Small Wind Power Technology - UMass
1Small Wind Powerfor your home, business, or farmAPresentation toCo-op PowerSally Wright, PEStaff EngineerRenewable EnergyResearch LaboratoryUniversity of Massachusetts,Amherst10 kW Bergey in VermontSlide Credits: NREL- Jim Green & Trudy Forsyth; Paul Gipe; AWEARenewable Energy Research Laboratory, UMass Amherstwww.ceere.org/rerl
2Small Wind Power:Today’s Agenda 1. Why renewable energy? Why wind? 2. Technology overview Available turbines Noise & other impacts 3. Economics Costs, pay-back Incentives 4. How do I get one? Siting & zoning Grid interconnection 5. Examples . & Your QuestionsRenewable Energy Research Laboratory, UMass Amherstwww.ceere.org/rerl
3 1. Why Renewable Energy? Sustainable Clean Produced locally– Widely available– Energy independence Reduced price volatility World & national policyRenewable Energy Research Laboratory, UMass Amherstwww.ceere.org/rerl
4 1. Why Renewable Energy? All energy use has impacts– Environmental Emissions / asthma Mountain top removal,nuclear waste .– Economic Oil imports / trade deficit Declining oil production/ Peak Oil Fuel price volatility / brown-out threats in January– Political International security Renewable Energy Research Laboratory, UMass Amherstwww.ceere.org/rerl
5Many Renewable Energy Resources Wind energySolar photovoltaicsSolar thermalBiomass electricBiomass fuelsGeothermal energyHydropowerAdvanced SolarSlide Source: Technology Opportunities to Reduce U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions, Oct 1997Renewable Energy Research Laboratory, UMass Amherstwww.ceere.org/rerl
6Why Wind Power? All energy hasenvironmental impacts– And economic, andsocio-political Wind power is one of thelowest-impact forms– available todayHull’s 660 kW turbinenext to high school (Hull, MA)Renewable Energy Research Laboratory, UMass Amherstwww.ceere.org/rerl
7Why Small Wind Power? Personal decisionsvs. public policies Big windSmall wind speed & level of conversionRenewable Energy Research Laboratory, UMass Amherstwww.ceere.org/rerl
8 2. Small Wind Technology Small turbines today What they look like– components How they work How much power theymakeRenewable Energy Research Laboratory, UMass Amherstwww.ceere.org/rerl
9Small Wind TurbinesAre Different Utility-Scale Wind Power,600 - 1,800 kW wind turbines1,500 kW– Professional maintenance crews– 15 mph (7 m/s) average wind speed Small, “Distributed” Wind Power0.3 - 50 kW wind turbines– Installed at individual homes, farms, businesses, schools, etc.– On the “customer side” of the meter or off the utility grid– High reliability, low-maintenance– 9 mph (4 m/s) average wind speed10 kWRenewable Energy Research Laboratory, UMass Amherstwww.ceere.org/rerl
10Small Wind Turbine Technology Grid – connected– Or battery charging 80- to 120-foot towers– Up out of turbulence 3 blades 20,000 to 60,000– Turbine & tower & installation Most common models:– Simple, rugged design– only 2–4 moving parts– little regular maintenance requiredRenewable Energy Research Laboratory, UMass Amherstwww.ceere.org/rerl
11How big a system do I need?What size turbine? Electric Loads Power produced depends on:– Winds– Turbine Measuring size:– kW– Diameter– kWh/yearbut, first,a briefdiversion Renewable Energy Research Laboratory, UMass Amherstwww.ceere.org/rerl
12Electricity 101:Aren’t Energy and Power the same thing?kWhkWRenewable Energy Research Laboratory, UMass Amherstwww.ceere.org/rerl
13Electricity 101:Power vs. Energy Power rate Measured in:––––WattsKilowatts, e.g. 10 x 100 W light bulbsMegawatts 1000 kWHorsepowerRenewable Energy Research Laboratory, UMass Amherstwww.ceere.org/rerl
14Electricity 101:Power vs. Energy Energy is the quantityRenewable Energy Research Laboratory, UMass Amherstwww.ceere.org/rerl
15Electricity 101:Power vs. Energy “Kilowatt-hours”?– That sounds like a ratelike miles per hour, or gallons per minute! QuantityÆRateGallonsÆGallons/minKilowatt * hour ÆkWXkW per hourRenewable Energy Research Laboratory, UMass Amherstwww.ceere.org/rerl
16Electricity 101:Aren’t Power and Energy the same thing?UnitWater analogyCar analogy Cost exampleGridEnergyPowerQuantitykWhRatekW, MWGallons- How far?- Gallon of gas14 /kWhGal / MinEngine HPConsumption &productionInstalled capacity 5,000/kWRenewable Energy Research Laboratory, UMass Amherstwww.ceere.org/rerl
17What size turbine?Technically: Power (kW), Diameter“Rating” (kW) Diam (ft) Tower (ft) (e.g.)Turbine0.43.8’60’SWWP AIR-X1.08’80’Bergey XL 11.812’40’SWWP Storm315’80’SWWP Wh. 5007.522’80’Bergey Excel3043’120’FL 3010063’115’NW100/1922589’110’V27 (225 kW)660154’164’V47 (e.g. Hull’s)Renewable Energy Research Laboratory, UMass Amherst1,500253’197’www.ceere.org/rerlGE 1.5SL
18What size turbine?Useful: Energy (kWh/year)TurbineSWWP Wh. 500Bergey ExcelAverage Mass.HouseholdHull’s V47Rating(kW)3Example*of Annual EnergyProduction (kWh/yr)6,5007.516,4400.8 avg.7,2006601,500,000 Your mileage can and will vary! DependsRenewableon hub-heightwind Researchspeed, turbulence,maintenance,etc. Based on MfrEnergyLaboratory,UMass Amherstinformation, 12 mph annual meanwinds (15 in Hull’s case), typical tower height.www.ceere.org/rerl
19Home Energy SystemsBasic Wind SystemThe “grid”DCWind TurbineACController,inverterHomeCircuit breaker box&utility meterRenewable Energy Research Laboratory, UMass Amherstwww.ceere.org/rerl
20Home Energy SystemsBack-up power for utility power outagesBatteries,more sophisticatedcontroller, &other componentsDCWind TurbineDCACController,inverterIsolation The “grid”switchHomeCircuit breaker box&utility meterRenewable Energy Research Laboratory, UMass Amherstwww.ceere.org/rerl
21The Wind Turbine Controller Grid-Tied– “Inverter,” converts the power toconstant frequency 60 Hz AC Battery-Charging– DC for battery-charging– Regulates the battery voltage to prevent over-charging– When the battery is fully charged: Power is diverted to another load, or The rotor is unloaded and allowed to“freewheel”Renewable Energy Research Laboratory, UMass Amherstwww.ceere.org/rerl
22A Bi-Directional Meter –power goes in or out of your houseRenewable Energy Research Laboratory, UMass Amherstwww.ceere.org/rerl
23Wind Turbine Power CurveBergey 1500 (Manufacturer’s Data)1.81.61.4Power (kW)1.210.80.60.40.20012345678910 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 23 23 24 25Wind Speed (m/s)0510 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55RenewableEnergy Research Laboratory, UMass Amherstwww.ceere.org/rerlWind Speed,mph
24Wind SpeedFrequency of OccurrenceAverage Wind Speed: 5 m/s (11 mph)16001400Time (Hours)120010008006004002000012345678910 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25Wind Speed (m/s)Renewable Energy Research Laboratory, UMass Amherstwww.ceere.org/rerl
25Annual Energy Production:2643 kWh/yearBergey 1500 @ 5 m/s (11 mph) average wind speed450400Energy 71819202122232425Wind Speed (m/s)Renewable Energy Research Laboratory, UMass Amherstwww.ceere.org/rerl
26Estimation of Annual Energy Production1.81.61.4Power (kW)1.210.80.60.416000.214000012345678910 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 23 23 120024 25PowerCurveTime (Hours)Wind Speed (m/s)100080060045040040035000123456789Energy (kWh)20030010 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25Wind Speed (m/s)Frequency 1718Wind Speed (m/s)Annual EnergyProductionRenewable Energy Research Laboratory, UMass Amherstwww.ceere.org/rerl19202122232425
27Solar and Wind Resourcesare ComplimentaryHours of sunshine or averagewind power (Watts/m2)400Data from SE Iowa350Hours ofsunshine/month300250200150Average windpower/month100Jan Feb Mar Apr May JunJul Aug Sep Oct Nov DecRenewable Energy Research Laboratory, UMass Amherstwww.ceere.org/rerl02770324
28Over-speed ProtectionDuring High Winds Furling: Rotor moves out of highwinds Aeroelastic stall: Blades bend out of windRenewable Energy Research Laboratory, UMass Amherstwww.ceere.org/rerl
29Small Wind Turbine TowersGuyedTowerTilt-Up TowerSelf-SupportingTowerRenewable Energy Research Laboratory, UMass Amherstwww.ceere.org/rerl
30Small Wind TurbinesAvailable Today US manufacturers ImportedRenewable Energy Research Laboratory, UMass Amherstwww.ceere.org/rerl
31Bergey WindpowerNorman, OK1 kWBWC Excel10 kWWant more info? Try –www.bergey.comRenewable Energy Research Laboratory, UMass Amherstwww.ceere.org/rerl
32Southwest WindpowerFlagstaff, AZAIR-X300 WWhisper 5003 kWStorm(Beta testing)1.8 kWWant more info? Try –http://www.windenergy.com/Renewable Energy Research Laboratory, UMass Amherstwww.ceere.org/rerl
33African Wind Power Various models– 1.739 kW Cape Cod RegionalTechnical HighSchool– Harwich, MA– installed in 2005Want more info? Try 20Wind%20Turbines.htmRenewable Energy Research Laboratory, UMass Amherstwww.ceere.org/rerl
34Abundant Renewable Energy ARE110– 3.6 m diam– 2.5 kW ARE442– 7.2 m diam– 8.5 kW– Beta testingARE442Want more info? Try –http://www.abundantre.com/ARE Wind Turbines.htmRenewable Energy Research Laboratory, UMass Amherstwww.ceere.org/rerl
35Proven Engineering Products, Ltd.Scotland, UKWT600600 WWT25002.5 kWWT60006 kW Dozen in the U.S. (2003) Imported by:RenewableLake MichiganWind&EnergyResearchLaboratory, UMass AmherstWant more info? Try –www.ceere.org/rerlSun, 920.743.0456http://www.provenenergy.co.uk/
36Wind Turbine Industries, Inc.Prior Lake, MNJacobs29/2020 kWLots ofmoving partsRenewable Energy Research Laboratory, UMass Amherstwww.ceere.org/rerl
37Impacts:Noise Measured in dBA Background noise– Ambient 30 – 50 dBA Sound level changeSound Levels:30 dBA: whisper40 dBA: living room,still park50 dBA: windy park55-65: conversation85-95: lawn mowerLevel Change: 3 dB: limit ofperception 10 dB: legal riseRenewable Energy Research Laboratory, UMass Amherstwww.ceere.org/rerl
38NWTC Noise Test Data:sound pressure level (dBA)85Whisper H40Lawn mower8075706560Conversation5550Turbine Noise4540Background NoiseStill park246810121416182022standardized wind speed (m/s)Renewable Energy Research Laboratory, UMass Amherstwww.ceere.org/rerl2426
39Impacts of Small Wind Turbines:Birds? Reports of residential-scale wind turbines killingbirds are very rare Other threats are greaterthan a small, unlighted wind turbine, e.g.– Sliding glass door– Car Historic turbines left an impressionRenewable Energy Research Laboratory, UMass Amherstwww.ceere.org/rerl
40 3. Economics of Small Wind Incentives– Federal– Massachusetts– Costs of small wind system Pay-back timeRenewable Energy Research Laboratory, UMass Amherstwww.ceere.org/rerl
41Policy Options:How can Government support Small Wind? Encourage Investment– Rebates, buy-downs, grants– Tax credits– Sales tax reductions/exemptions– Property tax reductions/exemptions– Low interest loans- Yes- Yes- Yes- Yes Make it easier– Net metering- Yes– Line extension / interconnect policies - Yes (latter)– Uniform zoning requirements- NoWant more info? Try ive2.cfm?Incentive Code MA08R&state MA&CurrentPageID 1Or newable Energy Research Laboratory, UMass Amherstwww.ceere.org/rerl
42Federal Incentives USDA & Farm bill: support for renewables– Low interest loans– Loan guarantees– GrantsWant more info? Try A/nofa05wind sm.htmlRenewable Energy Research Laboratory, UMass Amherstwww.ceere.org/rerl
43Mass. Financial Incentives forResidential Small Wind Renewable energy state income tax credit– 15% up to 1000 RE equipment sales tax exemption– For principle residence– Also commercial Property tax exemptionWant more info? Try –http://www.dsireusa.org/ Net meteringRenewable Energy Research Laboratory, UMass Amherstwww.ceere.org/rerl
44MTC: R.E. Trust’sSmall Renewables Initiative Rebates up to 50,000 for Installations in Mass.8.8 to the Mass.RenewableEnergy TrustWant more info? Try –http://www.masstech.org/renewableenergy/small renewables.htmRenewable Energy Research Laboratory, UMass Amherstwww.ceere.org/rerl
45MTC-MRET Small Renewables InitiativeRenewable Energy Research Laboratory, UMass Amherstwww.ceere.org/rerl
46Mass. Incentives for Small Wind:Income Tax Credit Renewable energy state income tax credit– Personal tax credit– 15% tax credit for state income tax– Maximum of 1,000– Credit can be carried over if the credit isgreater than one’s income tax liabilityRenewable Energy Research Laboratory, UMass Amherstwww.ceere.org/rerl
47Mass. Incentives for Small Wind:Sales Tax Credit Renewable energy equipment sales taxexemption– Exempts wind from state sales tax– Only applicable for an individual’sprincipal residence– MA sales tax rate is 5%Renewable Energy Research Laboratory, UMass Amherstwww.ceere.org/rerl
48Mass Incentives for Small Wind:Net Metering 60 kW maximum cap - residential, commercialindustrial, utilities Net excess generation credited at average monthlymarket rate Law applies to distribution companies Massachusetts Electric Company, Boston Edisoncompany, Fitchburg Gas and Electric LightCompany and Western Mass For more information www.state.ma.us/doerRenewable Energy Research Laboratory, UMass Amherstwww.ceere.org/rerl
49Net Meteringof Renewable Energy Meter sometimes turns backward Bill for “net”consumption/generation Net generation– Credited tonext month’s billWant more info? Try ive2.cfm?Incentive Code MA08R&state MA&CurrentPageID 1Renewable Energy Research Laboratory, UMass Amherstwww.ceere.org/rerl
50Net Metering:How it works9am : 200 watts- 500 watts - 300 Watts (in)10pm : 800 watts- 300 watts 500 Watts (out)April : 500 kWh- 600 kWh - 100 kWh (pay)January : 800 kWh- 600 kWh 200 kWh (credit)The “grid” –i.e. yourelectric billRenewable Energy Research Laboratory, UMass Amherstwww.ceere.org/rerl
51Small Wind TurbineEconomics Installed costs– 2,000 and 6,000 / kW–turbine, controller, and tower–Cost trade-offs: taller tower Î more energy rugged/durable design Î longevity Benefits– example: 10 – 40 gross savings per month Pay-backs: 6 – 30 years Equipment life-times :10 – 30 years Warranties : 2 – 5 yearsRenewable Energy Research Laboratory, UMass Amherstwww.ceere.org/rerl
52 3. Economics of Small Wind Incentives– Massachusetts– Federal Costs of small wind system Pay-back timeRenewable Energy Research Laboratory, UMass Amherstwww.ceere.org/rerl
53Small Wind TurbineEconomics Installed costs– 2,000 and 6,000 / kW–turbine, controller, and tower–Cost trade-offs: taller tower Î more energy rugged/durable design Î longevity Benefits– example: 10 – 40 gross savings per month Pay-backs: 6 – 30 years Equipment life-times :10 – 30 years Warranties : 2 – 5 yearsRenewable Energy Research Laboratory, UMass Amherstwww.ceere.org/rerl
54Wind Turbine Installed CostExample 1Bergey Excel-S (10 kW) (7m)Wind turbine & inverterTower (80 ft ales TaxTotalHigh Cost 20,900 6,000 860 1,200 4,000 500not included 33,460Low Cost 15,100 5,400 990 800 10,000 3,500 2,000 06%- 53,981 30,300Renewable Energy Research Laboratory, UMass Amherstwww.ceere.org/rerl
55Wind Turbine Installed CostExample 2Southwest WindpowerWhisper 175 (3 kW) (15 foot, 4.26m)Wind turbine & inverter 8,950Tower (80 ft guyed) 1,920Battery and Containment 340Shipping 400Installation 2,620Permits/Fees 200Sales Taxnot includedTotal 14,430Renewable Energy Research Laboratory, UMass Amherstwww.ceere.org/rerl
56Simple Payback:Incentives, Wind, & Price/kWh matter40exampleSimple payback (years)12 mph30Net metering only50% buy-down and net metering14 mph19 years2012 mph14 mph107 years12 mph, 5.4 m/s is class 3 wind power14 mph, 2.3 m/s is class 5 wind power057Renewable Energy11 /kWh911ResearchLaboratory,Electric rate( /kWh)www.ceere.org/rerl13UMass Amherst15
57For More Information onSmall Wind Economics. Bergey Payback Calculatorwww.bergey.com/Channels/1F2.htm Wind Resource Atlas of the United Stateshttp://rredc.nrel.gov/wind/pubs/atlas/ Database of State Incentivesfor Renewable Energywww.dsireusa.orgRenewable Energy Research Laboratory, UMass Amherstwww.ceere.org/rerlSlide courtesy of AWEA
58 4. So you want a small wind system .What now? Consider options Resource– wind speed Siting Zoning InterconnectionRenewable Energy Research Laboratory, UMass Amherstwww.ceere.org/rerl
59Is small wind right for you? Your motive– Clean electricity– Independence– Back up power Need Batteries If your motive is Economics: Minimum 10 mph (4.5 m/s) wind speed average Your utility cost: 10 cents/kWhRenewable Energy Research Laboratory, UMass Amherstwww.ceere.org/rerl
60Before You BuyEconomics will depend on system chosen,local wind resource, electricity costs, and how you use your windsystemAverage Home Energy UseEvaluate energyefficiency optionsfirst!Approach investmentas you would anyother major purchase– do your homeworkRenewable Energy Research Laboratory, UMass Amherstwww.ceere.org/rerlSlide courtesy of AWEA
61Steps to deciding onWind for your home Consider other options also– Conservation, Energy efficiency– Natural gas, propane Determine electricity needs– Both energy & power Determine resource Estimate system size, performance, and cost Choose machine Renewable Energy Research Laboratory, UMass Amherstwww.ceere.org/rerl02770309
62Siting Resource– Speed– obstacles Space– Depends on zoning– Need acre 1000’ from neighborsRenewable Energy Research Laboratory, UMass Amherstwww.ceere.org/rerl
63Siting:Does Wind Speed Really Matter? Yes! Power Speed33 10% higherspeed - 33%more powerPredicted Mean SpeedsBerkshires:6.5-8.5? m/sPioneer Valley:6.5- 8? m/sCoast:6.5- 8 m/sOuter Cape:7- 9 m/sRenewable Energy Research Laboratory, UMass Amherstwww.ceere.org/rerl
64Siting:Do I have enough wind? Where is Massachusetts’ Wind Resource? Ridges Coast Islands Offshore Anemometer Tower? Or micro turbine?Want more info? Try gland.htmRenewable Energy Research Laboratory, UMass Amherstwww.ceere.org/rerl
65“Micro-siting” –Obstacles MatterRenewable Energy Research Laboratory, UMass Amherstwww.ceere.org/rerl
66What about . ? On the roof? – No.– Vibration, noise, turbulence– Survivability Used or rebuilt machines?– Reputable rebuilders Making my own?Or - my neighbor the inventor .– Survivability– Hugh PiggotRenewable Energy Research Laboratory, UMass Amherstwww.ceere.org/rerl
67Grid Interconnection:The good news The most common problems in utility contracts:– High liability insurance requirements– One-sided indemnity provisions– High customer charges E.g. standby or backup charges Mass. law prohibits them!Want more info? Try –http://www.awea.org/faq/intcon nt.html, www. Dsireuse.orgRenewable Energy Research Laboratory, UMass Amherstwww.ceere.org/rerl
68Grid Interconnection Offset kWh purchase– Utility acts as “battery” Issues:– Technical & Safety– Contractual Contact your utility beforehooking upWant more info? Try ive2.cfm?Incentive Code MA08R&state MA&CurrentPageID 1Renewable Energy Research Laboratory, UMass Amherstwww.ceere.org/rerl
69Grid InterconnectionTechnical RequirementsSafety Issues Must meet electrical codes Must stop supplyingpower to grid duringpower outagesPower Quality Issues Must synchronize with grid Must match utility power’s voltage, frequency and qualityRenewable Energy Research Laboratory, UMass Amherstwww.ceere.org/rerl
70Be Safety Conscious! Batteries & power electronic devices storeenergy Comply with the NEC (National Electric Code) Use good practices for climbing wind turbinetowersRenewable Energy Research Laboratory, UMass Amherstwww.ceere.org/rerl
71For More Information onInterconnection.“Connecting a Small-Scale RenewableEnergy System to an Electric TransmissionSystem” U.S. Department of EnergyReference Brief (bibliography) /ja7.html“Connecting to the Grid”Interstate Renewable Energy Councilwww.irecusa.orgRenewable Energy Research Laboratory, UMass Amherstwww.ceere.org/rerlSlide courtesy of AWEA
72Overcoming BarriersSmall Wind 103: Siting IssuesAddressing permit requirements,height restrictions, & environmental concernsRenewable Energy Research Laboratory, UMass Amherstwww.ceere.org/rerlSlide courtesy of AWEA
73Potential ObstaclesLegal issues City, town, or county ordinances restricting height or requiring minimumsetbacks Building codes and covenantsEnvironmentalIssues Neighbors’ concerns(visual impact, noise) Potential physicalobstacles(growing trees,planned construction)Renewable Energy Research Laboratory, UMass Amherstwww.ceere.org/rerlSlide courtesy of AWEA
74Tower Height Matters Wind speed increaseswith height Small increases inwind speed result inlarge increases inpower Tall towers oftenneeded for clearanceabove obstacles(turbulence) May require avariance or a specialuse permitRenewable Energy Research Laboratory, UMass Amherstwww.ceere.org/rerlSlide courtesy of AWEA
75Height or Distance NeededRenewable Energy Research Laboratory, UMass Amherstwww.ceere.org/rerlSlide courtesy of AWEA
76Noise & Visual ImpactImproved designshave made machinesmuch quieter Comparable to centralAC unit Noise levels fallsharply with distanceObjections are lesslikely in a rural setting1 acre is a goodrule-of-thumb minimum Spinning bladesproperty size for aperceived as usefulsmall wind installationcapable of powering the Talk to neighborsbefore seekingpermitwholehouseRenewableEnergy Research Laboratory,UMass Amherstwww.ceere.org/rerlSlide courtesy of AWEA
77Raising AwarenessIncreases Acceptance Emphasize the positive –quiet, safe, renewable,non-polluting source of energy Supply objective data –expected decibel level,photographs of the equipment Ask your city/county planners todesignate small turbines a “permitted” useto allow 80- to 120-foot towers –35-foot limits often date back to early 1900sRenewable Energy Research Laboratory, UMass Amherstwww.ceere.org/rerlSlide courtesy of AWEA
78Zoning:Primarily local code Zoning– Height– Setbacks– Site plan– Noise– May require variance– Permitted use– Special use– Special hearing? Building code– Drawings of tower and foundations/footings– Engineering analysis, wet or dry stamp? “Approved” wind turbines (design safety)– Certification to national/international standards– Evidence of reliable one-year operationRenewable Energy Research Laboratory, UMass Amherstwww.ceere.org/rerl
79Zoning & permitting:Federal, etc. National Electric Code– One-line electrical drawings– FAA Advisory Circular AC 70/7460-2K– Investigate if within 2.5 miles of runway(Circular AC 70/7460-2K) FAA– Investigate if within 2.5 miles of runway Notice to the utility, and/or interconnection agreement Notice to neighbors TV/radio interference– Not a problem for wood or fiberglass bladesRenewable Energy Research Laboratory, UMass Amherstwww.ceere.org/rerl
80For More Information onZoning Issues. Legal and Safety Issues – U.S. DOE Small Wind SystemInstallation Reference tml AWEA Advice from an Expertwww.awea.org/faq/sagrillo- Trials and Tribulations- Keeping Hearings Under Control- Zoning Obstacles- Perceptions/Local ConcernsRenewable Energy Research Laboratory, UMass Amherstwww.ceere.org/rerlSlide courtesy of AWEA
81Overcoming BarriersExpanding the Market forSmall Wind Energy Systems Small Wind 102: EconomicsMaking the numbers work Small Wind 103:Siting IssuesAddressing permit requirements, heightrestrictions, and environmental concerns Small Wind 104: Grid InterconnectionReaching an agreementwith your utilityRenewable Energy Research Laboratory, UMass Amherstwww.ceere.org/rerlSlide courtesy of AWEA
82Overcoming BarriersSmall Wind 102: EconomicsMaking the numbers workRenewable Energy Research Laboratory, UMass Amherstwww.ceere.org/rerlSlide courtesy of AWEA
83Installation Costs Estimate 2-4/installedwatt for typical system Smaller systems requiresmaller initial outlay,but cost more per watt Taller towers cost more,but usually reduce thepayback periodA 4-10 kW system can meet the needs of a typical homeCustomers paying 12 cents/kWh or more for electricitywith average wind speeds of 10 mph or morecanexpecta paybackperiod ofUMass8-16AmherstyearsRenewableEnergyResearch Laboratory,www.ceere.org/rerlSlide courtesy of AWEA
84Factors Affecting Payback Type, size and configuration of system Wind resource Local cost of electricity How wind system is used Rebates available, if anyIf you can participate in a California-type 50% buy-down program,have net metering and average annual windsof at least 15 mph (6.7 m/s), your system can pay for itself inabout 6 yearsRenewable Energy Research Laboratory, UMass Amherstwww.ceere.org/rerlSlide courtesy of AWEA
85Indirect Estimates of Wind Resource Reviewwind maps Obtainairport data VisuallyobservesitevegetationSee “A Siting Handbook forSmall Wind EnergyConversion Systems,”800-553-6847 orwww.ntis.gov/ordering.govRenewable Energy Research Laboratory, UMass Amherstwww.ceere.org/rerlSlide courtesy of AWEA
86Production & Technology ImprovementsBringing Down Costs10 kW UnitsCosts for small wind turbines are projected to decrease to 1.50 / kWby 2010Renewable Energy Research Laboratory, UMass Amherstwww.ceere.org/rerlSlide courtesy of AWEA
87 5. ExamplesRenewable Energy Research Laboratory, UMass Amherstwww.ceere.org/rerl
88Bergey XL installationBergey 1 kW XLat James MadisonUniversity,Virginia Wind EnergyCollaborativeRenewable Energy Research Laboratory, UMass Amherstwww.ceere.org/rerl
89Bergey XL installationRenewable Energy Research Laboratory, UMass Amherstwww.ceere.org/rerl
90Bergey XL installationRenewable Energy Research Laboratory, UMass Amherstwww.ceere.org/rerl
91Bergey XL installationRenewable Energy Research Laboratory, UMass Amherstwww.ceere.org/rerl
92Bergey XL installationRenewable Energy Research Laboratory, UMass Amherstwww.ceere.org/rerl
93AWT 3.6 meter, installed July ‘05Cape Cod Regional Technical High SchoolQuiet– neighbor is thinking of putting one in.Renewable Energy Research Laboratory, UMass Amherstwww.ceere.org/rerl
94Installation, with tilt-up towerRenewable Energy Research Laboratory, UMass Amherstwww.ceere.org/rerl
95Thanks&For more information Thanks to – Co-op Power for organizing this & supportingclean energy!– For more information:– www.awea.org/smallwind/toolbox/default.asp– www.ceere.org/rerl/ - fact sheets & links– See also: links on slides for specific topicsRenewable Energy Research Laboratory, UMass Amherstwww.ceere.org/rerl
96For More Informationon Small Wind AWEA, small wind turbine sectionwww.awea.org Home Power magazine www.homepower.com Paul Gipe’s books www.chelseagreen.com– Wind Energy Basics, Wind Power for Home andBusiness Mick Sagrillo’s Videos and articles– (writes for Home Power magazine, etc.) Wind Powering dpoweringamerica/ Equipment Mfrs (see links above) http://www.windustry.com/resources/small-scale.htm Interstate Renewable Energy Council & their The SmallWind Web SiteRenewable Energy Research Laboratory, UMass mlwww.ceere.org/rerl
97 5. Your QuestionsSally Wright, PEswright@RERL.org413-545-4359Renewable Energy Research Laboratory, UMass Amherstwww.ceere.org/rerl
Small Wind Turbines Are Different Utility-Scale Wind Power, 600 - 1,800 kW wind turbines – Professional maintenance crews – 15 mph (7 m/s) average wind speed Small, “Distributed” Wind Power 0.3 - 50 kW wind turbines – Installed at individual homes, farms, busine
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Common concerns about wind power, June 2017 1 Contents Introduction page 2 1 Wind turbines and energy payback times page 5 2 Materials consumption and life cycle impacts of wind power page 11 3 Wind power costs and subsidies page 19 4 Efficiency and capacity factors of wind turbines page 27 5 Intermittency of wind turbines page 33 6 Offshore wind turbines page 41
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Catalog Description: An elementary introduction to logical thinking. One-third of the course is devoted to problems of language and semantics. Section Description: The study of logic attunes us to the structure of our thoughts and judgments about the world. The brick and mortar of this structure is argument and reason. We will learn the rules of constructing good arguments, better understand .
