Sun Microsystems System Administration Guide: Basic .
System Administration Guide:Basic AdministrationSun Microsystems, Inc.4150 Network CircleSanta Clara, CA 95054U.S.A.Part No: 817–1985–10January 2005
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ContentsPreface121521Solaris Management Tools (Road Map)What’s New in Solaris Management Tools?21Matrix of Solaris Management Tools and Supported ReleasesFeature Descriptions for Solaris 10 Management Tools24Feature Descriptions for Solaris 9 Management Tools25Feature Descriptions for Solaris 8 Management Tools26Availability of Solaris Management Commands27Solaris 10 System Management Commands28Solaris 8 System Management Commands29For More Information About Solaris Management Tools2923Working With the Solaris Management Console (Tasks)31Solaris Management Console (Overview)31What Is the Solaris Management Console?31Solaris Management Console Tools32Why Use the Solaris Management Console?34Organization of the Solaris Management Console35Changing the Solaris Management Console Window36Solaris Management Console Documentation36How Much Role-Based Access Control?36Becoming Superuser (root) or Assuming a Role38 How to Become Superuser (root) or Assume a Role39Using the Solaris Management Tools With RBAC (Task Map)40If You Are the First to Log in to the Console413
Creating the Primary Administrator Role42 How to Create the First Role (Primary Administrator) How to Assume the Primary Administrator RoleStarting the Solaris Management Console434444 How to Start the Console as Superuser or as a Role44Using the Solaris Management Tools in a Name Service Environment (TaskMap)46RBAC Security Files46Prerequisites for Using the Solaris Management Console in a Name ServiceEnvironment48Management Scope48/etc/nsswitch.conf File48 How to Create a Toolbox for a Specific Environment How to Add a Tool to a Toolbox4950 How to Start the Solaris Management Console in a Name ServiceEnvironment51Adding Tools to the Solaris Management Console How to Add a Legacy Tool to a Toolbox How to Install an Unbundled Tool525252Troubleshooting the Solaris Management Console53 How to Troubleshoot the Solaris Management Console3Working With the Sun Java Web Console (Tasks)Java Web Console (Overview)535555What Is the Java Web Console?56Administering the Java Web Console (Task Map)Getting Started With the Java Web Console5757 How to Start Applications From the Java Web Console’s Launch PageConfiguring the Java Web Console59Using the Console Debug Trace Log61 How to Change the Java Web Console PropertiesInstalling the Java Web Console Software6162 How to Install the Java Web Console Software How to Remove the Java Web Console SoftwareTroubleshooting the Java Web Console Software636465 How to Register an Application With the Java Web Console How to Unregister an Application From the Java Web ConsoleJava Web Console Reference Information4System Administration Guide: Basic Administration January 200566656658
Java Web Console Security Considerations67Specifying Authorizations With the authTypes Tag4568Managing User Accounts and Groups (Overview)71What’s New or Changed in Managing Users and Groups?71What Are User Accounts and Groups?72User Account Components72Guidelines for Using User Names, User IDs, and Group IDsWhere User Account and Group Information Is Stored80Fields in the passwd File80Fields in the shadow File82Fields in the group File83Tools for Managing User Accounts and Groups86Tasks for Solaris User and Group Management Tools86Customizing a User’s Work Environment90Using Site Initialization Files91Avoiding Local System References92Shell Features92Shell Environment93The PATH Variable96Locale Variables97Default File Permissions (umask)98Examples of User and Site Initialization Files99Example—Site Initialization File10079Managing User Accounts and Groups (Tasks)101Setting Up User Accounts (Task Map)101How to Gather User Information102 How to Customize User Initialization Files103 How to Add a Group With the Solaris Management Console’s GroupsTool105 How to Add a User With the Solaris Management Console’s Users ToolHow to Add Groups and Users With Command-Line Tools107Setting Up Home Directories With the Solaris Management Console108 How to Share a User’s Home Directory108 How to Mount a User’s Home Directory110Maintaining User Accounts (Task Map)111111Modifying User Accounts1121065
How to Modify a Group113 How to Delete a Group113Administering Passwords114 How to Disable a User Account115 How to Change a User’s Password116 How to Set Password Aging on a User Account How to Delete a User Account6117Managing Client-Server Support (Overview)Where to Find Client-Server Tasks119119What Are Servers, Clients, and Appliances?What Does Client Support Mean?Overview of System TypesServers116120121121122Stand-Alone SystemsDiskless ClientsAppliances122123123Guidelines for Choosing System TypesDiskless Client Management Overview123124OS Server and Diskless Client Support InformationDiskless Client Management FeaturesDisk Space Requirements for OS Servers7Managing Diskless Clients (Tasks)124125128129Managing Diskless Clients (Task Map)129Preparing for Managing Diskless Clients130 How to Prepare for Adding Diskless Clients131 How to Add OS Services for Diskless Client Support How to Add a Diskless Client135 How to Boot a Diskless Client136 How to Remove Diskless Client Support137 How to Remove OS Services for Diskless ClientsPatching Diskless Client OS ServicesDisplaying OS Patches for Diskless Clients139 How to Add an OS Patch for a Diskless ClientTroubleshooting Diskless Client Problems6137138System Administration Guide: Basic Administration January 2005141139133
89Shutting Down and Booting a System (Overview)145What’s New in Shutting Down and Booting a System145Booting and the Service Management Facility145x86: Support for 64-Bit Computing146x86: Systems Booting From PXE, CD, or DVD Now Boot AutomaticallyWhere to Find Shut Down and Boot Tasks149Shut Down and Boot Terminology149Guidelines for Shutting Down a System150Guidelines for Booting a System150Booting a System From the Network151x86: PXE Network Boot152When to Shut Down a System153When to Boot a System154148Managing Services (Overview)155Introduction to SMF155Changes in Behavior When Using SMF157SMF Concepts157SMF Service157Service Identifiers158Service States159SMF Manifests159SMF Profiles160Service Configuration Repository160SMF Snapshots160SMF Administrative and Programming Interfaces161SMF Command-Line Administrative Utilities161Service Management Configuration Library Interfaces162SMF Components162SMF Master Restarter Daemon162SMF Delegated Restarters162SMF and Booting163SMF Compatibility163Run Levels164Determining a System’s Run Level165/etc/inittab File165What Happens When the System Is Brought to Run Level 3166Run Control Scripts1677
Run Control Script Summaries1011168Shutting Down a System (Tasks)171Shutting Down the System (Task Map)171Shutting Down the System172System Shutdown Commands172User Notification of System Down Time173 How to Determine Who Is Logged in to a System How to Shut Down a Server174 How to Shut Down a Stand-Alone System177Turning Off Power to All Devices179 How to Turn Off Power to All Devices179174SPARC: Booting a System (Tasks)181SPARC: Booting a System (Task Map)182SPARC: Using the Boot PROM183 SPARC: How to Find the PROM Revision Number for a System SPARC: How to Identify Devices on a System184 SPARC: How to Change the Default Boot Device186SPARC: How to Reset the System187SPARC: Booting a System188 SPARC: How to Boot a System to Run Level 3 (Multiuser Level)184188 SPARC: How to Boot a System to Run Level S (Single-User Level) SPARC: How to Boot a System Interactively SPARC: How to Boot a System From the Network191 SPARC: How to Stop the System for Recovery Purposes SPARC: How to Boot a System for Recovery PurposesSPARC: Forcing a Crash Dump and Rebooting the System12193193195 SPARC: How to Force a Crash Dump and Reboot of the System196 SPARC: How to Boot the System With the Kernel Debugger (kmdb)197x86: Booting a System (Tasks)x86: Booting a System (Task Map)x86: Booting a System199199201 x86: How to Boot a System to Run Level 3 (Multiuser Level) x86: How to Boot a System to Run Level S (Single-User Level) x86: How to Boot a System Interactively8189190System Administration Guide: Basic Administration January 2005206202204
x86: Booting From the Network208 x86: How to Boot a System From the Networkx86: Using the Device Configuration Assistant208209 x86: How to Enter the Device Configuration Assistant x86: How to Stop a System for Recovery Purposes210 x86: How to Boot a System for Recovery Purposes211210 x86: How to Boot a System With the Kernel Debugger (kmdb)x86: Forcing a Crash Dump and Rebooting the System213215 x86: How to Force a Crash Dump and Reboot of the System64-bit x86: Troubleshooting a Failed 64-Bit Boot13The Boot Process (Reference)217219SPARC: The Boot PROM219SPARC: The Boot Process220x86: The PC BIOS220x86: Boot Subsystems221x86: Booting the Solaris Release222x86: Screens Displayed During the Device Identification Phasex86: Menus Displayed During the Boot Phasex86: The Boot Processx86: Boot Files14215223225226227Managing Services (Tasks)229Managing SMF Services (Task Map)Monitoring SMF Services229230 How to List the Status of a Service230 How to Show Which Services Are Dependent on a Service Instance How to Show Which Services a Service Is Dependent OnManaging SMF Services232233Using RBAC Rights Profiles With SMF233 How to Disable a Service Instance233 How to Enable a Service Instance234 How to Restart a Service235 How to Restore a Service That Is in the Maintenance State How to Revert to Another SMF Snapshot How to Use a Different SMF ProfileConfiguring SMF Services2322352362372379
How to Modify a Service237 How to Change an Environment Variable for a Service238 How to Change a Property for an inetd Controlled Service239 How to Modify a Command-Line Argument for an inetd ControlledService240 How to Convert inetd.conf EntriesUsing Run Control Scripts (Task Map)Using Run Control Scripts241242242 How to Use a Run Control Script to Stop or Start a Legacy Service How to Add a Run Control Script243 How to Disable a Run Control Script244Troubleshooting the Service Management Facility How to Repair a Corrupt Repository245245 How to Start Services Interactively During Boot Debugging a Service That Is Not Starting15Managing Software (Overview)246247249What’s New in Software Management?250Package and Patch Tool EnhancementsSun Patch Manager Enhancements250250Where to Find Software Management TasksOverview of Software Packages251251Signed Packages and Patches252Tools for Managing Software Packages256Adding or Removing a Software Package (pkgadd)257Key Points for Adding Software Packages (pkgadd)258Guidelines for Removing Packages (pkgrm)258Avoiding User Interaction When Adding Packages (pkgadd)Using an Administration FileUsing a Response File (pkgadd)16242259259260Managing Software With Solaris System Administration Tools (Tasks)261Solaris Product Registry and Solaris GUI Installation Tools for ManagingSoftware261Adding Software With the Solaris Installation GUI262 How to Install Software With the Solaris Installation GUI ProgramManaging Software With the Solaris Product Registry GUI (Task Map)10System Administration Guide: Basic Administration January 2005262264
How to View Installed or Uninstalled Software Information With the Solaris266Product Registry GUI How to Install Software With the Solaris Product Registry GUI267 How to Uninstall Software With the Solaris Product Registry GUI268Managing Software With the Solaris Product Registry Command-Line Interface (TaskMap)268Managing Software With the Solaris Product Registry Command-Line Interface269 How to View Installed or Uninstalled Software Information (prodreg)270 How to View Software Attributes (prodreg)273 How to Check for Software Dependencies (prodreg)274 How to Identify Damaged Software Products (prodreg)276 How to Uninstall Software (prodreg)278 How to Uninstall Damaged Software (prodreg)282 How to Reinstall Damaged Software Components (prodreg)28517Managing Software by Using Package Commands (Tasks)289Adding and Removing Signed Packages by Using the pkgadd Command (TaskMap)289Adding and Removing Signed Packages by Using the pkgadd Command290 How to Import a Trusted Certificate From the Java Keystore (pkgadmaddcert)290 How to Display Certificate Information (pkgadm listcert)292 How to Remove a Certificate (pkgadm removecert)293 How to Set Up a Proxy Server (pkgadd)293 How to Add a Signed Package (pkgadd)294Managing Software Packages by Using Package Commands (Task Map)296Using Package Commands to Manage Software Packages296 How to Add Software Packages (pkgadd)297Adding a Software Package to a Spool Directory299 How to Add Software Packages to a Spool Directory (pkgadd)300 How to List Information About All Installed Packages (pkginfo)301 How to Check the Integrity of Installed Software Packages (pkgchk)302 How to Check the Integrity of Installed Objects (pkgchk -p, pkgchk-P)304Removing Software Packages306 How to Remove Software Packages (pkgrm)30618Managing Solaris Patches (Overview)Types of Patches30930911
Signed and Unsigned Patches310Accessing Solaris Patches310Solaris Patch Numbering311Tools for Managing Solaris Patches311Managing Solaris Patches313Selecting the Best Method for Applying Patches314Managing Patches in the Solaris Operating System (Road Map)316Determining Whether to Apply Signed or Unsigned Patches to Your SystemSolaris Patch Management Terms and Definitions31719316Managing Solaris Patches by Using Sun Patch Manager (Tasks)321New Patch Manager Features322PatchPro Analysis Engine322Local-Mode Command-Line Interface322Patch List Operations323Sun Patch Manager Concepts324Patch Management Process324Specifying the Source of Patches327Customizing the Policy for Applying Patches328Setting Patch Manager Configuration Parameters329Getting Started With Patch Manager330Tasks Supported by Sun Patch Manager330Managing Solaris Patches by Using the Sun Patch Manager Command-Line Interface(Task Map)331Accessing the Sun Patch Manager Command-Line Interface332 How to Access the Sun Patch Manager Command-Line Interface (CommandLine)333Configuring Your Patch Management Environment by Using the Command-LineInterface (Task Map)334 How to Specify Your Web Proxy (Command Line)335 How to Specify a User Name and Password With Which to Obtain Patches(Command Line)336 How to Specify the Source of Patches (Command Line)337Managing Patches by Using the Command-Line Interface (Task Map)338 How to Analyze Your System to Obtain the List of Patches to Apply (CommandLine)340 How to Update Your System With Patches (Command Line) How to Apply Patches to Your System (Command Line) How to Apply a Nonstandard Patch (Command Line)12System Administration Guide: Basic Administration January 2005342344341
How to Resolve a List of Patches (Command Line)344 How to Use luupgrade to Apply a List of Patches to an Inactive BootEnvironment (Command Line)345 How to Remove Patches From Your System (Command Line) How to View Patch Manager Log Entries (Command Line)347347Tuning Your Patch Management Environment by Using the Command-Line Interface(Task Map)348 How to View the Configuration Settings for Your Patch ManagementEnvironment (Command Line)349 How to Change the Policy for Applying Patches (Command Line) How to Change the Patch Set (Command Line)351352 How to Change Directory Locations (Command Line)352 How to Reset Configuration Parameters to the Default Values (CommandLine)353Patch Manager TroubleshootingPatch Manager General Errors20354354Managing Solaris Patches by Using the patchadd Command (Tasks)357Managing Solaris Patches by Using the patchadd Command (Task Map) How to Import a Trusted Certificate to Your Package Keystore How to Specify a Web Proxy358359 How to Download and Apply a Solaris Patch360 How to Display Information About Solaris Patches361 How to Remove a Solaris Patch by Using the patchrm CommandASMF ServicesIndex35736236336913
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PrefaceSystem Administration Guide: Basic Administration is part of a set that includes asignificant part of the Solaris system administration information. This guidecontains information for both SPARC based and x86 based systems.This book assumes you have completed the following tasks: Installed the SunOS 5.10 Operating System (Solaris OS)Set up all the networking software that you plan to useThe SunOS 5.10 OS is part of the Solaris product family, which also includes manyfeatures, including the Solaris Common Desktop Environment (CDE). The SunOS 5.10OS is compliant with AT&T’s System V, Release 4 operating system.For the Solaris 10 release, new features that might be interesting to systemadministrators are covered in sections called What’s New in . ? in the appropriatechapters.Note – This Solaris release supports systems that use the SPARC and x86 families ofprocessor architectures: UltraSPARC , SPARC64, AMD64, Pentium, and Xeon EM64T.The supported systems appear in the Solaris 10 Hardware Compatibility List athttp://www.sun.com/bigadmin/hcl. This document cites any implementationdifferences between the platform types.In this document the term “x86” refers to 64-bit and 32-bit systems manufacturedusing processors compatible with the AMD64 or Intel Xeon/Pentium product families.For supported systems, see the Solaris 10 Hardware Compatibility List.15
Who Should Use This BookThis book is intended for anyone responsible for administering one or more systemsrunning the Solaris 10 release. To use this book, you should have 1-2 years of UNIX system administration experience. Attending UNIX system administration trainingcourses might be helpful.How the System AdministrationVolumes Are OrganizedHere is a list of the topics that are covered by the volumes of the SystemAdministration Guides.Book TitleTopicsSystem Administration Guide: Basic AdministrationUser accounts and groups, server and client support,shutting down and booting a system, managingservices, and managing software (packages andpatches)System Administration Guide: Advanced AdministrationPrinting services, terminals and modems, systemresources (disk quotas, accounting, and crontabs),system processes, and troubleshooting Solaris softwareproblemsSystem Administration Guide: Devices and File SystemsRemovable media, disks and devices, file systems, andbacking up and restoring dataSystem Administration Guide: IP ServicesTCP/IP network administration, IPv4 and IPv6 addressadministration, DHCP, IPsec, IKE, Solaris IP filter,Mobile IP, IP network multipathing (IPMP), and IPQoSSystem Administration Guide: Naming and DirectoryServices (DNS, NIS, and LDAP)DNS, NIS, and LDAP naming and directory services,including transitioning from NIS to LDAP andtransitioning from NIS to LDAPSystem Administration Guide: Naming and DirectoryServices (NIS )NIS naming and directory servicesSystem Administration Guide: Network ServicesWeb cache servers, time-related services, network filesystems (NFS and Autofs), mail, SLP, and PPP16System Administration Guide: Basic Administration January 2005
Book TitleTopicsSystem Administration Guide: Security ServicesAuditing, device management, file security, BART,Kerberos services, PAM, Solaris cryptographicframework, privileges, RBAC, SASL, and Solaris SecureShellSystem Administration Guide: Solaris Containers—Resource Resource management topics projects and tasks,Management and Solaris Zonesextended accounting, resource controls, fair sharescheduler (FSS), physical memory control using theresource capping daemon (rcapd), and dynamicresource pools; virtualization using Solaris Zonessoftware partitioning technologyRelated Third-Party Web Site ReferencesNote – Sun is not responsible for the availability of third-party web sites mentionedin this document. Sun does not endorse and is not responsible or liable for anycontent, advertising, products, or other materials that are available on or through suchsites or resources. Sun will not be responsible or liable for any actual or allegeddamage or loss caused by or in connection with the use of or reliance on any suchcontent, goods, or services that are available on or through such sites or resources.Accessing Sun Documentation OnlineThe docs.sun.comSM web site enables you to access Sun technical documentationonline. You can browse the docs.sun.com archive or search for a specific book title orsubject. The URL is http://docs.sun.com.What Typographic Conventions MeanThe following table describes the typographic conventions used in this book.17
TABLE P–1 Typographic ConventionsTypeface or SymbolMeaningExampleAaBbCc123The names of commands, files, anddirectories; on-screen computer outputEdit your .login file.Use ls -a to list all files.machine name% you havemail.AaBbCc123What you type, contrasted withon-screen computer outputmachine name% suPassword:AaBbCc123Command-line placeholder: replace witha real name or valueTo delete a file, type rmfilename.AaBbCc123Book titles, new words or terms, orwords to be emphasized.Read Chapter 6 in User’s Guide.These are called class options.Do not save changes yet.Shell Prompts in Command ExamplesThe following table shows the default system prompt and superuser prompt for the Cshell, Bourne shell, and Korn shell.TABLE P–2 Shell PromptsShellPromptC shell promptmachine name%C shell superuser promptmachine name#Bourne shell and Korn shell prompt Bourne shell and Korn shell superuser prompt #General ConventionsBe aware of the following conventions used in this book. 18When following steps or using examples, be sure to type double-quotes ("), leftsingle-quotes (‘), and right single-quotes (’) exactly as shown.System Administration Guide: Basic Administration January 2005
The key referred to as Return is labeled Enter on some keyboards. The root path usually includes the /sbin, /usr/sbin, /usr/bin, and /etcdirectories, so the steps in this book show the commands in these directorieswithout absolute path names. Steps that use commands in other, less common,directories show the absolute paths in the examples. The examples in this book are for a basic SunOS software installation without theBinary Compatibility Package installed and without /usr/ucb in the path.Caution – If /usr/ucb is included in a search path, it should always be at the endof the search path. Commands like ps or df are duplicated in /usr/ucb withdifferent formats and options from the SunOS commands.19
20System Administration Guide: Basic Administration January 2005
CHAPTER1Solaris Management Tools (Road Map)This chapter provides a roadmap to Solaris management tools. “What’s New in Solaris Management Tools?” on page 21“Matrix of Solaris Management Tools and Supported Releases” on page 23“Feature Descriptions for Solaris 10 Management Tools” on page 24“Feature Descriptions for Solaris 8 Management Tools” on page 26“Availability of Solaris Management Commands” on page 27“For More Information About Solaris Management Tools” on page 29What’s New in Solaris ManagementTools?These tools are new or changed in the Solaris 10 release: admintool – Not available in this releasePackage and Patch Tool EnhancementsSun Patch ManagerSolaris Print ManagerThe following table provides a brief description of each tool and where to find moreinformation about these tools.21
TABLE 1–1New or Changed Solaris Management Tools in the Solaris 10 ReleaseSolarisAdministration TooladmintoolDescriptionThis tool is no longer available. Alternative toolsinclude the following: Solaris Management Console to manage usersand groups. Solaris Product Registry to manage software. Solaris Print Manager to manage printers. Solaris Management Console to manage terminalsand modems.For More Information“Setting Up UserAccounts (TaskMap)” on page 101“ManagingSoftware With theSolaris ProductRegistry GUI (TaskMap)” on page 264“Setting UpPrinting (TaskMap)” in SystemAdministrationGuide: AdvancedAdministration“Setting UpTerminals andModems With SerialPorts Tool(Overview)” inSystemAdministrationGuide: AdvancedAdministration22Package andPatch ToolEnhancementsIn this release, the package and patch tools have beenenhanced. You can now use the pkchk commandwith the -P option instead of grep pattern/var/sadm/install/contents. The -P optionenables you to use a partial path.“Package and PatchToolEnhancements”on page 250Sun PatchManagerThe following new features are included in thisversion of Sun Patch Manager: PatchPro analysis engine Local-mode command-line interface Pat
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The Sun-Maid Story Sun-Maid Today 52 Cooperatives 54 The Sun-Maid Girl 56 The Panama Pacific International Exposition 58 Building the Brand 60 Sun-Maid Advertising 62 Norman Rockwell & Sun-Maid 64 Raisins in Popular Culture 66 100 Years of Recipe Books 68 Bringing the Sun-Maid Girl to Life 70 Sun-Maid Memories CHAPTER 4 From Field to Table
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