Section 400 Signal Design - British Columbia
ELECTRICAL AND TRAFFIC ENGINEERING MANUALSection 400Signal DesignElectrical and ITS EngineeringJanuary 2019
TABLE OF CO NTENTS400SIGN AL DESIGN401402INTRODUCTION. 1401.1 ABOUT SECTION 400 . 1401.2 BEFORE YOU BEGIN . 1TRAFFIC SIGNALS . 3402.1 GENERAL . 3402.2 DATA REQUIREMENTS . 3402.3 WARRANTS . 402.3.8402.3.9402.3.10Requirements of the Warrant Analysis . 5Warrant 1: Minimum Vehicular Volume . 7Warrant 2: Interruption of Continuous Traffic . 8Warrant 3: Progressive Movement . 9Warrant 4: Collision Experience . 9Warrant 5: System Warrant . 9Warrant 6: Combination Warrant .10Warrant 7: Four Hour Volume Warrant.10Warrant 8: Peak Hour Delay .12Warrant 9: Peak Hour Volume.13402.4 PHASING . 15402.4.2402.4.3402.4.4402.4.5402.4.6Direction Assignments . 16Use of Separate Left Turn Movements.18Protected/Permissive Versus Protected Left Turn Phasing .20Phase Sequencing. 23Leading, Lagging and Lead-Lag Left Turn Phasing .37402.5 TIMING . .5.14402.5.15Electrical and ITS EngineeringElectrical & Traffic Engineering ManualMinimum Green Time . 40Passage Time . 40Vehicular Clearance Periods .41Yellow - All-Red Split . 46Maximum Green Times . 48Pedestrian Walk Intervals .49Pedestrian Clearance Times .49Recall . 51Detector Memory . 52Intersection Flash . 52Delay/Extension Detection .53Coordination . 54Coordination Cycle Length and Splits .55Coordination Offsets . 56Coordination Force-Offs and Permissives .57400 SIGNAL DESIGNJanuary 2019Page i
TABLE OF CO emption . 63Emergency Pre-emption . 63Railway Pre-emption. 64First Green Display . 71Time Clock Settings . 71402.6 SIGNAL DESIGN. al . 71Traffic Signal Indications and Signal Heads .72Signal Head Light Sources .76Signal Head Locations . 76Pedestrian Pushbuttons . 87Bicycle Signals & Detection .87Audible Pedestrian Signals .87Communications Services .89Traffic Controller Assemblies .90Advance Warning Flashers .91Prepare to Stop at Railway Crossing Signs.97Detectors . 97Detector Loop Applications .99Wheelchair Ramps . 103Interconnection Signals .103Signs on Signal Poles . 103Bicycle Signal Activation Guidelines .104Countdown Pedestrian Signals .105Uninterruptible Power Supplies (UPS) .107402.7 PRE-EMPTION. .7402.7.8403General . 107Railway Pre-emption. 108Emergency Vehicle Pre-emption .109Vehicle Queue Pre-emption .110Transit Pre-emption (Low Priority) .110Transit Priority. 110Railway, Emergency, or Transit Pre-emption Systems .110Approval Process and Division of Responsibilities .116PEDESTRIAN SIGNALS . 119403.1 GENERAL . 119403.2 DATA REQUIRMENTS. 119403.3 WARRANT . 119403.4 PHASING . 119403.4.1403.4.2Signal Operation . 119Phase Assignment . 120403.5 TIMING . 122Electrical and ITS EngineeringElectrical & Traffic Engineering Manual400 SIGNAL DESIGNJanuary 2019Page ii
TABLE OF CO n Walk Intervals .122Pedestrian Clearance Times .122Vehicle Phase Green . 122Vehicular Clearance and Yellow/Red Split .123Coordination . 123403.6 DESIGN. 408General . 125Traffic Signal Indications and Signal Heads .125Flashing Signal Indication .125Signal Head Locations . 125Pedestrian Signal Equipment .126ONE-WAY BRIDGE SIGNALS . 127404.1 GENERAL . 127404.2 FEATURES . 127404.3 OPERATION . 127404.4 FIXED TIME CONTROLLERS . 127404.5 ACTUATED CONTROLLERS . 128404.6 TIMING . 128404.7 SELECTABLE FLASHING OPERATION . 130404.8 DESIGN. 130DRAWBRIDGE/SWINGBRIDGE SIGNALS . 132405.1 GENERAL . 132405.2 OPERATION . 132405.3 TIMING . 132405.4 DESIGN. 133FIRE SIGNALS . 134406.1 GENERAL . 134406.2 OPERATION . 134406.3 TIMING . 134406.4 DESIGN. 135SPECIAL CROSSWALKS . 137407.1 GENERAL . 137407.2 DATA COLLECTION AND WARRANTS. 137407.3 DESIGN. 137INTERSECTION FLASHING BEACONS AND WARNING SIGNS . 138408.1 GENERAL . 138408.2 WARRANTS FOR INTERSECTION FLASHING BEACONS . 138408.3 OPERATION . 138408.4 DESIGN OF INTERSECTION FLASHING BEACONS. 138408.5 DESIGN OF FLASHING BEACONS ON OVERHEAD SIGNS . 140Electrical and ITS EngineeringElectrical & Traffic Engineering Manual400 SIGNAL DESIGNJanuary 2019Page iii
TABLE OF CO NTENTS409LANE CONTROL SIGNALS . 141409.1 GENERAL . 141409.2 DESIGN. 141409.2.1409.2.2409.2.3409.2.4410General . 141Signal Indications. 141Equipment . 142Standards . 142INSTALLATION OF MICELLANEOUS DEVICES . 144410.1 GENERAL . 144410.2 GENERAL POLICY . 144410.3 PROCEDURE. 144410.4 DEVICES. .8Electrical and ITS EngineeringElectrical & Traffic Engineering ManualLED Chevron Signs . 145Speed Reader Signs. 145Rectangular Flashing Beacons .145Illuminated Bollards . 145Microwave Radios . 145Bluetooth Readers . 146Radar Vehicle Detection Sensors .146400 SIGNAL DESIGNJanuary 2019Page iv
TABLE OF CO NTENTSLIST OF TABLESTable 1. Warrant 1: Minimum vehicular volume for rural and large urban areas. . 7Table 2. Warrant 1: Minimum volumes for intersections in small urban areas ( 10,000population). 7Table 3. Warrant 2: Minimum volumes for intersections in rural and large urban areas. . 8Table 4. Warrant 2: Minimum volumes for intersections in small urban areas ( 10,000population). 8Table 5. Warrant 7: Four hour volumes - figures by location. 10Table 6. Warrant 9: Peak Hour Volume figures by location. 13Table 7. Minimum Green Times . 40Table 8. Passage Times . 41Table 9. Approach speeds for protected left turn phases . 43Table 10. Yellow/all-red splits for through movements. 47Table 11. Yellow/all-red splits for left turn movements. . 48Table 12. Emergency pre-emption entry timing standards . 64Table 13. Railway pre-emption entry timing standards . 66Table 14. Signal head lenses . 75Table 15. Traffic Controller Assemblies and Applications. . 90Table 16. Friction factors for wet pavement . 95Table 17. Advance warning sign distances. 96Table 18. Pre-emption card capabilities of type M and S cabinets. . 113Table 19. Pre-emption capabilities for P6 cabinets . 113Table 20. Railway activated pre-emption and advance warning sign responsibilities. . 117Table 21. Siren activated pre-emption responsibilities. . 118Electrical and ITS EngineeringElectrical & Traffic Engineering Manual400 SIGNAL DESIGNJanuary 2019Page v
TABLE OF CO NTENTSLIST OF FIGURESFigure 1. Warrant 7: Four-hour volumes 1. . 11Figure 2: Warrant 7: Four-hour volumes 2. . 12Figure 3. Warrant 9: Peak hour volumes 1. . 14Figure 4. Warrant 9: Peak hour volumes 2. . 15Figure 5. Direction assignments for a north-south highway . 17Figure 6. Direction assignments for an east-west highway . 17Figure 7. Direction assignments for a north-south highway with split phase operation. 18Figure 8. Protected/permissive sight distance requirement for passenger cars . 21Figure 9. Opposing vehicle visual obstruction. 22Figure 10. Protected/permissive sight distance requirement for WB-15 trucks . 23Figure 11. NEMA Dual Ring operation. 26Figure 12. NEMA Dual Ring operation with split phasing on the highway . 27Figure 13. NEMA Dual Ring operation with split phasing on the cross street . 28Figure 14. 2 Over 2 Plus 4 operation . 29Figure 15. 4 Plus 2 Over 2 operation . 30Figure 16. Sequential operation with split phasing and anticipated left turn signals . 31Figure 17. Sequential operation with no anticipated left turn signals. 32Figure 18. Sequential operation with split phasing and no anticipated left turn phases. 33Figure 19. Sequential operation with one left turn signal. 34Figure 20. 2 Over 2 Plus 4 with geometric conflicts on the cross street. . 35Figure 21. 4 Plus 2 Over 2 with geometric conflicts on the main street (highway). . 36Figure 22. Leading and lagging left turns in a Signal Timing Sheet . 39Figure 23. Clearance and conflict distances for protected/permissive left turns . 44Figure 24. Clearance and conflict distances . 45Figure 25. Examples of delay/extension detection . 54Figure 26. Force-offs and permissives for NEMA Dual Ring operation . 59Figure 27. Force-offs and permissives with lead/lag operation . 61Figure 28. Railway pre-emption . 70Figure 29. Typical signal indication positioning . 74Figure 30. Secondary head cone of vision . 77Figure 31. Signal and pedestrian head orientation . 78Figure 32. Full intersection with sequential operation and no left turn signals. . 80Figure 33. "T" intersection with sequential operation and left turn signals. . 81Figure 34. Channelized “T” intersection with sequential operation and left turn signals.82Figure 35. Full intersection with NEMA Dual Ring & protected/permissive left turn. . 83Figure 36. Full intersection, Dual Ring, protected left turn & split phase cross street. . 84Figure 37. Full intersection, Dual Ring, protected left turn (two lane) on the highway. . 85Electrical and ITS EngineeringElectrical & Traffic Engineering Manual400 SIGNAL DESIGNJanuary 2019Page vi
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Electrical and ITS Engineering 400 SIGNAL DESIGN January 2019 Electrical & Traffic Engineering Manual Page 1 401 INTRODUCTION 401.1 ABOUT SECTION 400 .1 Section 400 presents guidelines for the design of motor vehicle traffic signals within the British Columbia highway system. The ministry’s primary goals
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Chapter III:British Enterprise in Bangkok. 93 1.The Role and Importance of British Trading Houses in Bangkok. 93 2.The British Trading Houses. 100 3.The British Banks in Bangkok. 124 A)Paper Currency. 128 B)The British Response to the Gold Standard,1902. 130 C)The Idea of a National Bank and the Effects on the British Banks. 136 4.Public Works. 147
Choir Director: Ms. Cristy Doria Organist: Dr. Devon Howard Choir Accompanists: Madison Tifft & Monte Wilkins After the benediction, please be seated as the graduates leave the sanctuary. The classes of 2018 & 2019 are hosting an invitation-only dinner in the Fellowship Hall in honor of the graduates and their families. Special Thanks to
