A Qur’anic Code For Representing The Holly Qur’an Rasm Al
A Qur’anic Code for Representing the Holly Qur’an(Rasm Al-’Uthmani)Eng. Khaled M.S. Foda, Prof. Ahmed Fahmy, Prof. Khaled Shehata, Dr. Hanady SalehComputer Engineering Department, College of Engineering and Technology Cairo branch,Arab Academy for Science, Technology & Maritime Transport, Cairo 2033, Egypt{ kfoda@ieee.org , afahmy1610@yahoo.com, khaledshehata58@gmail.com , hanady.issa@cairo.aast.edu }Abstract- Holly Qur’an must be written correctly andprecisely without any modification, despite the fact that somecharacters used in Qur’an does not have a correspondingUnicode representation. The aim of this paper is building asystem that translates the Holly Qur’an to Qur’anic code, thistranslation will be done on three levels; character level, wordlevel, and phrase level. Character level will be translated byextracting all the Arabic characters in the Holly Qur’an with alldiacritics available in the Holly Qur’an regardless the linguisticcombinations, and adding new character that has a symbol in theHolly Qur’an (Rasm Al-’Uthmani) [1] and has no Unicoderepresentation for it. Word level will be translated by extractingall the duplicated words, generate a special code for these words.Phrase level will be created by extracting all similar patterns ofvariable lengths using enhanced (Lempel, Ziv, and Welch) LZWdata Compression technique. We will use LZW technique forpattern extraction not for data compression.Keywords – Qur’an diacritics, Rasm Al-’Uthmani, Text SizeReductionI.INTRODUCTIONToday, computers, Internet, mobiles, and tablets are widelyused by millions of people all over the world. The processingpower, storage, display capabilities, and various connectivityabilities of these devices made people depend on it in their lifestyle, and reduce many numbers of every day belongs; forexample in one device you can find radio, mobile, compass,GPS, and electronic library as well. The most important bookfor Muslims is the Holly Qur’an. It’s originally saved by heartby listening, and reciting. It is a miracle itself [2]. You canfind it in every mobile, computer, thousands of websites [3],and tablet applications. They do not want to read the HollyQur’an only, but they also need to search, translate, and haveits explication.Muslims do not have any problem in having manyexplications, or translations [4], but the most important thingis that the Holly Qur’an must be written correctly andprecisely, which means that any difference in any character oreven diacritic is not acceptable at all. So any softwaredeveloper has to compromise between precision and softwarefeatures, either to present the Holly Qur’an as images withoutsearching ability or presenting it as a text with taking intoconsideration a precision risk.The Holly Qur’an is written in Arabic; which consists ofmarginal information like sura (chapter) name, goz’(part)number, page number, hizb, and quarter number.II.CHAPTER, AYA, AND PAGE NUMBERSIn this paper, we will use this representation to representchapter name, aya number, and page number.{Chapter number: Aya number: Page Number}.III.HARD AND SOFT COPIES OF QUR’ANRegarding the hard copy of the Holly Qur’an we usedMushaf authorized from Al-Azhar, Islamic Research academy,and General Department for Research writing & Translation,Authorization date the 8th of September 1999, and 28/5/1420Hijri to Dar Al-Maarifa. This Mushaf is 15 lines per page,where each page ends with end of an Aya.Regarding the soft copy of the Holly Qur’an wedownloaded it from www.tanzil.net (Uthmani). This copy wasverified to match Medina Mushaf [5].IV.PROBLEM DEFINITIONSIn the current electronic Holly Qur’an there are sixproblems:A. Character has no UnicodeThere is a character that has no Unicode to represent it inany electronically representation [4]. This character isMedium size Alf –faddara’tom-found in Souret Al-Baqara,Aya number 72, and page 11 shown in figure 1.That is why the Holly Qur’an is still hand written not typedtill now; the number of writers known for writing calligraphyscript for Mushaf is very limited. Mr. Osman Taha [6] is theFigure 1. Shows the medium size Alf after the letter reh infaddara’tom {2:72:11}.letters, diacritics ( )اﻟ ﺸﻜﻴﻞ , punctuation ( )ﻋﻼﻣﺎت اﻟﻮﻗﻒ suchۖ , control conventions ( اﺻﻄﻼﺣﺎت { ۙ ۘ ۗ }ۨ ۪ ۫ }ۨ you can find more than )اﻟﻀﺒﻂ such as { as30 control conventions at the end of the Holly Quran-, andFigure 2. Khatat Othman Taha writing calligraphy scriptMushaf Medina Quran.Taibah University International Conference on Advances in Information Technology for the Holy Quran and Its SciencesDecember 22 – 25, 2013, Madinah, Saudi Arabia1 - 330
most known of them for writing Medina Qur’an published inMujamma Malik Fahd.B. Over LineThere is no way to represent the over line found in the handwritten Holly Qur’an that represents the reason for prostration(Sajdah), as shown in figure 3Figure 3. Shows the over line that represents the reasonfor Prostration (Sajdah) {84:21:589}C. 41 quarter signs are not found41 out of 240 start quarter signs found in the margin haveno sign in Holly Qur’an text. The reason for the absence ofthese signs is that it comes with the start of new soura asillustrated in figure 4.V.PROPOSED QUR’ANIC MODELThe QUR’ANIC MODEL is a conceptual model thatcharacterizes the internal representation of writing the HollyQur’an by partitioning it into abstraction layers. The model isdivided into two layers; data, and presentation layers asillustrated in figure 5. The Data layer services the presentationlayer, as it contains all the Arabic letters and diacritics. Thepresentation layer presents the data layer in appropriatemanner, using the font we have to use. For example if we wantto see Arabic letter Kaf “ ;”ك with diacritic fatha “ َ ”; it willbe written in the data layer like that: 0x643, 0x64E in a UTF8 format. However the presentation layer can show the samedate in three different ways; “ ّﻚ ٛ ” َﺷ ْ{10:94:219}, “ ” َﻛ ْﻴ َﻒ {10:14:209}, and “ { ”ٱﻟ ِ َٰﺘﺐ 18:49:299}. In figure 5; youُwill see the Qur’anic model. If you want to search for a wordwithout diacritic, you can use letters only in the data layer thenshow the results with diacritic, or you can combine the lettersand diacritics if you want to search for a word with certainFigure 4. Shows the absence of the start of quarter sign {4:1:77}D. Different diacritics that have no Unicode representationThe Hand written Holly Qur’an shows different diacriticsthat have no Unicode representation such as Al-Tanween:ْ ٌ ْ“ ﻋﻤﻰ ﻢ ٚ ُُ ”ﺑ {2:18:4},ً ْ“ ء ٛ ْ َ ”{2:20:4},{26:222:376}, “ { ”أ َ ِﻔﻜﺎ 37:86:449}, “ ﺎ ٙ“ ﻓﺎك ٍ َ ”أ {6:8:128}َ ”ﻣﻠ ًَٙor Al-Shadah: " {" ِإ ّﻻ 9:10:188}, “ { ”ﻛُ ّﻼ 6:84:138}, “ ”ﻏ ّ ٍﻞ ِ{15:47:264}, “ ُ ّﻞ ِٛ {”ﻟ 46:19:504}, “ ﻞ ٚ ّ ُ {”ﻛ 11:6:222},ٌ“ ”ﻛ ّﻞ {16:76:275}. Therefor to differentiate between any ofَthe two Tanween or Shadah they created combinations torepresent it and created a special font to represent it. All aboutthis problem and solving technique is discussed in theQur’anic Model section.E. Special font requiredNeeding special font to represent the Holly Quran, such aswhat is found in the two examples: “ۭ ”ﻛﻞ , and “ ﻞ ٚ ّ ُ ”ﻛ . Bothwords having the same Unicode but the only difference is thefont; the first one is “Courier New”, and the second font is“Me quran”.F. Lengthening (Tatweel)Searching for any word, is searching for certain sequenceof Unicode, so if any word contains tatweel, it is totallydifferent than a word that does not contain tatweel. Forexample “ ” ﺴﻢ , and “ �� are not the same.This tatweel is so important in Mushaf Al-Madena to makeeach page terminates with the end of an Aya.Figure 5. Proposed Qur'anic Modeldiacritics.VI.ANALYZING CHARACTER IN THE HOLLY QUR’ANThe electronic Holly Qur’an consists of 68 differentcharacters. 44 character can be stored in ANSI text file (8 bitneeded to represent each character), but the other 24 charactershould be stored in UTF-8 text file (16 bits needed to representeach character) [7]. So the result is that we must store thewhole file as a UTF-8. The 44 characters are:“ ْ ّ ً َ ٍ ِ ٌ ُ ى ؤ و ء إ أ ا ـ شسزرذدخحجثتةبئي ”ه ن م ل ك ق ف غ ع ظ ط ض ص .The 24 characters are:“ ۪ ۫ ۨ ۟ ٓ ۟ ۠ ۢ ۭ ۣ ۛ ۚ ۙ ۘ ۗ ۖ ” ٰ ۥ ۦ ۜ ٴ ٱ Taibah University International Conference on Advances in Information Technology for the Holy Quran and Its SciencesDecember 22 – 25, 2013, Madinah, Saudi Arabia1 - 331
VII.DEFINITIONSLine in the calligraphy script means line, but in theelectronic representation for the Qur’an means aya, this meansthat the Qur’an contains 6,236 lines.Character unit is the combination of the letter with thediacritics, or a letter without diacritics such ascombination of two letters such as{ } ٔـ .{ ۗ }, orWord is a set of character units or a single character that issurrounded by spaces or space and new line. We consider“ ”وﻳ ْﻮم as one word because there is no space between “ ”و ََ َ َand “ ”ﻳ ْﻮم .َ َNumber of letters in Arabic language is 28 letter but in theelectronic representation is much more.VIII.QUR’ANIC CODE GENERATIONThis Qur’anic Code will be done on three levels; characterlevel, word level, and phrase level. Character level will betranslated by extracting all the Arabic characters in the HollyQur’an with all diacritics available in the Holly Qur’anregardless the linguistic combinations, and adding newcharacter that has a symbol in the Holly Qur’an (RasmAl-’Uthmani) [1] and has no Unicode representation for it.Word level will be translated by extracting all the duplicatedwords, generate a special code for these words. Phrase levelwill be created by extracting all similar patterns of variablelengths using enhanced (Lempel, Ziv, and Welch) LZW dataCompression technique.A. Character LevelAfter checking all the letters with all the possiblecombinations the result was 1924 combinations (37 diacritics* 52 letters) but in the Holly Qur’an we found only 575combinations. This is because many combinations are notlinguistically allowed, and other combinations are linguisticallowed but not found in the Holly Qur’an. Figure 6 showsthe bits mapping of the 16 bits of the Qura’nic Code.Figure 6. Bit mapping of the Qur’nic Code which is represented by 16 bitsD0 is a bit used to define the visibility of that character ornot. This is valid only for the quarter sign character “ ”.Table 1 shows that there are 41 quarter sign that are not foundinside the text, but found in the margin. Table 2 showssamples of 199 quarter sign that are already found in the text. TABLE 1SAMPLES OF THE quarter SIGNS THAT ARE NOT MENTIONED IN THE er7748311066114315181661187101975Printedin thepagemargin ﻧﺼﻒ اﻟﺤﺰب ﻧﺼﻒ اﻟﺤﺰب اﻟﺤﺰب ﻧﺼﻒ اﻟﺤﺰب numberSouranumberAyanumber41517191TABLE 2SAMPLES OF THE quartersigns THAT ARE MENTIONED IN THE uarternumber7948321126124515681663Printedin thepagemargin رﺑﻊ اﻟﺤﺰب ﺛﻼﺛﺔ أرﺑﺎع اﻟﺤﺰب اﻟﺤﺰب ﻧﺼﻒ اﻟﺤﺰب SouranumberAyanumber226412527747D1 is a bit defines the last character in the word and has aspace after it or not. We will discuss it later in the word levelin more details. Table 3 shows all the possible letters andcharacters used in the Holly Qur’an. Table 4 shows all thepossible diacritics used.TABLE 3ALL THE LETTERS USED IN THE HOLLY QUR’ANLetter ـ ۣ ۛ ۚ ۙ ۘ ۗ ۖ ۜ و ؤ م ۥ ۦ ض D8- ,970127061327,071141,25715995161,68617Taibah University International Conference on Advances in Information Technology for the Holy Quran and Its SciencesDecember 22 – 25, 2013, Madinah, Saudi ArabiaLetter ا ٔ ٕا ء ٔـ ى ي ئ ب ة ت ث ن ٰ ٔ ٰ ف D8- 3127,380329,837331348,74735Letter ج ح خ د ذ ر ز س ش ص ق ك ل ه غ ع D8- 504914,962501,221519,4051 - 332
ط 1,273 ظ 853By looking to the last row in table 4, you can find “NoDiacritics” - 11, and “Can’t have Diacritics” - 23. Nodiacritics means that letter comes without any diacritics, suchas “ و , ى , ” ب or there are other characters that can’t comewithout diacritics “ ج , ز , ” س . Table 5 shows the characters thatalways come with diacritics, and the characters that can comewithout diacritics with their numbers. “Can’t have Diacritics”comes with characters such as “ , ”. TABLE 4ALL THE DIACRITICS USED IN THE HOLLY QUR’ANDiacritics ۢ ٌ ّ ٌ ۢ ٍ ّ ۭ ٍ ِ ّ ۭ ً ّ ۢ ً َ ۟ ۨNoDiacritics ُ ۜD2- D7Count0Diacritics ۢ ٌ ّ ۭ ٌ ُ ّ ۭ ٍ ّ ۢ ٍ ِ ً ّ ً ْ ٓ an’thaveDiacritics َ ۣ361D2- 037372215,37622123Diacritics ۭ ٌ ّ ۢ ٌ ُ ٍ ّ ٍ ۢ ً ّ ۭ ً َ ّ ۠ ۬ ۪ ْ ۜD2- 1321331341351371TABLE 5EACH LETTER AND THE NUMBER OF UN-DIACRITIC ASSOCIATED WITH ITletter ٰ ۦ ن ل ق غ ظ ض ش ز ذ Number of undiacritic8,8158285,1405,7291000003letterNumber of undiacritic ۥ ه م ك ف ع ط ص س ر د 1,09241,33111283 خ ج ت ب ي ؤ ٔـ ٕا ا ح ث ة ئ ى و ء ٔ0017107,04400071005,3159,3800018,45013,819One of our gains is the reduction ratio (RR), Sold is the sizeof the old representation, and Snew is the size of the newrepresentation. RR is given byܴܴ ൌ ௌ ିௌ ೢ(1)ௌ We concluded that the Qur’anic codes for the characterlevel are: 575 unique characters. Table 6 shows sample of theQur’anic code.TABLE 6SAMPLE OF ONE CHARACTER UNIT FROM THE QUR’ANIC CODEQur’anic CodeCharacter Unit(00- 010111- 011110-0-1)2ٙ ٔـ ﺎ ٙ َﺷ ْﻴ ٔـ ExampleNumber of Repetitions:65Old Representation ـ ٔ ً0x06400x06540x064B ۭ0x06EDSize of old representation in bytes:8Total size of the old representation in bytes:520Total size of the new representation in bytes:130Reduction ratio:75%The total reduction ratio at the character level (TRR) isgiven by equation (2) where Ri is the number of repetitions ofeach character unit, Sold is the size of the old representation,and Snew is the size of the new representation.ܴܴܶ ൌ σହ ସ ୀ ௌ ିௌ ೢ ௌ (2)As a result, the Qur’anic code based on character levelachieves 46% reduction ratio. We made reduction from1,277,564 bytes to 689,916 bytes.B. Word LevelTotal number of words in the Holly Qur’an are 82,456words, 12,452 unique words-repeated only once- such as { ﯾﺲ ,ْٓ }ٱﻟﺤِ ﺠْ ِﺮ ,7,028 repeated words such as { َ ٱﻟﱠﺬِﯾﻦ , ِ }ٱ ﱠ , 19,480distinct word-non redundant words-, and. In Table 7 you cansee samples of words that are repeated many times, and thereduction ratios for each word.0946Taibah University International Conference on Advances in Information Technology for the Holy Quran and Its SciencesDecember 22 – 25, 2013, Madinah, Saudi Arabia1 - 333
TABLE 7SAMPLE OF QUR’ANIC REDUCTION BASED ON WORD LEVELQur’anic Code ﻓِﻰ 1,098ِ ٱ ﱠ 940َ ٱﻟﱠﺬِﯾﻦ 810Size of old representation inbytes / word61418Size of Qur’anic coderepresentation in bytes / word222Total size of the oldrepresentation in bytes6,58813,16014,580Total size of the Qur’aniccode representation in bytes2,2021,8901,63266.57%85.63%88.80%WordNumber of RepetitionReduction ratio:We found that many words are repeated many times but wewill not use word reduction level on every repeated word, wewill use it if equation (3) is satisfied. Where fi is the frequency–number of repetition- of the word, and li is the length of theword as show the condition in (3)݂ ൈ ݈ െ ݂ െ ݈ െ ͳ Ͳ(3)Equation (3) is driven form comparing the total old size ofa word (number of repetition * number of character per word* number of bytes to represent each character) to the totalsize of Qur’anic code representation ((number of repetition number of character per word 1 which is added in theQur’anic Code reference)*number of bytes to represent eachQur’anic code which is 2 bytes) as shown in figure 7.TABLE 8QUR’ANIC CODE REPRESENTATION OF WORD LEVELNumberNumber ofLengthofbits requiredQur’anic code representationofrepeatedto representwordwordsthe 1-001-11-00000-0000810111111109731As a result, the Qur’anic code based on word level wereached 62.26% reduction ratio. We made reduction from1,277,564 byte to 482,126 byte.ܰ ݉ݑ Ǥ ݏ݁ܿܽ ܵ ݂ ൌ ܰ ݉ݑ Ǥ ݏ݀ݎ ܹ ݂ െ ܰ ݉ݑ Ǥ ( ݏ݁݊݅ܮ ݂ 4)After looking to the Holly Qur’an we found that we have82,456 word, 6,236 line and 76,220 space. This relation isfound in (4) as shown in figure 8. By using D1 bit in theQur’anic code in the character level we can reach 64.71%reduction ratio. We made reduction from 1,366,254 bytes to482,126 bytes.Figure 8. The relationship among spaces, number of words, and linesC. Phrase LevelIn the Holly Qur’an many phrases are repeated such asْ“ِ ﺣ {” ْﺴﻢ ٱﷲ ٱﻟﺮ ٰﻦ 1:1:1}. This phrase was repeatedِ ٱﻟﺮ َّ ِ َ َّ ِ َّ ِ ِFigure 7. Comparing the size of the old representation with the Qur’anicCodeۚ its frequency is 1,972 and its lengthIf we apply (3) to “ ”,is one character then 1972* 1 – 1972-1 -1 -2 then we willnot apply this techniques on it.The 16 bit representation of the word level is shown in table8, where the values of D14-D15 are 01, D11-D13 are defined bythe number of characters to represent this word, but if wefound this number is equal to 001 this means we have to lookat D9-D10 to determine the length of the word if its length isgreater than 7 as shown in table 8, X means don’t care.114 time, and its size is 38 character. So its original size is8,664 bytes, but by applying the Phrase Qur’anic Code thenew size is reduced to only 268 bytes; 2*(114 19 1). Thisleads to 96.90% reduction ratio.We searched for the 25 sequential words repeated in theHolly Qur’an but we didn’t find, but when we searched for 24ۤwe found a phrase that is repeated twice “ ٰ َ ﻰ أ َ ْو ﻋ ٰ و ِإن ﻛُﻨ ُ ّ َﻣ ْﺮ َﺿ ََْْْْْٰٙ وا ﻣﺂء ﺪ ِّﻣﻨ ﺳﻔﺮ أو ﺟﺂء أ ﻢ ﻣﻦ ٱﻟﻐﺂ ﻂ أو ﻟﻤﺴ ٱﻟ ِﺴﺂء ﻓﻠﻢ ﺗﺠﺪ ٚ ﺣ َ َ َ َ َ ٍَ ََ ۟ ُ ِ َ َ َ َ َ ّ ُ ُ َ َ َ ِ ِ َ َ ِّ ُْ ﺒﺎ ﻓ ٙ ﻴﺪا ﻃﻴ ٙ { ”ﻓﺘﻴﻤﻤﻮا ﺻ ِﻌ 4:43:85}, and ُ ْﻢ ﻮﻫ ﭑﻣﺴﺤﻮا ﺑﻮ ِ ﺟ ُ ُ ِ ۟ ُ َ َ ِّ ََ ۟ ُ َّ َ َ َ{5:6:108}. But of course not all the repeated phrases have thesame number of words, table 9 shows the relationship betweenthe number of words and number of repeated phrases found.We used N-GRAM and fast pattern extraction algorithm [8]which was driven from LZW data compression technique [9]to extract table 9. There is a problem in that technique; theshortest pattern may be repeated in the longer pattern. That iswhy we will not provide any results related to the reductionTaibah University International Conference on Advances in Information Technology for the Holy Quran and Its SciencesDecember 22 – 25, 2013, Madinah, Saudi Arabia1 - 334
ratio of the phrase level. We think this work will be completedin anther research.TABLE 9THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE NUMBER OF WORDS AND THE NUMBER OFREPEATED PHRASE FOUND IN THE HOLLY QUR’ANNumber ofwordsNumber ofrepeated phrasefoundNumber ofwordsNumber ofrepeated 735375IX.RESULTS AND COMPARISONS WITH .00%10.00%0.00%62.26%64.71%After using the Qur’anic code based on word level wereached 62.26% reduction ratio, from 1,277,564 byte to482,126 bytes.If we apply the space reduction convention then reached64.71% reduction ratio, from 1,366,254 byte to 482,126 byte.We didn’t have the final reduction ratio of the phrase levelas we didn’t apply it yet as we mentioned before.X.The Unicode representation is not the best way to representthe Holly Qur’an, but by using the Qur’anic code we havesolved 5 problems out of 6, we reached more than 65%reduction ratio, more searching capability, and standard wayto store and present the Holly Qur’an on any electronic device.ACKNOWLEDGMENTWe Would like to thank Mr. Muhammad Mostafa ElHossary who is graduated from Al-Azhar helped us inunderstanding all the diacritics, and revising all the result wehave found for his effort in this lWord levelSpacePhrase levelReductionover wordlevelCONCLUSIONS[5][6][7]Figure 9. Show reduction ratios for each level[8]After using the Qur’anic code based on character level wereached 46% reduction ratio, from 1,277,564 byte to 689,916bytes.[9]The Qur'anic Manuscripts, islamic-awareness.org, retrieved April 2,2006Zulkurnaini, N.A., Abdul Kadir, R.S.S., Murat, Z.H., Isa, R.M. “TheComparison between Listening to Al-Quran and Listening to ClassicalMusic on the Brainwave Signal for the Alpha Band,” ThirdInternational Conference on Intelligent Systems, Modelling andSimulation (ISMS), 2012, pp. 181-186.Bakar, A.B.A., “Evaluating the accessibility and visibility of Quranwebsites,” International Symposium in Information Technology (ITSim),2010, pp. 1-4.Tabrizi, A.A., Mahmud, R., "Issues of coherence analysis on Englishtranslations of Quran,"1stInternational ConferenceonCommunications, Signal Processing, and their Applications (ICCSPA),2013 , pp. 1-6http:// http://tanzil.net/wiki/Tanzil Project.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uthman Tahahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic script in UnicodeKratky, M., Baca, R. ; Bednar, D., Walder, J., Dvorsky, J., Chovanec,P., “Index-based n-gram extraction from large document collections,”Sixth International Conference on Digital Information Management(ICDIM), 2011, pp. 73-78.Basavamja, S.V., Sreenivas, T.V., “LZW Based Distance Measures forSpoken Language Identification,” The Speaker and LanguageRecognition Workshop, 2006, pp. 1-6.Taibah University International Conference on Advances in Information Technology for the Holy Quran and Its SciencesDecember 22 – 25, 2013, Madinah, Saudi Arabia1 - 335
Mushaf authorized from Al-Azhar, Islamic Research academy, and General Department for Research writing & Translation, Authorization date the 8th of September 1999, and 28/5/1420 Hijri to Dar Al-Maarifa. This Mushaf is 15 lines per page, where each page ends with end
Islamic education takes place in Mosques, Madrasas2 and Qur'anic schools.3 Qur'anic schools have existed since the arrival of Islam with almost all Mosques having a Qur'anic school attached to them. Usually all children, both boys and girls of primary school age, attend Qur'anic schools and get basic Islamic education.
4.4 Qur'anic schools Qur'anic schools were practiced in the West African society before the arrival of colonialism and establishment of European educational system. The Qur'anic schools system of teaching usually teachers started teaching the beginners of Arabic alphabet, for examples, how to recite the Qur'an
ARABIC-ENGLISH DICTIONARY OF QUR’ANIC USAGE. ARABIC-ENGLISH DICTIONARY OF QUR’ANIC USAGE BY ELSAID M. BADAWI MUHAMMAD ABDEL HALEEM LEIDEN BOSTON 2008. This book is printed on acid-free paper. A Cataloging-in-Publication record for this book is available from the Library of Congress.
Reference to the Recent Development1 Ammar Fadzil, Nadzrah Ahmad, Ahmed El-Mogtaba Abstract: This paper discusses the general historical development of Qur'ānic exegesis in Malaysia since its independence until today via two perspectives, namely the historical development of Qur'ānic exegesis and recent improvements of Qur'ānic exegesis.
Bruksanvisning för bilstereo . Bruksanvisning for bilstereo . Instrukcja obsługi samochodowego odtwarzacza stereo . Operating Instructions for Car Stereo . 610-104 . SV . Bruksanvisning i original
history, for he makes a definite disjunction between "historical" and "eschatological" significance in discussing the Qur'ānic terminology. In the Qur'ān there is no disjunction but the closest possible connection. It appears that Wansbrough wishes to equate the Qur'ānic examples of "destroyed nations and civilizations" with the
Table of Contents The Holy Qur’an in Arabic 5 English Translations of the Qur’an 7 Qur’an Translations in Other Languages 11 Urdu Qur’an Translations and Tafseer 12 Commentaries, Tafsir of the Qur’an 13 Introductions to the Qur’an, Its Style, Themes, and Its Scientifi
“And We have indeed made the Qur’an easy to understand and remember, but is there any that . Memorisation of Qur’aan is easy and easily-accomplished 12 Huffaadh al-Qur’aan are the people of Qur’aan 13 None take delight in the Night prayer except the people of Qur’aan 13
