Offutt Air Force Base, Strategic Air HAER No. NE-9-M .
Offutt Air Force Base, Strategic AirCommand Headquarters and CommandCenter, Headquarters Building901 SAC BoulevardOffutt Air Force BaseBellevueSarpy CountyNebraskaHAER No. NE-9-M\PHOTOGRAPHSWRITTEN HISTORICAL AND DESCRIPTIVE DATAHISTORIC AMERICAN ENGINEERING RECORDRocky Mountain System Support OfficeNational Park ServiceP.O. Box 25287Denver, Colorado 80225-0287
HISTORIC AMERICAN ENGINERING RECORDOFFUTT AIR FORCE BASE,STRATEGIC AIR COMMAND HEADQUARTERS AND COMMAND CENTER,HEADQUARTERS BUILDING(Offutt Air Force Base, Strategic Air Command Headquarters and Command Center, Facility 500)HAER NO. NE-9-MLocation:901 SAC Boulevard, Offutt Air Force Base, Bellevue, Sarpy County,NebraskaUTM:l 5/255075/4555215l 5/255195/4555195l 5/255020/4554980l 5/255165/4554960USGS Quadrangle:Plattsmouth, NebraskaDate of Construction:1954-1989Architect:Leo A. DalyPresent Owner:United States Air ForcePresent Use:Defense FacilitySignificance:Following World War II (WWII), the United States participated in aseries of military and political events known as the Cold War. As partof its response, the United States government formed the Strategic AirCommand (SAC) in 1946. In 1948 SAC moved to Offutt Air ForceBase (OAFB), occupying a WWII complex built for the MartinBomber Company and designed by the firm of Albert Kahn.In 1954 SAC built a new headquarters, including a hardenedunderground facility. From the headquarters, the Commander directedan international military force of long-range bombers and missiles,supported by more than 200,000 personnel. The Air Force madesignificant additions to the original buildings in 1959, 1962, and 1970.In 1987 a new underground command post was constructed.In 1992, as the Cold War ended, the Strategic Air Command becamethe Strategic Command (STRATCOM), a unified command, includingthe Navy, charged with the deterrence of a military attack on the UnitedStates and its allies, and the employment of armed forces to achievenational objectives.The complex consists of several buildings, including the primaryHeadquarters (OAFB Facility 500), an above ground office structure.The command center (OAFB Facility 501) is an underground buildingbuilt in 1956 and 1987. The traffic check house (OAFB Facility 506) isa simple brick and metal structure used for security control.
Offutt Air Force Base, Strategic Air Command Headquarters and Command Center,Headquarters BuildingHAER NO. NE-9-MPage 2Historian:Daniel J. Hoisington, Historian, Hoisington Preservation ConsultantsProject Information:Following a 1994 cultural resource survey of historic properties atOffutt Air Force Base in Bellevue, Nebraska, the Strategic AirCommand Headquarters was recommended as a property eligible forNational Landmark status. Since the buildings continue in active use,the Nebraska State Historic Preservation Office and the Base CulturalResource manager determined that a history of the headquarters underthe standards of the Historic American Buildings Survey should becompleted.Principal investigator Daniel J. Hoisington conducted inventory andresearch at Offutt on 5-12 April 2000. Andrew Baugnet completed thephotography as a subcontractor to Hoisington PreservationConsultants. Tom Grooman, facility administrator, providedHoisington and Baugnet with a tour of the facility.National Park Service historian Greg Kendrick of the IntermountainRegional Office, Denver, administered the contract to complete thereport. At Offutt Air Force Base, Mr. Gene Svensen, Base CulturalResource Manager, managed the project.
Offutt Air Force Base, Strategic Air Command Headquarters and Command Center,Headquarters BuildingHAER NO. NE-9-MPage 3TABLE OF CONTENTSIntroduction . 5The Cold War: The Early Years . 5The Challenge . 5The American Response . 7Formation of the Strategic Air Command . 8Curtis Le May . 10SAC Comes to Nebraska . 11Selection of Offutt AFB for HQ . 11Offutt AFB in 1948 . 12American Defense Strategy in the 1950s . 13The Soviet Threat . 13The New Look . 14SAC Responds to the "New Look" . 14A New Headquarters . 15Planning and Politics . 15An Underground Command Center . 16Design and Construction . 17The Architect: Leo Daly . 17SAC Headquarters and Command Center . 19Facility #500 SAC Headquarters (HAER NE-9-M) . 19Table I: Facility #500 Construction . 20Facility #501 SAC Command Center Facility (HAER NE-9-N) . 21Table 2: Facility #501 Construction . 22Facility #506 Traffic Check House (HAER NE-9-0) . 22The Power Years . 22SAC Enters the Missile Age . 22The Killian and Gaither Reports . 23SAC Adopts Alert Status . 24SAC HQ and the New Defense Policies . 25The Cuban Missile Crisis . 26The Headquarters Evolves . ,. 28Joint Strategic Target Planning Staff. 29The Arms Race and Detente . 3 1
Offutt Air Force Base, Strategic Air Command Headquarters and Command Center,Headquarters BuildingHAER NO. NE-9-MPage 4The Reagan-Bush Years . 32The Increased Defense Budget . 32A New Command Center . 33Rehabilitation of Building 500 . 34Interior Renovations . 34Exterior Renovations . 34STRATCOM Takes Over . 35SAC Headquarters Operations . 38The "Pentagon of the West" . 3 8Administration and Public Spaces . 38Maintenance . 38Finance and Accounting . 39Intelligence . 3955th Strategic Reconnaissance Wing (55SRW) . 39Air Force Global Weather Central (AFG WC) . 40544th Aerospace Reconnaissance Technical Wing (544 ARTW) . 41Planning . 41Command, Control, Communications and Computer (C-4) . 42lsr Aerospace Communications Group (1 ACOMMG) . 42Strategic Air Command Communications Area (SACCA) . 43The Underground Command Center. 43What happened in the Command Center? . 43Routine Activities . 45The ''Red Phone" . 47A Comparison of Underground Defense Command Centers . 48SAC HQ in Popular Thought . 50Conclusion . 51Table 3: Strategic Air Command Manning . 52Table 4: Tactical Weapons Systems 1946-1991 (as of 31 December) . 53Illustration 1: Site Plan, SAC HQ . 54Illustration 2: Offutt Air Force Base Adjacent to SAC HQ . 55Bibliography . 56
Offutt Air Force Base, Strategic Air Command Headquarters and Command Center,Headquarters BuildingHAER NO. NE-9-MPage 5IntroductionThe War Room of the Strategic Air Command at Omaha was not immense. Not in terms ofwhat it had to do. It was no bigger than a small theater. The pools of darkness in its comers,however, gave the sensation of immensity, almost of a limitless reach. The only illuminationin the War Room came from the Big Board. It covered the entire front wall and resembled agigantic movie screen, except that it was made of a kind of translucent plastic. At thatmoment the Big Board showed a simple Mercator map of the world. The continents and theoceans were familiar, as were the lines of latitude and longitude. But there the similarity toordinary Mercator maps disappeared. The map was covered with a strange flood of cabalisticsigns. Arrows, circles, squares, numbers, triangles were strewn across the screen, sometimescame up. bright and clear, sometimes dimmed, and occasionally a sign notation would fadeentirely and leave only a phosphorescent glow that persisted for a few seconds.Eugene Burdick and Harvey Wheeler, Fail-Safe1In this best-selling novel, later turned into movie and television productions, the builtenvironment becomes a character within the story. As Burdick suggested, it was not an ordinarybuilding. From its interiors, sophisticated communications equipment tracked movements aroundthe world. From its control panels, military leaders could launch weapons that might forever alterthe course of human history.The Cold War: The Early YearsThe ChallengeAt the end of World War II, new challenges confronted the United States. With the victory, thenation became one of two "superpowers" in international affairs. As a military power, the UnitedStates stood preeminent, controlling the world's only atomic arsenal. As a peacetime leader,American initiatives helped to organize the United Nations and assisted Europe and Japan as theyrebuilt their shattered economies. As an economic force, the United States ended the war as thegreatest industrial power in history. 2The Soviet Union ended the war with the largest army in the world and control of Eastern Europe.The war, however, devastated the country, leaving factories and farms in shambles. Estimates arethat nearly twenty-seven million Soviet citizens lost their lives in the fight against Hitler. Inresponse, Soviet leadership pursued a policy to weaken Germany and establish a buffer zone1Eugene Burdick and Harvey Wheeler, Fail-Safe (New York: McGraw-Hill Co., 1962), 25.2See the excellent discussion in Jeremy Isaacs and Taylor Downing, Cold War: An Illustrated History, 1945-1991 (Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1998), 24-30.
Offutt Air Force Base, Strategic Air Command Headquarters and Command Center,Headquarters BuildingHAER NO. NE-9-MPage 6around the borders in Europe. The Soviet government established compliant communistgovernments in a number of eastern European countries. They also staunchly refused to sign aformal peace treaty to end World War II, fearing a reunified Germany. 3These policies set the stage for a series of confrontations with the United States, creating, in thewords of Winston Churchill, an "Iron Curtain." The situation was especially tense in Europe,where the military power of the Soviet Union matched that of the United States and its allies. ProSoviet governments took power in Hungary, Poland, Romania, and Bulgaria in the year after thewar. The United States refused to intervene militarily. It drew a line, however, when communistguerillas threatened to topple the pro-Western governments of Turkey and Greece. PresidentHarry S Truman enunciated the Truman Doctrine in March 1947, pledging U.S. aid to any freenation threatened by communism. The "Truman Doctrine," backed by 400 million in militaryassistance, entrenched the sharp delineation of respective spheres of influence. 4Tensions escalated in 1948, after the United States, France, and Great Britain unified the areasthey had occupied in Germany since the war's end. American policy sought a revived Germaneconomy, contrary to the Soviet strategy. In response, the USSR blocked ground transport to thedivided, land-locked city of Berlin, hoping to remove western influence from eastern Germanyand, at the same time, destabilize Europe. The Allies countered with an eleven-month airlift offood and supplies to Berlin-directed by Air Force General Curtis LeMay-that forced the USSRto remove the blockade. 5Unable to match the conventional military might of the Red Army on the ground, the UnitedStates chose to protect the beleaguered nations of Europe by extending its nuclear umbrellaoverseas through strategic alliances such as NATO. Then, in 1949, the Soviet Union detonated itsfirst atomic bomb, drastically altering the post-war balance of power. 6The stage was set for a forty-year confrontation known as the Cold War, a phrase coined byAmerican statesman Bernard Baruch in 1946 and popularized by Walter Lippmann's 1947 bookentitled The Cold War. The term originated because most actions of the opposing groups fell just3John L. Gaddis, The United States and the Origins of the Cold War, 1941-1947 (New York: ColumbiaUniversity Press, 1972); Hugh Thomas, Armed Truce: The Beginnings of the Cold War. 1945-46 (New York:Sceptre Press, 1988).4Patrick Glynn, Pandora's Box: Arms Races, Arms Control and the History of the Cold (New York: BasicBooks, 1992) ; Martin Walker, The Cold War: A History (Henry Holt and Company, 1994.5Alan Milward, The Reconstruction of Western Europe, 1945-51 (Berkeley: University of California Press,1984 ); A vi Shlaim, The United States and the Berlin Blockade (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1983 ).6John C. Lonnquest and David F. Winkler, To Defend and Deter: The Legacy of the United States Cold WarMissile Program (USACERL Special Report 97/01, November 1966). 1
Offutt Air Force Base, Strategic Air Command Headquarters and Command Center,Headquarters BuildingHAER NO. NE-9-MPage7short of a "hot" or shooting war. The struggle between the two superpowers dominatedinternational affairs, with the world seemingly divided into two armed camps: the United Statesand its allies against the Soviet Union and the communist bloc. 7The Cold War was engaged on many different levels-in regional conflicts such as Berlin andVietnam, in intelligence gathering operations, even sports. No aspect was more visible, moreconsistent, or had a greater impact on the United States than the arms race. Between 1945 and1989, the United States committed massive scientific and economic resources to the developmentof the military. The arms race was a battle for technological supremacy-a battle that was wagedin laboratories and factories across the country, encompassing the entire spectrum of militarytechnology from conventional arms to nuclear weaponry. As the arms race unfolded, a new classof weapons - guided missiles armed with nuclear warheads - emerged as the defining weaponstechnology of the Cold War.Americans lived through the Cold War on the home front as well. Political races turned on thecountry's response to the fall of China to communism, the resolution of the Korean War, and a"Missile Gap." Joseph McCarthy built his career around a search for shadowy communistsympathizers - reinforced by the well-publicized trials of Alger Hiss and the Rosenbergs. Athome, a major national defense campaign led to the construction of fallout shelters. At school,children crouched under their desks practicing "duck and cover" air raid drills. In many towns, anearby U.S. Army Nike installation pointed its missiles into the air, reassuring the citizens thatPearl Harbor would not reoccur in the Cold War. 8The American ResponseAmerica took the lessons of World War II into the Cold War. Public officials raised the specter ofanother Pearl Harbor, reinforcing the need for an alert defense. Although the United States hadnot exchanged gunshots with the Soviet Union, the President, Congress, and influential leadersevoked the term, "appeasement"-referring to Neville Chamberlain's Munich treaty withHitler-to support a policy that halted potential aggression in its earliest stages.The atomic bomb, however, radically altered the nature of war. In an influential pamphlet,Bernard Brodie, a Yale theorist, addressed many of the issues raised by the bomb. Brodie argued7Christine Whitacre, editor, The Last Line of Defense: Nike Missile Sites in Illinois (Denver: National ParkService, 1996), 13-16.8There are many historical interpretations of the origins of the Cold War. See, for example, Gar Alperowitz,Atomic Diplomacy: Hiroshima and Potsdam. The Use of the Atomic Bomb and the American Confrontation with\Soviet Power (New York: Vintage Books, 1965); Paul Y. Hammond, The Cold War Years: American ForeignPolicy Since 1945 (New York: Harcourt. Brace & World, Inc., 1969), and Walter LaFeber, America, Russia, andthe Cold War, 1945-1975, Third Edition (New York: John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 1976).
Offutt Air Force Base, Strategic Air Command Headquarters and Command Center,Headquarters BuildingHAER NO. NE-9-MPage 8that there were three fundamental changes: future wars using atomic bombs would be cheaper,shorter, and less defensible. First, the atomic bomb would deliver more "bang for the buck,"reducing the need for massive ground forces. Second, since no defense could stop an atomicattack, it gave the upper hand to the country prepared to strike first. To counter this advantage,defense forces would need to centralize its command structure - allowing rapid response while decentralizing its forces to prevent immediate destruction of a response capability. Finally,Brodie argued that the destructive power of the bomb would prove a deterrent to war. 9The 1947 Air Force paper, "Strategic Implications of the Atomic Bomb in Warfare." incorporatedBrodie's core theories. The following year, President Truman's Air Policy Commission, headedby Thomas K. Finletter, formally approved these concepts. The Commission endorsed thedeterrent concept and placed the central responsibility for America's defense in the hands of theAir Force. 10Formation of the Strategic Air CommandWhile still a branch of the Army, the Air Force undertook this increased responsibility under anew organizational structure. On 21 March 1946 the U.S. Army Air Forces (USAAF) reorganizedinto three combat commands: the Air Defense Command (ADC), the Tactical Air Command(TAC), and the Strategic Air Command (SAC). General Carl Spaatz, Commanding General of theArmy Air Forces, issued an order defining the Strategic Air Command's mission:The Strategic Air Command will be prepared to conduct long range offensive operations inany part of the world, either independently or in cooperation with land and Naval forces; toconduct maximum range reconnaissance over land or Naval forces; to provide combat unitscapable of intense and sustained combat operations employing the latest and most advancedweapons; to train units and personnel for the maintenance of Strategic Forces in all parts ofthe world; to perform such special missions as Commanding General, Army Air Forces maydirect. 119Bernard Brodie, The Atomic Bomb and American Security (Yale University, Memorandum No. 18, 1945) inPhilip Bobbett Lawrence Freedman, and Gregory F. Treverton, U.S. Nuclear Strategy: A Reader (New York:New York University Press, 1989), 66-84; George F. Lemmer, The Air Force and the Concept of Deterrence(Washington, D.C.: U.S. Air Force, Historical Division Liason Office, 1963), 17.10Survival in the Air Age: A Report bv the President's Air Policy Commission (Washington, D.C.: GPO, 13January 1948);11Strategic Air Command General Orders No. I, 22 March 1946.
Offutt Air Force Base, Strategic Air Command Headquarters and Command Center,Headquarters BuildingHAER NO. NE-9-MPage 9In short, the TAC supported the movements of the Army and Navy in the field. The ADC set updefenses to the continental United States. SA C's mission was to take the war to the enemy. 12With the transfer of command, SAC took over the headquarters of the now-defunct ContinentalAir Command, located at Bolling Field, District of Columbia, although it soon moved to AndrewsAir Force Base, Maryland. The Army Air Corps placed SAC under the command of GeneralGeorge C. Kenney. Kenney, a World War I veteran, served as commanding general of the AlliedAir Forces in the Pacific in the closing years of World War II.SAC started with two Air Forces (the Eighth Air Force at Fort Worth, Texas and Fifteenth AirForce at Colorado Springs, Colorado), eighteen bases, and nine bomber groups under its control.Its assigned resources include 37,092 personnel (4,319 officer, 27,871 enlisted men, and 4,902civilians). However, SAC had almost no weaponry other than 148 B-29 Superfortresses,considered the best strategic bombers in the world. The 509th Composite Group (which had beenactivated in 1944 for the first atomic bomb mission against Japan) was the only unit capable ofconducting offensive operations with nuclear weapons. In 1946 SAC undertook its first operationwith atomic weapons when, under Operation Crossroads, it tested the nuclear effects of A-bombson naval targets off the Bikini Islands in the South Pacific. 13Although General Kenney had a stellar reputation, his term suffered from low morale due tosevere post-war defense reductions. Concerned with a lack of readiness, Air Force Chief of StaffHoyt Vandenberg requested Charles Lindbergh to investigate the situation. In a devastating report,Lindbergh criticized the management of SAC. Kenney was already under fire for his oppositionto the move of SAC Headquarters to Nebraska, arguing that the shift would take his militaryexpertise far from the Pentagon. To the Defense Department, it seemed an appropriate time tochange the high command. 1412Information Office, Offutt Air Force Base. Nebraska. A Chronology of Fort Crook. Offi1tt Reid and Offatt AirForce Base, Nebraska From 1888 (to 1959), 18-19; "Commanders of the Strategic Air Command," 20 March1986; and "SAC's Birth Barely Noticed," 20 March 1986 Omaha World-Herald.13Information Office, Offutt Air Force Base, Nebraska, A Chronology of Fort Crook. Offi1tt Field and Offi1tt AirForce Base, Nebraska From 1888 (to 1959), 18-19; "SAC Gets Start Before Air Force," 16 June 1967, Air Pulse.General Curtis E. LeMay and Bill Yenne, Super Fortress: The Story of the 8-29 and American Air Power (NewYork: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1988), 147-148, and 164-165; J.C. Hopkins and Sheldon A. Goldberg, TheDevelopment of Strategic Air Command, 1946-1986: A Chronological History. (Offutt Air Force Base: Office ofthe Historian, Strategic Air Command), 4-5.i-1.Alwvn T. Lloyd, A Cold War Legacy: A Tribute to the Strategic Air Command (Missoula, MT: Pictorial\Histories Publishing Co., 1999), 111-112; Charles A. Lindbergh to Gen. Hoyt S. Vandenberg, 14 September1948, LeMay Papers, Library of Congress, Box 8-61; Curtis E. LeMay, "Notes for Discussion with GeneralVandenberg, 4 November 1948, LeMay Papers, LOC, Box B-103, folder "Diary."
Offutt Air Force Base, Strategic Air Command Headquarters and Command Center,Headquarters BuildingHAER NO. NE-9-MPage 10Curtis LeMayLieutenant General Curtis E. LeMay became the Commanding General of Strategic AirCommand on 19 October 1948. At the time of his appointment, LeMay was widely recognized asone of the country's most important Air Force officers. National media widely praised hisleadership in articles in the New York Times, Colliers, and The New Yorker, as well as the cover ofTime Magazine in the week of 13 August 1945-the same week as the atomic bomb attacks onHiroshima and Nagasaki. 15LeMay joined the military in 1928, gaining experience with fighter planes, and then switched tobombers in 193 7. When war erupted, he quickly moved up the ranks in the European Theater. Inthe spring of 1945, LeMay developed and directed the Allied bombing campaign against Japan.His carefully planned strategy used low-level air strikes with incendiary bombs against the majorJapanese cities, devastating that country's industrial capacity. LeMay's air campaign destroyedsixty-three Japanese cities and the loss of nearly a million lives.This experience left him convinced of the growing importance of strategic bombing. In a speechgiven to the Ohio Society of New York in late 1945, the General warned that the next war wouldbe fought with "rockets, radar, jet propulsion, television-guided missiles, speeds faster thansound, and atomic power." He argued that "the air force must be allowed to develop unhinderedand unchained. There must be no ceiling, no boundaries, no limitations to our air powerdevelopment. It is not immediately conceivable that any nation will dare to attack us if we areprepared." 16In his eight years at SAC, LeMay implemented those principles, building the organization into apowerful and highly respected force. He remains one of the most controversial figures in ColdWar history. Still, there is little question that his leadership transformed the shape of the UnitedStates Armed Forces. "Before LeMay left [SAC] . in 1957," the Omaha World Herald observed,"SAC was an elite, semiautonomous organization, its relationship to the Air Force nearly that ofthe Marine Corps to the Navy." Following his career at SAC, LeMay served as Air Force ViceChief, then, in 1961, as Chief of Staff of the Air Force, where he remained until retiring in 1965.He ran for Vice-President of the United States on a ticket with George Wallace in 1968. 1715Richard H. Kohn and Joseph P. Harahan, Strategic Air Warfare (Washington, D.C.: Office of Air ForceHistory, 1988),3-6.16Richard Rhodes, "The General and World War
OFFUTT AIR FORCE BASE, STRATEGIC AIR COMMAND HEADQUARTERS AND COMMAND CENTER, HEADQUARTERS BUILDING (Offutt Air Force Base, Strategic Air Command Headquarters and Command Center, Facility 500) HAER NO. NE-9-M Location: 901 SAC Boulevard, Offutt Air Force Base, Bellevue, Sarpy County, Nebraska UTM: l 5/255075/4555215 l 5/255195/4555195
Figure 1-1 Offutt AFB Location Map Figure 1-2 Lake Offutt Inlet and Ponded Areas Figure 1-3 Lake Offutt Features Figure 2-1 Lake Offutt Bathymetric Contours Figure 2-2 SCUBA Diving Locations Figure 2-3 Water Quality Analyses Locations Figure 2-4 2008 Copper Sulfate Application Paths Figure 2-5 2009 Copper Sulfate Application Paths 5 .
Headquarters, Air Force Weather Agency, Offutt Air Force Base, Nebraska &NOAA/National Weather Service Hastings, NE 1. INTRODUCTION Headquarters, Air Force Weather Agency (AFWA) at Offutt Air Force Base, Nebraska, declared the Mesoscale Model, Version 5 (MM5) (Chen et al. 2001a; Chen et al. 2001b; Barker 2004) operational on 28 October 1997.
58 AIR FORCE Magazine / May 2016 Acronyms & Abbreviations AABactivated 1935. Named for Lt. Col. Frederick I. Eglin, Army Air Base AAFRG (ANG), RPA operations; 309th Aerospace Army Airfield AB Air Base ABG Air Base Group ABW Air Base Wing ACC Air Combat Command ACG Air Control Group ACS Air Control Squadron ACTS Air Combat Training Squadron ACWHistory: Air Control Wing
Lackland Air Force Base, TX Recommendation: Realign Lackland Air Force Base, Texas. Relocate the Standard Air Munitions Package (STAMP)/Standard Tank, Rack, Adaptor, and Pylon Packages (STRAPP) function from Lackland Air Force Base, Medina Annex to McConnell Air Force Base, Kansas and transfe
Report to Offutt Inn Guest Reception . Building 432, 906 SAC Blvd, Offutt AFB . DSN: 271-3671 . Commercial: (402) 291-9000 or 294-3671 . On base temporary lodging is managed by the 55th Force Support Squadron (55 FSS). Temporary Lodging Facilities (TLFs) are available for incoming military personnel. Historically, March through
Exercise Center Break Areas with Vending Machines 4. USNTPS Indian Navy/Air Force French Navy/Air Force Royal Navy Royal Australian Navy Canadian Forces Japanese Forces Royal Air Force Royal Swedish Air Force Royal Australian Air Force . Israeli Air Force Swiss Air Force German Air F
b. Air Force Forces (AFFOR) METOC Organization 3 c. Air Force Weather Support to Joint & Air Force Organizations 3 d. Air Force METOC Capabilities: Personnel and Equipment 6 e. Air Force METOC Data Sources 12 f. Air Force Weather Products and Services 13 g. Key Air Force METOC Organizations Contact List 20 2. USA METOC 26 a. Background and .
Social Studies Research and Practice www.socstrp.org 14 Volume 7 Number 1 Spring 2012 VI. The World Economy (3 weeks) Major economic concepts: Comparative advantage, voluntary trade/exchange, barriers to trade, exchange rates, trade deficits and surpluses, internati onal organizations.
