Geography Of Sub-Saharan Africa - Semantic Scholar
Geography ofSub-Saharan AfricaSamuel Aryeetey-Attoh, EditorUniversity of ToledoPrentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
CONTENTSPREFACEXVHChapter 1:The Physical EnvironmentWILLIAM YAW OSEI AND SAMUEL ARYEETEY-ATTOHIntroductionPhysical LandscapesThe Plateau ContinentThe Rift Valley SystemCoastlinesContinental ShelfRiversDrainage BasinsClimatePressure Systems and Wind MovementLatitudinal EffectMaritime Effect versus ContinentalityOcean CurrentsAltitude12347899101014151516VII
viiiContentsLake EffectClimatic ClassificationsVegetationVegetation TypesRain ForestWoodlandsSavanna GrasslandSahel ShrublandDesert and SemidesertMediterranean (Cape and Karoo and Shrubland)Afro-Montane VegetationSoilsSoil DistributionConclusionKey TermsDiscussion QuestionsReferencesChapter 2:Human-Environmental Impacts: Forest Degradationand DesertificationWILLIAM YAW OSEIIntroductionDeforestation in Sub-Saharan AfricaDefinitionsDeforestation TrendsCauses of DeforestationAgricultureLoggingFuel-Wood ConsumptionEffects of Forest DegradationResponse Strategies to DeforestationDesertification in Sub-Saharan AfricaDefinition of DesertificationSpatial Coverage of Dry Lands in Sub-Saharan AfricaCauses of DesertificationStrategies to Combat DesertificationConclusionKey TermsDiscussion 3333535363637404042434546505151525456575758
ContentsChapter 3:Historical Background of Sub-Saharan Africa:Opportunities and ConstraintsIAN E. A. YEBOAHIntroductionIndigenous Heritage of Sub-Saharan AfricaSub-Saharan Africa: Cradle of ManThe Era of Ancient CivilizationIron, Islam, and Medieval CivilizationsBantu Migrations in Sub-Saharan AfricaThe Era of Modern KingdomsImplications of the Indigenous Heritage of Sub-Saharan AfricaThe Islamic Influence in Sub-Saharan AfricaThe Spread of Islam in Sub-Saharan AfricaIslam and the Indigenous HeritageIslam and the Western HeritageThe Western Influence in Sub-Saharan AfricaThe Period of Initial ContactThe Enslavement of Sub-Saharan Africans to the AmericasThe Age of Land Exploration in Sub-Saharan AfricaThe Colonial Period, 1884 to the 1960sThe Economic and Cultural Impacts of ColonialismThe Political and Social Impacts of ColonialismIndependence from the West'ConclusionKey TermsDiscussion QuestionsReferencesChapter 4:Culture, Conflict, and Change in Sub-Saharan AfricaJOSEPH RANSFORD OPPONGIntroductionCultural GeographyCulture ChangeObstacles to Cultural DiffusionElements of African CultureReligion in Sub-Saharan AfricaChristianityIslamTraditional 0828384848486868788899091919394
xFamily and Kinship RelationsLanguage and SocietyNiger-Kordofanian FamilyNilo-SaharanKhoisanAfro-Asiatic (Semitic-Hamitic)Land TenureFamily LandCommunal Land oStool LandState LandIndividual Private OwnershipAdornment, Dress Forms, and Symbolism in African CultureColonialism and Diffusion of Non-African CultureEthnic and Cultural ConflictsSomalia's Clan Warfare: What Went Wrongin East Africa's Only Nation-State?Liberia: Ethnic PoliticsSudan: Religious and Ethnic ConflictModernization and Cultural ConflictModernization and the Aged in Sub-Saharan AfricaValues and Expectations in African SocietyConclusionKey Terms Discussion r 5: Population Geography of Sub-Saharan AfricaSAMUEL ARYEETEY-ATTOH120IntroductionGeneral Population TrendsPopulation Density and DistributionThe Dynamics of Population ChangeFertility Levels and TrendsCauses of High FertilityCultural Determinants of FertilityMortality LevelsAfrica and the Demographic TransitionAge Composition and Dependency BurdensInternational Migration and Refugee IssuesInternational Migration TrendsRefugee MigrationGovernment Policy and Family Planning120120121126127128129131132133135135137140
ContentsxiSovereign Rights of Nations and Human RightsIntegrative Family Planning PoliciesCommunity and Market-Based Strategies and Social MarketingFemale EmpowermentEffective Targeting of At-Risk PopulationsPartnerships with NGOs and Private SectorPrograms for RefugeesConclusionKey TermsDiscussion 45cChapter 6:iMedical Geography of Sub-Saharan AfricaJOSEPH RANSFORD OPPONGIntroductionDisease Ecology of Sub-Saharan AfricaDisease TerminologyEndemic Diseases of Sub-Saharan AfricaMalariaTrypanosomiasisYellow FeverSchistosomiasisRiver BlindnessGuinea Worm (Dracunculiasis)AIDS, the African CatastropheEbolaSanitation and Health in Sub-Saharan AfricaThe Health-Care SystemSpatial Imbalance in Health ServicesThe Rainy Season Accessibility ProblemHealth Facility Locational Strategies and Location-Allocation ModelsBypassing and Utilization of Health FacilitiesTechnology and Health CareDrugs, Fake Drugs, and Health Care in Africa: Killers or Curers?African Traditional Medicine: Dangerous, Anachronistic, or a Panacea?Colonialism and Traditional African MedicineStrengths and Weaknesses of Traditional Medicine and BiomedicineEconomic Crisis and Health in Sub-Saharan AfricaThe Bamako Initiative and Health in Sub-Saharan AfricaConclusionKey TermsDiscussion 178178179
xiiChapter 7:ContentsUrban Geography of Sub-Saharan AfricaSAMUEL ARYEETEY-ATTOHIntroductionHistorical Evolution of African Cities: Precolonial CitiesThe Internal Structure of CitiesThe Internal Structure of Accra, GhanaCurrent Urbanization Trends in Sub-Saharan AfricaComponents and Determinants of Urban GrowthGender MigrationUrban-Rural LinkagesConsequences of Urban GrowthUrban PrimacyThe Urban Informal SectorHousingLand ManagementInfrastructure Provision, Service Delivery, and Urban ManagementWater Supply and Sewage DisposalSolid Waste DisposalPublic TransportationSolutions to Problems in African CitiesMicro-Level Strategies: The Case for Effective Urban ManagementMacro-Level Strategies: Regional PoliciesNew TownsGrowth PolesIntermediate and Small Service CentersConclusionKey TermsDiscussion QuestionsReferencesChapter 210211211211215215216217217218218219Geography and Development in Sub-Saharan AfricaSAMUEL ARYEETEY-ATTOH223IntroductionDefining and Measuring Development in Sub-Saharan AfricaEconomic Dimensions of DevelopmentHuman and Social DimensionsGeographic Patterns of DualismInternational DualismCore-Peripheral Disparities in African CountriesUrban DualismRural Dualism223224224228233233234237237
ContentsTheoretical Explanations of Core-Peripheral DisparitiesEffect of ColonialismEconomic TheoriesStructural-Institutional TheoriesSociopsychological TheoriesDevelopment StrategiesGrowth with EquityBasic Needs StrategiesIntermediate or Appropriate TechnologySelf-Reliance StrategyInterdependent Development ,Regional Integration and Pan AfricanismStructural Adjustment ProgramsThe Role of Nongovernmental OrganizationsConclusionKey TermsDiscussion QuestionsReferencesChapter 9:,Geography and Gender in Sub-Saharan AfricaIBIPO JOHNSTON-ANUMONWOUnderstanding the Geography of Sub-Saharan Africa from a Gendered PerspectiveGeographic Scholarship of Gender in AfricaMapping the World of African Women: What Counts?Women and Development in Sub-Saharan AfricaAdverse Effects of Capitalist Development on African Women'sAccess to and Use of Productive ResourcesAgriculture'and Rural Environmental DegradationHuman-Induced and Environmental Influences onAgricultural ProductionUnequal Allocation of Resources within the HouseholdDemographic Trends and Settlement Patterns: Geographical ContextsPopulation, Fertility, and Mortality TrendsDisplacement and MigrationDifferential Access in Urban SettingsGeography and Gender InequalityChange and CrisisStructural Adjustment Programs and African WomenAfrican Women as Agents of ChangeGeopolitics and Women's InitiativesWomen's Role in Restoring the African EnvironmentEngendering the Geographic Study of Sub-Saharan 273274274277278278279279
xivGender and Development: Rethinking the ConnectionsAfrican Development: Recognizing and Empowering WomenA Gendered Agenda for Future Geographic ResearchKey TermsDiscussion QuestionsReferencesChapter 10: Agricultural Development in Sub-Saharan AfricaGODSON CHINTUWA OBIAIntroductionFanning SystemsTraditional Farming SystemsoShifting CultivationRotational Bush FallowPermanent FarmingPastoralismCash-Crop and Commercial FarmingCash-Crop ProductionCommercial FarmingProduction Trends in Sub-Saharan AfricaProblems of Agricultural ProductionRural InfrastructureInstitutional FactorsLand DegradationInappropriate TechnologiesProblems with the Green RevolutionResearch and DevelopmentGovernments, International Agencies, and Agricultural MarketsPolicy OptionsUpgrading Rural InfrastructureEducationDeveloping Appropriate TechnologiesDeveloping Alternative Energy SourcesAgro-Based IndustriesCommunity-Based CooperativesIntegrated Rural DevelopmentConclusionKey TermsDiscussion 13315316316317318319319319320321321322322
ContentsChapter 11:Industry, Business Enterprises, and Entrepreneurshipin the Development ProcessBARBARA ELIZABETH MCDADExv325IntroductionTrends in Industry and ManufacturingProblems with Industrial and Manufacturing EnterprisesSpatial Imbalance in Large-Scale IndustriesWeak Inter- and Intra-Sectoral LinkagesHighly Protectionist PoliciesLack of Diversification and ExpansionWeak Institutional CapacityPublic versus Private Enterprises in Sub-Saharan AfricaThe Background to State-Owned EnterprisesExpanding the Private Sector in Sub-Saharan AfricaAfrican Entrepreneurship and Small-Scale IndustryCharacteristics of African EntrepreneursSmall-Scale EnterprisesConclusionKey TermsDiscussion 34336336337342343343343Chapter 12: Political Landscape of Sub-Saharan AfricaIAN E. A. YEBOAH AND SAMUEL ARYEETEY-ATTOH345IntroductionSub-Saharan Africa: A Landscape of Political InstabilityCauses of Political Instability in Sub-Saharan AfricaZaire: A Microcosm of Political ChaosThe Political Geography of Apartheid in South AfricaScenarios for Political Stability in Sub-Saharan AfricaIs There Political Hope for Sub-Saharan Africa?ConclusionKey TermsDiscussion 69INDEX371
Chapter 12: Political Landscape of Sub-Saharan Africa 345 IAN E. A. YEBOAH AND SAMUEL ARYEETEY-ATTOH Introduction 345 Sub-Saharan Africa: A Landscape of Political Instability 346 Causes of Political Instability in Sub-Saharan Africa 350 Zaire: A Microcosm of Political Chaos 356 The Political Geography of Apartheid in South Africa 358
7.5 Climates ofSub-Saharan Africa 7.6 Human Impacts on the Biosphere in Sub-Saharan Africa 7.8 Vulnerability to Climate Change in Sub-Saharan Africa 7.11 Visual History of Sub-Saharan Africa 7.21 Power and Politics in Sub-Saharan Africa 7.22 Urbanization in Sub-Saharan Africa 280 281 285 288 301 304 The South Asian Region 318
Saharan Africa. Data were collected among 45 countries in sub-Saharan Africa as part of an initiative designed to better meet regional needs for education indicators and analyses (see Box 1). BOX 1. AFRICA'S REGIONAL INDICATORS INITIATIVE The Pan African Institute of Education for Development (IPED) and the Association for the
This report highlights the role that small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs) play for growth and development in Sub-Saharan Africa. Essentially, the report contains a discussion of three closely related subjects. First, it provides a mapping of growth patterns in Sub-Saharan Africa over the last 20 years.
across Sub-Saharan Africa have heeded the call to act . Key barriers and opportunities for advancing renewables in urban settings of Sub-Saharan Africa fit into four categories: Policy and regulation: Through the CoM SSA, . infrastructure
Marubeni's automobile business in the region, initiated and managed by Marubeni's Automobile and Leasing Division at the headquarters. The World Automobile Market and Sub-Saharan Africa The automobile penetration rate in sub-Saharan Africa is 3 automobiles per 100 people which is very low compared to the world average of 18.2.
The prospects for natural gas in the region are not just dependent on displacing oil in the generation mix. It is well known that the level of electrification in Sub-Saharan Africa is very low. Table 2 outlines the consumption of electricity per head in the region. Gas Oil Coal Hydro Other Total Elec Angola 0.0% 43.9% 0.0% 56.1% 0.0% 100.0%
Between 2015 and 2030 the number of children under 18 in sub-Saharan Africa will rise from 496 million to 661 million. From 2026 onwards sub-Saharan Africa will be the single region with the greatest number of children under 18. The child population in Africa is burgeoning; by 2050, more than 1 in 3 children in the world will live in
PASSOVER BLUEBERRY MUFFINS (Alexa & Riley Newbold) Ingredients: -1/3 cup butter -1 scant cup of sugar -3 eggs -1/2 teaspoon vanilla -1/2 cup matzo cake meal -1/4 cup potato starch -1/4 teaspoon salt -1 cup blueberries (frozen, drained)— don’t defrost -Cinnamon sugar . Directions: Cream sugar and butter. Add three eggs one at a time, beating after each. Add vanilla and mix. Add matzo cake .
