BASIC - Kopykitab

BASIC ELECTRONICS (For Engineering Students) By J.B. Gupta B.Sc. (Elec. Engg.); C. Eng. (I); F.I.E. (India); M.I.S.T.E. S.K. KATARIA & SONS Publisher of Engineering and Computer Books 4885/109, Prakash Mahal, Dr. Subhash Bhargav Lane, Opposite Delhi Medical Association, Daryaganj, New Delhi-110002 Phone : 91-11-23243489, 23269324; Telefax : 91-11-23243489 e-mail : katariabooks@yahoo.com; katariabook@gmail.com Website : www.skkatariaandsons.com

Published By: S.K. Kataria & Sons 4885/109, Prakash Mahal, Dr. Subhash Bhargav Lane, Opposite Delhi Medical Association, Daryaganj, New Delhi-110002 Phone : 91-11-23243489, 23269324; Telefax : 91-11-23243489 e-mail : katariabooks@yahoo.com; katariabook@gmail.com Head Office: Opp. Clock Tower, Ludhiana (Pb.) Phone: 2726401 Edited By : Rajeev Manglik B.E. (Elec.) Pb. Univ. Rohit Manglik B.E. (Elec.) Univ. of Roorkee ALL RIGHTS STRICTLY RESERVED STATUTORY WARNING Information contained in this book has been obtained by the author from sources believed to be reliable and are correct to the best of his knowledge. Every effort has been made to avoid errors and omissions and ensure accuracy. Any error or omission noted may be brought to the notice of the publisher which shall be taken care of in the forthcoming edition of this book. However, neither the publisher nor the author guarantee the accuracy or completeness of any information published herein, and neither the publisher nor author take any responsibility or liability for any inconvenience, expenses, losses or damage to any one resulting from the contents of the book. The book is meant for educational and learning purposes and there is no attempt on the part of publisher/author to render engineering and other professional services. If such services are required, the assistance of an appropriate professional should be sought. The author of the book has taken all possible care to ensure that the contents of the book do not violate any existing copyright or other intellectual property rights of any person in any manner whatsoever. In the event, the author has been unable to track any source and if any copyright has been inadvertently infringed, the facts may be brought to the notice of the publisher in writing for corrective action. Send all correspondence to : M/s S.K. Kataria & Sons, New Delhi Email: katariabooks@yahoo.com First Edition: August 2008; Second Edition: 2009-2010; Reprint: 2011; Reprint: 2012; Reprint: 2013; Reprint: 2014 Price: 295/- Laser Typesetting by : Printed at : AISA ENTERPRISES New A.S. Offset Printers

PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION T he primary aim of presenting this book is to meet the needs of first year students of degree engineering (all branches) studying in Engineering Colleges affiliated to the University of Technology of MP. The subject matter has been presented in an easy comprehensive manner, logical sequence using simple language and to give a detailed exposition of the fundamentals. The book consists of 16 chapters providing a comprehensive coverage of course as prescribed by University of Technology of MP for first year students for the course ‘Basic Electronics’. A large number of worked-out examples, theoretical exercises and numerical problems, all of degree standard, have been included in the text. The solution to illustrative examples covering almost all subtopics of various chapters makes the entire presentation easy to follow. Selected exercises and numerical problems with answers given at the end of each chapter help the students in evaluating their understanding of the subject. Highlights given at the end of almost each chapter help the students in refreshing their knowledge while short answer type questions with answers help them in preparing for viva-voce/ practical examinations and interviews. A large number of objective questions (multiple-choice, true/false and fill-in the blanks types) has been given at the end of the book. These questions have been designed to bring out the hidden aspects and also to test the knowledge, understanding and application aspect of learning. The questions will certainly help the students to score better in their regular as well as competitive examinations. Every care has been taken to eliminate misprints, omissions and errors but it is too much to expect that no inaccuracy/misprint/error has crept in and the authors would be grateful to the readers for bringing to their notice any such errors/misprints/omissions they may come across while going through the book. The authors shall feel satisfied if the book meets the needs of the students for whom it is meant. Suggestions and criticism for the improvement of the book shall be welcomed. The authors will like to thank all the Scientists, Engineers, Authors and Publishers whose works and text have been the source of enlightenment, inspiration and guidance to us in the presentation. Lastly, but not the least, the authors are thankful to their publishers for bringing out the book in such a short period and for pricing it moderately despite heavy cost of paper and printing. August 2009 Authors

OTHER USEFUL BOOKS J.B. J.B. J.B. J.B. J.B. Gupta Gupta Gupta Gupta Gupta J.B. J.B. J.B. J.B. J.B. Gupta Gupta Gupta Gupta Gupta J.B. J.B. J.B. J.B. J.B. J.B. J.B. J.B. J.B. J.B. J.B. J.B. J.B. J.B. J.B. J.B. J.B. J.B. J.B. J.B. J.B. J.B. J.B. J.B. J.B. J.B. J.B. J.B. J.B. J.B. J.B. J.B. J.B. J.B. J.B. J.B. J.B. Gupta Gupta Gupta Gupta Gupta Gupta Gupta Gupta Gupta Gupta Gupta Gupta Gupta Gupta Gupta Gupta Gupta Gupta Gupta Gupta Gupta Gupta Gupta Gupta Gupta Gupta Gupta Gupta Gupta Gupta Gupta Gupta Gupta Gupta Gupta Gupta Gupta A Course in Electrical Technology Basic Electrical Engineering [A Course in Electrical Technology Vol. 1] Electrical Machines [A Course in Electrical Technology Vol. 2] Electronics Engineering [A Course in Electrical Technology Vol. 3] Theory and Performance of Electrical Machines [DC Machines, AC Machines and Polyphase Circuits] Electrical Machines-I [DC Machines] Electrical Machines-II [AC Machines] Electronic Devices and Circuits Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering and Electronics A Course in Electrical Power [Generation & Economic Considerations; Transmission & Distribution; Switchgear & Protection; Utilization of Electrical Power & Electric Traction] Generation and Economic Considerations [Electrical Power Systems Vol. 1] Transmission and Distribution [Electrical Power Systems Vol. 2] Switchgear and Protection [Electrical Power Systems Vol. 3] Electrical Power Systems [Vol. 1 of A Course in Electrical Power] Utilization of Electrical Power and Electric Traction [Vol. 2 of A Course in Electrical Power] A Course in Electrical and Electronic Measurements and Instrumentation Question Bank in Electrical Engineering An Integrated Course in Electrical Engineering [Objective Questions With Answers & Notes] Electrical Installation Estimating & Costing Elements of Electrical Engineering & Electronics Electrical and Electronics Engineering [Rajasthan Technical Univ.] Electrical Engineering [1st/2nd Semester U.P. Technical Univ.] Electrical Science [G.G.S.I.P. Univ.] Basic Electrical and Electronics Engineering [Pb. Technical University] Basic Electrical Engineering [1st/2nd Semester Rajiv Gandhi Technical Univ., MP] Electrical Technology [M.D. Univ; G.J. Univ. and Kurukshetra Univ.] Electrical Science [Amity Univ.] Basic Electronics [Electronics Engineering] Electronics Engineering [1st/2nd Semester U.P. Technical Univ.] Basic Electronics [1st/2nd Semester Rajiv Gandhi Technical Univ., MP] Electromechnical Energy Conversion [M.D. Univ.] Electrical Engineering Materials and Semiconductor Devices [M.D. Univ.] Electrical Measurements and Measuring Instruments Electronic Measurements and Instrumentation [3rd Semester Pb. Technical Univ.] Electronic Measurements and Instrumentation [3rd Semester U.P. Technical Univ.] Electronic Devices and Circuits [3rd Semester Pb Technical Univ.] Electrical Machines [4th Semester U.P. Technical Univ.] Electrical and Electronics Engineering Materials [4th Semester U.P. Technical Univ.] Semiconductor Materials and Devices [4th Semester U.P. Technical Univ.] Electromechanical Energy Conversion-I [4th Semester U.P. Technical Univ.] Energy Conversion [4th Semester U.P. Technical Univ.] Analog Electronics [4th Semester Pb Technical Univ.] Analog Integrated Circuits [5th Semester U.P. Technical Univ.] Pulse and Digital Switching Circuits [5th Semester Pb Technical Univ.] Linear Integrated Circuits [5th Semester Pb Technical Univ.] Electromechanical Energy Conversion-II [5th Semester U.P. Technical Univ.] Electronics Measurement and Instrumentation [5th Semester M.D. Univ.]

CONTENTS UNIT–I : ELE CTR ONIC COMPONENT S . 1—157 ELECTR CTRONIC COMPONENTS 1. 1.1. PASSIVE COMPONENTS . 3 1 9 Introduction . 3 1.1.1. Active Components . 3 1.1.2. Passive Components . 3 1.2. Resistors . 3 1.3. Inductors . 10 1.4. Capacitors . 11 1.5. Chassis and Ground . 18 Highlights . 18 Exercises . 18 Short Answer Type Questions With Answers . 19 Problems . 19 2. BASIC SEMICONDUCTOR AND P-N JUNCTION THEORY . 2 0 6 6 2.1. Introduction . 20 2.2. Structure of an Atom . 20 2.3. Electron Orbits and Energy Levels . 21 2.4. Electron Volt . 22 2.5. Current Density . 23 2.6. Semiconductor Materials . 23 2.7. Energy Bands in Solids . 24 2.8. Conduction in Solids . 26 2.9. Drift and Diffusion Currents . 27 2.9.1. Drift Current . 27 2.9.2. Diffusion Current . 28 2.10. Atomic Bonds . 28 2.11. Intrinsic Semiconductors . 29 2.11.1. Production of Holes and Free Electrons . 31 2.11.2. Carrier Generation and Recombination . 31 2.11.3. Conduction in Intrinsic Semiconductors . 32 2.11.4. Effects of Heat and Light on Conductivity of Intrinsic Semiconductors . 33 2.11.5. Fermi Level in an Intrinsic Semiconductor . 33 2.12. Extrinsic Semiconductors . 34 2.12.1. Terms Used in Extrinsic Semiconductors . 38 2.12.2. Effect of Temperature on Extrinsic Semiconductors . 38 2.12.3. Charge Carriers . 38 2.12.4. Majority and Minority Charge Carriers . 39 2.13. Mass Action Law . 39 2.14. Charge Densities in an Extrinsic Semiconductor . 39 2.15. Conductivity of Metals . 40 2.16. Conductivity of Semiconductors . 42 2.17. Fermi Level in an Extrinsic Semiconductor . 46 2.18. Basic Structure of P-N Junction . 48 2.19. Space Charge at a Junction . 50 2.20. P-N Junction as a Diode . 51 2.20.1. Forward Biasing . 51 2.20.2. Reverse Applied Bias . 52 2.21. Metal Semiconductor Junctions . 52 2.21.1. Short-Circuited and Open-Circuited P-N Junction . 53 2.21.2. Large Forward Voltages . 53