Wind Power: Social, Environmental And Economic Concerns
Wind power:Social, environmental and economic concernsGeorgios Avgerinopoulosgav@kth.seIntroductory lecture – Energy commodities and technologiesThis work by OpTIMUS.community is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this license, visit 9-26Wind, solar and biofuels1
Global trends Wind power: overviewEconomic concernsEnvironmental concernsSocial concerns2017-09-26Wind, solar and biofuels2
Wind power overview Wind energy is conveyed by the uneven heating of the earth by the sun. Local topography (mountains) can enhance or restrict the natural wind flow. A 10 % change in speed will result in a 33% change in energy. Turbulence Decreases the Effectiveness of a wind Turbine and imposes morewear and tear on the Wind Turbine.2017-09-26Wind, solar and biofuels3
Wind power overviewChange in total electricity demand and renewable-based power supply in the New Policies Scenario 2014-2040Source: IEA World Energy Outlook 2016.2017-09-26Wind, solar and biofuels4
Wind power overviewOffshoreOnshore2017-09-26Wind, solar and biofuels5
Wind power overview Output really depends on location characteristics. Higher performance but also higher investment cost in offshore. Intermittent output, not completely predictable. Betz limit: up to 16/27 of the power in the wind can be converted tomechanical power by a turbine.2017-09-26Wind, solar and biofuels6
Wind power: economic concerns Land use Amodern wind farm uses only 1% of the land occupied and the towers only 0.2% Access roads must be build for Land-based farms The average wind farm requires 0.1 km2 of unobstructed land per megawatt of designcapacity High level of intermittency and unpredictability Not a stand-alone source To be coupled either with other generation technologies or storage2017-09-26Wind, solar and biofuels7
Wind power: environmental concerns Electromagnetic effects and increased sediment temperature along cables fordirect current. Changed erosion and accumulation conditions. Physical encroachments on habitats. Barrier effects, e.g. at migration. Fragmentation of landscape. Visual appearance – light, shadows and reflexes – may be disturbing for bothwild and domestic animals.2017-09-26Wind, solar and biofuels8
Wind power: social concerns Aesthetics Visual perception Flickering Electromagnetic interference - Now minimized/eliminated with fiberglassblades Noise (mechanical and electrical equipment; aerodynamic) 200 meters away from a wind turbine a normal noise level at wind speeds about 8m/s is45 dBA Denmark: minimum distance to households 200m Sweden: wind turbines are usually not placed closer than 300-500 meter from nearesthousehold2017-09-26Wind, solar and biofuels9
Technologies in the wind chain On-shore wind Off-shore wind2017-09-26Wind, solar and biofuels10
Sample Reference Energy ionCoalImport /Production ofbiomassBiomassImport /Extraction processingof UraniumSun, wind, waterRefineryEnergy demandTransportation sectorOil productsCombustion-basedpower plantGas distributionElectricitytransmission anddistributionEnergy demandResidential n of oilproductsElectricityImport /Extraction processingof fossil fuelsNuclearpower plantCentralisedrenewablepower plantsEnergy demandCommercial sectorEnergy demandIndustrial sectorDecentralisedenergy supplyWindHeat2017-09-26Wind, solar and biofuels11
Sample Reference Energy System: WindEnergy demandTransportation sectorEnergy demandResidential sectorCentralisedrenewablepower plantsElectricityElectricitytransmission anddistributionDecentralisedenergy supplyEnergy demandCommercial sectorEnergy demandIndustrial sectorWind2017-09-26Wind, solar and biofuels12
Onshore wind Mature technology, lowest costs in the United Statesand China. The overall performance of wind power depends onthe specific characteristics of each location. The capacity of a wind turbine can vary from a few kWto 9MW. If the exact same (group of) wind turbine(s) is installedin different locations, the parameter that changes isthe capacity factor.2017-09-26Wind, solar and biofuelsKey characteristicsOnshore windCapital cost onshore 1400 /kWFOM cost2.7% of capitalAvg. capacity factor23%Indirect GHGemission factor10 tCO2 eq/GWhLifetime20 years13
Offshore wind Mature technology in Northern Europe, butexperience still limited elsewhere. In general, highercoststhanonshore, butalsohigherperformance(especiallyin terms ofcapacity factors). Highercapacity factorsdue amongothersto lowerdisturbance ofthe flow.2017-09-26Wind, solar and biofuelsKey characteristicsOffshore windCapital cost onshore 3470 /kWFOM cost3.7% of capitalAvg. capacity factor34%Indirect GHGemission factor16 tCO2 eq/GWhLifetime20 years14
References and reading material2017-09-23Coal: social, environmental and economic concerns15
IEA, World Energy Outlook 2016;European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Energy Technology ReferenceIndicators (ETRI) 2014. Available reports/ETRI-2014.pdf;IEA, NEA, Projected Costs of Generating Electricity 2015. Available j-costs-electricity-2015.pdf;IEA-ETSAP, Energy Technology Data Source. Available at: ata;2017-09-26Wind, solar and biofuels16
Sources for the RES picturesGasification: http://www.gbgasifired.com/model.htmlExtraction: oal-mining-and-processing/Refinery: iomass: http://inhabitat.com/tag/biomass/Renewables: uels-nuclear-and-coal-clean-energy-297577Uranium: http://unitednuclear.com/index.php?main page product info&products id 1028Fossil: -fuels-teachCombustion based power plants: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battersea Power Station in popular cultureUranium enrichment: esidential: http://jhsimpson.com/residential/Transport: mlIndustry: 3-months-of-contraction/Commercial: commercial-refrigeration/Transportationoffuel: fbiomass: phpTransportation of oil products: http://www.picquery.com/gasoline-truck 9-23Coal: social, environmental and economic concerns17
Sources for the RES picturesDecentralized energy supply: d-ground-mounting/Decentralized energy supply2: ooftop-pv-system-completed-ukBiogas and bio-synthetic gas production: https://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/123-a180/Onshore wind: gyOffshore wind: http://inhabitat.com/tag/offshore-wind-farm/Solar tower: olar-tower/seville-solar-tower1.htmlPV panels: l.htmlSolar power area requirements: obal-Energy-ThreadBioenergy inery.html2017-09-23Coal: social, environmental and economic concerns18
Changelog and gios AvgerinopoulosMark HowellsGeorgios AvgerinopoulosTo correctly reference this work, please use the following:Avgerinopoulos, G., 2017. Wind power: Social, environmental and economic concerns, OpTIMUS.community.Available at: ystem.html. [Access date]2017-09-26Wind, solar and biofuels19
Wind power: social concerns Wind, solar and biofuels. Technologies in the wind chain 2017-09-26 Wind, solar and biofuels 10 On-shore wind Off-shore wind. 2017-09-26 Wind, solar and biofuels 11 Sample Reference Energy System Oil Gas Coal Gasification Import / Production of biomass Uranium enrichment
red wind/red wind xlr h50 t-15m l 35 mm red wind/red wind xlr h80 t-16m l 65 mm red wind/red wind xlr h105 t-17m l 90 mm racing speed xlr h80 t-19m l 74 mm profile rim female valve adapter (option) red wind/red wind xlr h50 t-15f l 37 mm red wind/red wind xlr h80 t-16f l 67 mm red wind/red wind xlr h105 t-17f l 92 mm racing speed .
Common concerns about wind power, June 2017 1 Contents Introduction page 2 1 Wind turbines and energy payback times page 5 2 Materials consumption and life cycle impacts of wind power page 11 3 Wind power costs and subsidies page 19 4 Efficiency and capacity factors of wind turbines page 27 5 Intermittency of wind turbines page 33 6 Offshore wind turbines page 41
the wind speed is reducedto 14m/s.Finally the wind speed is reduced to zero at 6Sec.Thus a varying wind speed is applied to the wind turbine. Fig.6 Wind Speed Variations . 6.2 Active Power in the Grid . Initially the wind speed is 10m/s then power injected to the grid is nearly 300W.If the wind speed is increased to 20m/s,at
boat wind turbines and make them facing the wind [3]. The number of blades of boat wind turbines is often 3. Three-bladed boat wind turbines can produce power at low wind speed and can be self-started by the wind. This paper is focused on three-bladed boat wind turbines with passive yaw motion.
DTU Wind Energy E-0174 5 1 0BIntroduction Wind resource assessment is the process of estimating the wind resource or wind power potential at one or several sites, or over an area. One common and well-known result of the assessment could be a wind resource map, see Figure 1. Figure 1. Wind resource map for Serra Santa Luzia region in Northern .
Small Wind Turbines Are Different Utility-Scale Wind Power, 600 - 1,800 kW wind turbines – Professional maintenance crews – 15 mph (7 m/s) average wind speed Small, “Distributed” Wind Power 0.3 - 50 kW wind turbines – Installed at individual homes, farms, busine
wind energy. The office pursues opportunities across all U.S. wind sectors—land-based utility-scale wind, offshore wind, distributed wind—as well as addressing market barriers and system integration. As we usher in 2021, we'd like to share some of the most notable wind energy research and development accomplishments from 2020. Offshore Wind
Introduction to Groups, Rings and Fields HT and TT 2011 H. A. Priestley 0. Familiar algebraic systems: review and a look ahead. GRF is an ALGEBRA course, and specifically a course about algebraic structures. This introduc-tory section revisits ideas met in the early part of Analysis I and in Linear Algebra I, to set the scene and provide motivation. 0.1 Familiar number systems Consider the .
