Humor In Science: The Lewis Carroll Connection
.Essays of an Information Scientist: Creativity, Delayed Recognition, and other Essays,Vol:12, p.24, 1989 Current Contents, #4, p.3-8, January 23, 1989rIEUGENE GARFIELDINSTITUTEFOF4 SC IENTt FIC lNFORMATION 3501 MARKETST PHI LAOELPH4A,PA 19104Humor in Science:The Lewis Carroll ConnectionGo to reprint: "The Debt of Humour in Science to Lewis Carroll"Januarv,. 23, 1989Number 4I really can’t quite remember when I firstcorresponded with Rudi Schmid, Department of Botany, University of California,Berkeley. He is the kind of pen pal who exemplifies the best of the communal worldof science facilitated internationally by journal literature and informal correspondence.Some time ago he surprised me with a delightful study comparing postal services atthe turn of the century through 1941,1 afterhaving already impressed me with his detailed knowledge of the botanical literature.Last year he delighted me with a reprint ofhis work on Lewis Carroll,’2which we nowshare with Current Contentsm readers. Asthey well know, I’m a sucker for humor inall its forms.s,l But this particularly appealsto my interest in metaphorical comectionsin sciencesBefore we start, however, let me make afew citationist remarks about Lewis Carroll,the pseudonym assumed by the ReverendCharles L. Dodgson. According to MartinGardner, Dodgson was a relatively ‘‘undistinguished mathematician who delivered dulllectures at Oxford and pemed equally dulltreatises on such topics as geometry and algebraic determinants. Only when he approached mathematics in a less serious mooddid his subject and his way of writing aboutit take on lasting interest.”6Carroll’s greatest influence on science, aswell as his continuing popularity, came fromhis ability at word play—coining new, fantastical terms; giving new meanings towords; and making puns. We mentionedCarroll in a previous essay on puns and theirrole in communication. 7 According to Joseph S. Attsnasio, Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders. Montclair24State College, Upper Montclair, New Jersey, Carroll’s themes, word choices, andtone in his fictional works were influencedby a hearing loss in his right ear and an apparently bad stutter.gIn Carroll’s “Alice” booksg the confusion that results from word play makes forhumorous entertainment, encapstdated in thequote of Carroll’s egg on the wall, HumptyDumpty: ‘‘ ‘When I use the word,’ Humpty Dumpt y said, in rather a scornful tone,‘it means just what I choose it to mean—neither more nor less.’ ‘‘9 (p. 184)For many years I used this quote as theintroduction to my lectures on the ambiguity of language and the symbolism of citations. 3 Countless researchers have usedCarrollian themes when describing the human factor in the conduct of science. In‘‘Pancreatitis: through the looking glass, ”Herbert Y. Kressel, Hospital of the Urriversity of Pemsylvania, Philadelphia, usesHumpty Dumpty’s quote to introduce hiscommentary on the problem of defining anddiagnosing the symptoms of pancreatitis; 10and Eli Glatstein, Radiation OncologyBranch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda,describes the problems in defining and treating non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas, where “thedogma set forth by many seems almost inversely proportional to the experience ofthose investigating these diseases. .[and] thatcertain aspects of the non-Hedgkin’s lymphomas have assumed the qualities of a surrealistic fantasy, as if written by LewisCarroll. ” 11 D. H. Osmond, Departmentof Physiology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada, sees similar Carrollian surrealism in the quest for federal researchftrndin . 12
While some current papers comment onthe word-meaning confusion, others useAlice-in-Wonderland motifs in describingaspects of research. Gideon M. Eschel andcolleagues, Assaf Harofeh Medical Center,Tel-Aviv University, Zerifin, Israel, relateart account of a six-and-one-half- year-oldboy afflicted with an acute Epstein-Barr virus who had what was termed “Alice inWonderland syndrome’ ‘—an acute visualdisorder characterized by anomalies in perception associated with shapes, color, perspective, and reciprocal positions of objects. 13Wayne A. Hershberger, NorthernIllinois University, De Krdb, describes anexperiment in whichforty food deprived. .chlcks were testedindividually in a straight runway corrtaining a familiar food cup that moved whenthe chicks moved. The food cup alwaysmoved in the same direction as thechick. . . . In Lswis Carroll’s. picturesqueterminology, the experimental chicks weretested in Alice’s “room through the looking-gfaas, ” in which, in order to approachthe food cup, they had to’ ‘walk the otherway. ”14I think from the selected examples abovethat the zany and hilarious interpretations ofsober subjects indicate that Carroll’s humorstrikes a chord in many scientists. In a recent telephone conversation, Rudi discussedthe appeal of humor in science and his interest in the Carroll comection:WeII, like most peopIe, I think I have apretty good sense of humor, I first cameinto contact with the topic of scientific humor back in my graduate-student dayswhen a very famous rmlogy pardy called.Ebdmis pterovelox gobierrsiswas reprinted15 [it is a 1928 parodic monograph ona nonexistentbird from the GobiDesert16]. Essentially, since then I hadthis folder, and every so often when I sawa cartoon or an article or a spoof, I wouldthrow it into the folder . . . . I am also aLewis Carroll fan, and I had noticed, ofcourse, looking at the general accumulations of examples, that a certain numberdealt directfy with Lewis Carroll. Somewere actually parodies of Lewis Carrollitems. 17The popularity of Reverend Dodgson andhis linguistic whimsy is as strong as ever.lltere are even two flourishing’ ‘Lewis Carroll” societies. One, which published thefollowing reprint, is located at 43 ByronAvenue, London, UK; the other, with amore imperious title—the Lewis CarrollSocietyof North America-has ita headquarters at 617 Rockford Road, Silver Spring,Maryland.So, while I go off on an expedition looking for some toves, rrromeraths, boojums,and the ever-elusive snark, sit back and enjoy the following reprint.*****h4ythankrto Peter Pesavento for his helpin the preparation of this essay.ow,,REFERENCES1. S ftmld R. Intercontinentrd and transconrinentat mail transit times from Europe to Berkeley, 1S92 to 1941. Arch. Nat. His/,13: [41-54, 19S6.2. -——------The debt of humour in science to Lewis Carroll, Jabber t?cky: J. Lewis CarroU Sot. 14:53-9, Summer 1985.3. Garfketd E. Jabberwocky, tie S3tunpyDumptysyndrome and the making of scientific dictionaries! E3says of aninformation scienrkPhiladelphia: 1S3 Press, 1977. Vol. 1. p. 4S9-904. --—.fluttwr in scientific journals and journats of scientific humor, J6id., t977. Vol. 2. p. 664-7t.5. —-—.The metapnor-science wmftection. Ibid., 19SS. Vol. 9. p. 316-23.6. Gardner M. The games and puzzies of Lewis Carroll, and the answcm to February’s pmbtems. Sci. Amer. 202(3):172-87,March 1960.7. Gat’fteld E. The crime of pun-ishmem. Current Contenrs (27):3-7, 6 hdy 1987.S. Attamsio J S. The dodo was Lewis Carroll, YOU see reflection and speculations. J. F&nqDismJ. 12: 107-t S, 19g7.9. carrotl L. Alice adventures in Wonderladllwu,gh the looking-gk,ad 77tc hunting of the snark Washington, DC:National Home Library Foundation, 1932.262 P.10. SksselS3 Y. Pancreariris: duoush the looking glass. Digest. Di . Sci. 29:2 S5-6, 19S4.11. Gfatstein E. Lymphotnania. Non-HcdgMt’s lymphoma as possibly viewed through the eyes of Lewis Carroll. J. ROY Sot.Med. S070-3,1987.womkerlard research hmdimg and peer rewew, J, Neurobiol. t4:95-1 12, 1983.12. Ostnond D H. M.ab’s13. SLwhel G M, Eyov A, Laftat E & BramnarI A. Mice in Wonderbmd syndrome, a numifestation of acute Epstein-Barrvims infection. Pediar. Jnf Oh. J. 6.6S, 19S7.14. Hershherger W A. An appmacb through the lookmg,-glass. Anim. Lzam. Et-b’.14:443-51, 19S6.15, Whkttnore F C. Review of “‘Fm6mis pterovefox Sobiensis” by A. C. Fottteringham. J. Paleonto(. 4 I: 1302-3, 1%7.16, FotherkrtgbmA C [Sharp L W & Fraser C B]. EoOrnis ptemvekxgobiensis. fmndan: B.i@dciSh Press, 1928.34 p.17, Scbtrdd R. PerscmaJ communication. 5 December 19SS.25
Reprinted with permission from Jd66envocb.THEJ. k-iscard-%. I‘4:53-9. Summer i 985 Copy@ii983. Lewis Carroll Sot@.DEBT OF HUMOUR IN SCIENCE TO LEWIS CARROLLRudolfbySchmidBack to introductionBoOjtnns and marks as inspirational for haveLewis Carroll’s three most popular books,been significant in physics, psychology, mokcula.rAlice’s Adventures in Wonder fond, Through thebiology, and botany, ad have afsa figured in twLooking-Gkm, and lhe Hunting of the Srrark, firsttanicqmmmar.Recent cktirrrs of the first appearpublished in, respectively,1865, 1871, andance of the term ‘boojum’ by physicists (Mer1876]-3 have inspired numerous works of hurnin, 10; Waldrop, 11), psychologists (Beach, I‘2;mour in science. The examples mentioned belowLau and Dember, tq), and possibly DNA clonersare probably just the tip of the CarroUian iceberg.(Anon 14; this appears to have ordy a cute title—Some of these works seem important derivativesscz Seftrnid, Is: Part 19—involving ‘boojum’) areof Carrolliana and are obscure and largely unlong predated by botanical usage as the commonknown to Carrollogists. For example, I have seenname for Idn’a columnan”s, the Baja boojumClarld cited onky twice (Heath,5 Montgomery.G(a.k.a. cirio) invented in 1922 by Godfrey SykesAfas HeatIr,7 does not discuss Clark’s work) in(Gardner, in CarroU,s; Hutnphrey,lb p.3 1). Merthk journal and not at all in Knight Lerrer.’ 7henrin’s article recounts his five-year struggle to giveLewis Carroll Society of North Amen’ca or inthe word ‘buojom’ scientific respectability for thevarious books on Lewis Carroll.sudden vanishing phenomenon in superfluidPriscilla Fawcett’s rendition8 of Alice on tiphelium-3. Beach, in contrast, did not use ‘bootoes Wring at a caterpillar hookahed down onjum’ for a scientific construct but rather as an apta mushroom may be completely unknown outsidemetaphor for the state of an entire discipline inbotany; the artist informs me (personal commuscience, namely, comparative psychology. Finalnication, Jan. 1986) that she never received anyly, part of the opening paragraph of my 1983 essaycomment about her drawing of Alice and the caton ‘Which-hunting, or whatever happened toerpillar. This drawing compares most favorablythat?’ 7 was inspired by Carroll’s Snark.with its Tennielian counterpart and is decidedlyThe poems in the Afice books, which are rsmstkysupwior to Harry Rountree’s 1928 version reproparodies or burlesques of well-known literaryduced in 0venden,9 which shows Alice in roarworks (see Gardner, 1.IS, Gasson,z Macdonald, IQing 20s hairstyle and garb. Because of the exceland Shawzo), have in turn inspired numerouslence of Priscifla Fawcett’s drawing, I reproduceburlesques or take-offs, particularly in parcdicalhere with her permission not ordy her drawingperiodicals. Thus ?Jw Tea Phytofogisr, which parbut also her comments on its background:odies the botanical serial 7he New Phytologisr (seeWhen 1was doing the drawing in spring 1973,Schmidl s), offered the following: ‘Afice in theI wmted the caterpillar to be troth a caterpillarBotany School: the Meek Orange’s story’ (1934and a youngish Oxford type ‘into drugs’ asissue, p.6); ‘The Black Night’s song, from AliceLewis Carroll and hk contemporaries were. Itwaa quite respectable to experiment a linfe within Botany land’ (1939 issue, p, 6-see also the twodrugs. I supfmse a few got hum though. Obviuntitfed starrras on pp.4-5 based on Carrolk’s ‘Theously if a caterpillar smoked, it would have toWafms and the Carpenter’), and ‘Always throughdo so through its respiratory system and exhalethemagnifying glass’ (1964 issue, p.8). These arethrough the spirsvdes[the smat2openings alongtake-offs of, respectively, the Meek Turtle’s song,each side of the thorax and abdomen of an inthe Whhe Knight’s song, and the Mock Turtle’ssect that permit breathing], making multipiesnmke rings, etc., fcaaible. I made the spiraclessong in the Alice books.rather blg became if they had been the right sizeThere have been endless parodies of Carroll’sthey wouldn’t have been so obvious.great nonsense poem ‘Jabbenvoef@ (Gardner, IBesides the delightful caterpillar, I particularlyp. 194; Heath,7). However, rather few of theselike the wonderful menagerie of gazing charactersseem to have involved science. The only examfrom Alice’s Adventures. Of course, the botanicalple 1 know involves thermrrdynaenies. This is Alexdetail is also superb, as is to be expected fromPelle’s21 ‘Thersnowcdy’,which I reproducehere in full:this renowned botaNcal artist.26
‘Twas quarrtig, srrd the vuscy graphUnscrewed its curves with shrill delighuThe treaty ewes began to laughAnd the slismrd logs took Wlght.Clark’s opus ia humorously and skiltldly written but rather didiwtic and pessimistic. on ge 9,for example, the Coccus says:‘Reware the Entropy Erast, my sun!The muuth that sucks, the breath that cools!Beware the Eohznrarm bud, and shunThe chattering crdoric ghouls!’‘This hrunarr race in surely madThey slit each other’s throats.They blow each other off the earth.They sink each other’s boats.’He took hia dritting pen in band:Long rirrrethe beast of heat he sought–Then rested he try the Plinck-Pkmck tree,And stocd awhde in thought,‘Should we permit,’ the Coccus asked,‘These sifly beasts to thrive,Who cafl themselves the lords of earthYet selfistdy conniveFreedom, dignity and pceFrom runny lands to drive?’And, as in therrnaf thought he stood,The Entropy Eeast, with eyes of flame,Came siurping through the melting wood,And siphoned as it came!One, hvo! One, IWO!And through andthrough.The brarrkaome pen wem snicker-snack!The head, the f t—and now dre heat,Released, came streaming back.‘And haat thou slain the Entropy Eeast?Accept this laurel for your head!O frabjous day! Callooh! Crdfay!The gfarvish thief of heat is dead!’‘Twas qoanrig, and the vuacy graphUnscrewed ita curves with shrifl delighuThe beaty ewes began to laughAnd rtre siistnal logs took flight.Aa a botanist, I can’t say if this parody is nonsenseor meaningful.On the other hand, Newmrm’a ‘Jabberwockygerrea,’ a Poem of 22 stanzas, is not a burlesqueof Carroll’s “Jabberwocky’ but merely makes afew borrowings fkom it, for example, the title or‘Beware the tnrshy-stnmp disease’! This verse isof only peripfrerai intereat to Carrollogists.A most eia-borate take-off is Patd F. Clark’s19-page Alice in Virus f#rd, a presidential address to the Society of Ameriearr Bacteriologistsand a fable embellished with humorous text, fivecartoons by W. Allen, and appreciable humourverse. The poems include ‘The C.uecus and theSpirochaere,’ ‘Wriggle, wriggie, Spimchaete,’and ‘The hrfhrenza Vkus’ based on, respectively, Carroll’s ‘The Walrus and the Carpenter,’‘Twinkfe, twinkle, fiffle bat,’ and ‘In winter, whenthe fields are white.’ This take-off is populatedwith a curious admixture of Alim charaetera, viraland bacteriaf typea, fruit flies and king crabs, andfamous people like van Leeuwerrhcrek, Pavlov,and Erasmus. Of eourae Alice must be initiallyshrunk to microbiad size so that she can interactwith the bacteria and vimaes.The Human Race, in the person of Alice, isbrought before the Triburral of the Microbe Parlirrment, who have convened ‘to consider what todo with “man” ‘. Despite the dldacticism, thefable presents some amusing points of microbiology, has a firud apparently origirrsf poem, ‘Thedream of the Unknown soldier,’ and ends on anoptimistic note. As the address was written during August 1938 during increasing war fears dueto Nazi Germany’s pressures on Czechoslovakia,the didacticism and pessimism seem understandable.Heath’s vatuable articles 7 discuss several parodies or quasiparudies of the Alice books, namely ones deafing with ‘insect-land’, ‘flowerland’,‘mrrnstcrhurd’, ‘frivekmd’, ‘beehmd’, and ‘jtmgleland’. I have seen none of these, which, at anyrate, s m peripheral to real or hard-core scienee.However, very briefly mentioned by Heath5.7 arewo works on such science. The physicist GeorgeGamow23 in Mr Tompkins in Wonderlandattempted to sugarcoat modem physics via anAlician vehicle complete with charming illustrations by John Hookham. However, this work ladsverse and is, aa Heath7 correctly noted. not reallyparody. Merrill’s ‘Alice’s adventures in evolutionland’ ,24 which Heath5 erroneously fistedunder ‘aatirea’ rather than liidrtctic’ (the piacewhere it is discussed in Heath,7), was serializedin the pardlcai periudk.af Z9re Worm Runner’sDigesr (see .%htnidls). However, this work issaris verse and cartoons and on the whole is merelysilly and kxhous.Lastly, disparate cartoons of Alice and a mushroom appear in Norstog and hags (p.250) byPriscilla Fawcett, as discussed above, and in the19 October 1963 77re New Yorker by Ed Fisher(reproducdin Emerson,25). Also, Mackay26gave a selection of quotations fmm all three Carroll Imoks. Inglr? dkcussed 96 fallacies and errors of logic in these books. However, this is a27
Micein Wonderlandand rhe Caterpillar,byPriscillaFawcett28
REFERBNCRS1. Carroll L. JIIe wuwtafed Alice: Alice’s adventures in Wonderland & rhrough the looking-glass. New York: BrambaUHouse, 0%5S and 1871) 1960.352 p. fhmoducdon and notes by M. Gardner.)2. -—---—-.The ikmzredJxw’s Carroll. (Gasson R, ml.) London Jupiter, 1978, 333 p.3. --——-,JAwis Carroll’s The hunting of ihz SW, . (Tank J & Ooaley J, eds,) Los Altos, CA: Kaufman, (1876) 1981,1’29 p. f,lwludes revised version of The annotated mark by M. Gardner.)4. Clark P F. Alice in viru.dand, Medison, MT: society of AMeric.m Bacteriolognw,193S 23 p. (W. AUen cmtcansreprinted in Chron. B@an. 5:515, 1939, )5. Heath P. A check list of pamdi of ‘Alice’, Jabben c. J. Jzwis Carroll SoC, 13:78-84, 1984,6. MontgomeryL. ‘‘.Mice in Wonderland” parodies and imitations and relaled matters, listed from the mttecticm of or. tatlMontgomery. Jabbenwcky:J. L?wis Chroll SOC. 12:13-7, 1972.7. Heath P. Ahcian parodies. Jabbenvo@:J, Lewis Carroll Sot. 13:68-77, 1984.S Norsbg K & Long R W. ftibiology. Philadelphia Saunders, 1976, 585 p.9. Dvenden G, at. lrw illu.nrafors of Alice in Wonderland and 3Jwough du kwking-.qtass. London: Academy Edki.ns, 1972,101p.10. Merntfn N D. E phuibus beojum: the physicist as mmlogist. Pfiys. Today 34(4):46-53, 1981,II. WaMrop M M. f-et us now praise famous boojums. Science 212:1378, 1981.12. Batch F A. The mark was a boojum. Amer. Psychd5:115-24, 1950. (Reprinted in: McGill T E, MI, Readings in animalbehavior. New York HoIt, Rinehart and Winston, 1977. p. 5-16.)13. Latt P & Demher W N. latter to edkor. &twjums.) Science 213:394, 1981.14. The mark was a boojum, probably. Nafure 311 :3X!, 198415. ScJmtfd R. Humor in the scientific literature revisited. Biologist. fJn press,)16. Humphrey R R. % bmjum and ifs home; Idria columnans Kellogg and in ecological niche. Tucson, AZ: University ofArizona Press, 1974.214 p.17. Schmld R. Which-hunting, or wlkatever happened to that? Ta.ron 32:62 I-2. 1983.18. Gardner M. Speak roughly. Order and surprise. Buffalo, NY: Prometheus, 1983. p. 173-87.19. Macdonald D, ed. Parodies: an andwlogy from Cbaucm to BeerboAm-anda er. New York: Random House,1960574p.Tallahassee, FL: Florida State Uni.ersiy Library,20. Shaw J M. % parodies of Cnvis Carroll and {heir origmds.1960.14 p.21. Felk A. TheMIowocky Amer. Sci. 4(x I 16A, 1960.22. Newman M. Jabkrwcdygenes. Perspect, Bio/. Med. 26:127-31,1982.23. Gamow G. Mr Tompkins in wmuferfnnd or stories of c, G, and h. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univermy Press,1939, 91 p.24. Mort’fll T. Alice’s adventures in evolutionkmd. parts I-IV. Worm Runner’s Dig@s! 3:81-90, 1%1; 3:198-208, 1%1;4:69-80, I%2; 5;78-92, 1%3.25. Emerson R. Mycological relevance in the nineteen seventies. Trans. Brb. MYCOL Sot. 0363-87,1973.26. Mackay A L. i%e hatvesr of a quiet eye. Bristol, uK: [nstmm of physics, 1977. 192 p.27. Jngk D J. FaUacies and errors in tie wonderknds of b,ology, mdlcirw, and Lewis Carroll. Perspect. BioL Med.15:254-81, 1972,AUTHOR’SNOTE (18 December19S8)The iwue of .fabberwocky containing this article appeared in summer 1987, though it is dated summer 1985. The article is reprinted with minor corrections, mostly to the bibliography. My 1986 Biologisr paper cited therein (reference 15) got too big for its britches and is thus being expanded intoa book to be published by Timber Press, Portland, Oregon. Examples of the scienee-hwisCarrollconnection proliferate, for instance, those noted in Eugene Garfield’s introduction, and by my ownhand. As editor of the c‘Reviews and notices of publication”column in Tzxorr: ournui of the Irrrerna?ional Association for Pbrr Taxonomy, I have since its February 1987 issue taken the liberty ofinserting in each column an appropriate quote from Lewis Carroll’s works (see Town 38:78). Forexample, my favorite quote applies to the ever-behind Kw Record of Toxonomic Literature: “It takesall the mnning you can do, to keep in the same place’ ‘–The Red Queen. Others wishing to indulgein such naughtiness will find C .A. Miller’s] index of Carrolliana invaluable and may find furtherinspiration ligtening to David Del Tredici’&3 Alice epic or Mike Batt’s4 Srrark saga (for details andcited reviews we reference 5).REFERENCES1. MilJer C A. Isn ‘t ttwt Lewis Carrolf? A guide to the most mimsy words and fmbjous quotations of L#wis Curroll’s Alice’sadventures in Wonderland, llrough the tm?king-gtam, and 77u hunting of the mark. New Market, VA: Trackaday,19S4, 126 p.2. WI Tredfci D, Final Alice. Chicago Symphony. Sir Georg SOlti conductinrf, with soprano Barbara Hendricks. I.mndon LDR71018, 19S1. (Record.)In memory of a summer day (Chifd Alice, part one). St. Louis Symphony Orchestra. Leonard SIatkin3. —---—.UXtducdng. with soprano Phyttis Bryn-Julwn. Nonesuch 79343 or 9-79043, 19S3. (Record or compact disc.)4. Batt M. 37whuming of dw snark based on bw”s Carroll’s epic mm.semw poem. London Symphony Orchestra. Mike Battconducting, with Sir John Gielgud and John Hum narrating and parts by Roger Daltrey, George Harrison, Julianknon,ArI Garhmkel, and six orher rock musicians. AdventtueJEpic CD Snark 1, 19S6, (Compact disc.)5. BcJtndd R. Three recent recordings of CarroUiamm Jabbenwcky? J. Lzwis Carroll Sot. (In press.)29
Lewis Carroll fan, and I had noticed, of course, looking at the general accumulat-ions of examples, that a certain number dealt directfy with Lewis Carroll. Some were actually parodies of Lewis Carroll items. 17 The popularity of Reverend Dodgson and his linguistic whimsy is as strong as ever. llte
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