of Electrical Machines [DC Machines, AC Machines and Polyphase Circuits]
FACULTY OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING ELECTRICAL MACHINES ELECTROMECHANICAL ENERGY CONVERTERS AND TRANSFORMERS Lectured for IVth semester students by Wiesław PARTYKA, Ph.D., M.Sc. El. Eng. Institute of Electrical Machines Electrical Machines Division Building beneath Chimney, room #19 (BpK19)
Electrical Infrastructure includes an electrical installation, electrical equipment, electrical line or associated equipment for an electrical line. 1.9 Electrical installation As per the Electrical Safety Act 2002 (s15) (a) An electrical installation is a group of items of electrical equipment that—
IEC 60034-8 Rotating electrical machines - Part 8: Terminal markings and direction of rotation. IEC 60034-9 Rotating electrical machines - Part 9: Noise limits. IEC 60034-11-1 Rotating electrical machines - Part 11-1: Thermal protection. IEC 60034-12 Rotating electrical machines - Part
IEC 60034-15, Rotating Electrical Machines, Part 15—Impulse Voltage Withstand Levels Of Rotating A.C. Machines With Form-wound Stator Coils IEC 60034-18, Rotating Electrical Machines, Part 18—Functional Evaluation of Insulation Systems IEC TS 60034-27, Rotating Electrical Machine
Tools and machines Worksheet 6.1 Simple machines 1. Complete the sentences. tools one two Simple machines have one or two parts. Simple machines are called tools. 2. Write the names of these simple machines. 3. Match. pulley wheel and axle lever wedge screw inclined plane screw lever pulley inclined plane wedge wheel and axle .
answer questions 2.1 - 2.13 Note: You are studying only simple machines in this course. The other category of machines is compound machines, which are made up of two or more simple machines working together. Cars and dishwashers are examples of compound machines. Note: Ask your instructor for a copy of the worksheet, Classes of Levers, to .
distance needed to do work. Simple machines do not change the amount of work done 2) Identify examples of simple machines in everyday objects. 3) Identify simple machines within complex machines. 4) Choose appropriate simple machines to solve a mechanical problem. 5) a) Define engineering design as the process of creating
