CDC Provider FactsSheets - Schoolwires
Developmental ScreeningFACT SH E ETWhat is child development?A child’s growth is more than just physical. Children grow,develop, and learn throughout their lives, starting at birth.A child’s development can be followed by how they play,learn, speak, and behave.What is a developmental delay?Will my child just grow out of it?Skills such as taking a first step, smiling for the first time, andwaving “bye bye” are called developmental milestones.Children reach milestones in playing, learning, speaking,behaving, and moving (crawling, walking, etc.). Adevelopmental delay is when your child does not reach thesemilestones at the same time as other children the same age. Ifyour child is not developing properly, there are things you cando that may help. Most of the time, a developmental problemis not something your child will “grow out of” on his or her own.But with help, your child could reach his or her full potential!What is developmental screening?Doctors and nurses use developmental screening to tell ifchildren are learning basic skills when they should, or if theymight have problems. Your child’s doctor may ask youquestions or talk and play with your child during an exam tosee how he or she learns, speaks, behaves, and moves. Sincethere is no lab or blood test to tell if your child may have adelay, the developmental screening will help tell if your childneeds to see a specialist.Why is developmental screeningimportant?When a developmental delay is not recognized early,children must wait to get the help they need. This canmake it hard for them to learn when they start school.In the United States, 17 percent of children have adevelopmental or behavioral disability such as autism,intellectual disability (also known as mental retardation),or Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD).In addition, many children have delays in language orother areas. But, less than half of children with problemsare identified before starting school. During this time,the child could have received help for these problemsand may even have entered school more ready to learn.I have concerns that my child couldhave a developmental delay. Whomcan I contact in my state to get adevelopmental assessment for my child?Talk to your child’s doctor or nurse if you have concernsabout how your child is developing. If you or yourdoctor think there could be a problem, you can takeyour child to see a developmental pediatrician or otherspecialist, and you can contact your local earlyintervention agency (for children under 3) or public school(for children 3 and older) for help. To find out who tospeak to in your area, you can contact the NationalDissemination Center for Children with Disabilities bylogging on to www.nichcy.org/states.htm. In addition,the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) haslinks to information for families at (www.cdc.gov/actearly).If there is a problem, it is very important to get your childhelp as soon as possible.How can I help my child’s development?Proper nutrition, exercise, and rest are very important forchildren’s health and development. Providing a safe andloving home and spending time with your child – playing,singing, reading, and even just talking – can also make abig difference in his or her development.For other ideas of activities to do with your child, and for childsafety information, go to www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/child/and look in the “developmental milestones” section.www.cdc.gov/actearlyLearn the Signs. Act Early.
Autism Spectrum DisordersFACT SH E ETWhat are autism spectrum disorders?Autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) are a group ofdevelopmental disabilities caused by a problem with thebrain. Scientists do not know yet exactly what causes thisproblem. ASDs can impact a person’s functioning atdifferent levels, from very mildly to severely. There isusually nothing about how a person with an ASD looksthat sets them apart from other people, but they maycommunicate, interact, behave, and learn in ways thatare different from most people. The thinking andlearning abilities of people with ASDs can vary – fromgifted to severely challenged. Autistic disorder is themost commonly known type of ASD, but there are others,including “pervasive developmental disorder-not otherwisespecified” (PDD-NOS) and Asperger Syndrome.What are some of the signs of ASDs?People with ASDs may have problems with social,emotional, and communication skills. They might repeatcertain behaviors and might not want change in theirdaily activities. Many people with ASDs also havedifferent ways of learning, paying attention, or reactingto things. ASDs begin during early childhood and lastthroughout a person’s life.A child or adult with an ASD might: not play “pretend” games (pretend to “feed” a doll) not point at objects to show interest (point at anairplane flying over) not look at objects when another person points at them have trouble relating to others or not have an interestin other people at all avoid eye contact and want to be alone have trouble understanding other people’s feelings ortalking about their own feelings prefer not to be held or cuddled or might cuddle onlywhen they want to appear to be unaware when other people talk to thembut respond to other sounds1-800-CDC-INFO be very interested in people, but not know how to talk,play, or relate to themrepeat or echo words or phrases said to them, or repeatwords or phrases in place of normal language (echolalia)have trouble expressing their needs using typical wordsor motionsrepeat actions over and over again (hand flapping,finger movements, rocking, etc.)have trouble adapting when a routine changeshave unusual reactions to the way things smell, taste,look, feel, or soundlose skills they once had (for instance, stop sayingwords they were using)* Note: Contact your child’s doctor or nurse if your child experiences adramatic loss of skills at any age.What can I do if I think my child hasan ASD?You are doing the right thing now – talking with your child’sdoctor or nurse. If you or your doctor think there couldbe a problem, ask for a referral to see a developmentalpediatrician or other specialist, and you can contact yourlocal early intervention agency (for children under 3) orpublic school (for children 3 and older). To find out whoto speak to in your area, you can contact the NationalInformation Center for Children and Youth with Disabilities(NICHCY) by logging onto www.nichcy.org/states.htm.In addition, the Centers for Disease Control andPrevention (CDC) has links to additional information forfamilies at www.cdc.gov/autism.Right now, the main research-based treatment for ASDsis intensive structured teaching of skills, often calledbehavioral intervention. It is very important to begin thisintervention as early as possible in order to help yourchild reach his or her full potential. Acting early canmake a real difference!www.cdc.gov/actearlyLearn the Signs. Act Early.
ADHDFACT SH E ETWhat is ADHD?Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one ofthe most common neurobehavioral disorders of childhood.It is sometimes referred to as Attention Deficit Disorder(ADD). It is usually first diagnosed in childhood andoften lasts into adulthood. Children with ADHD havetrouble paying attention, controlling impulsive behaviors(may act without thinking about what the result will be),and, in some cases, are overly active.What are some of the signs of ADHD?It is normal for children, at one time or another, to havetrouble focusing and behaving. However, in childrenwith ADHD, the symptoms continue instead of gettingbetter, and they can make learning very difficult.A child with ADHD might: have a hard time paying attention and daydream a lot not seem to listen be easily distracted from schoolwork or play forget things be in constant motion or unable to stay seated squirm or fidget talk too much not be able to play quietly act and speak without thinking have trouble taking turns interrupt othersDeciding if a child has ADHD is a several step process.There is no single test to diagnose ADHD, and manyother problems, like anxiety, depression, and certaintypes of learning disabilities, can have similar symptoms.One step of the process involves having a medical exam,including hearing and vision tests, to rule out other1-800-CDC-INFOproblems with symptoms like ADHD. Another part of theprocess may include a checklist for rating ADHD symptomsand taking a history of the child from parents, teachers,and sometimes, the child.What can I do if I think my child mayhave ADHD?You are doing the right thing now – talking with yourchild’s doctor or nurse. If you or your doctor haveconcerns about ADHD, you can take your child to aspecialist such as a child psychologist or developmentalpediatrician, or you can contact your local earlyintervention agency (for children under 3) or publicschool (for children 3 and older). To find out who tospeak to in your area, you can contact the NationalDissemination Center for Children with Disabilities bylogging on to www.nichcy.org/states.htm.The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)sponsors the National Resource Center, a program ofCHADD – Children and Adults withAttention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. Their Web sitehas links to information for people with ADHD and theirfamilies (www.help4adhd.org). The NationalResources Center operates a call center with trained staffto answer questions about ADHD. The number is1-800-233-4050.In order to make sure your child reaches his or her fullpotential, it is very important to get help for ADHD asearly as possible.www.cdc.gov/actearlyLearn the Signs. Act Early.
Cerebral PalsyFACT SH E ETWhat is cerebral palsy?Cerebral means having to do with the brain. Palsy meansweakness or problems with using the muscles. Cerebralpalsy is a group of disorders that affect a person’s abilityto move and keep their balance and posture as a result ofan injury to parts of the brain, or as a result of a problemwith development. Often the problem happens before birthor soon after being born. Cerebral palsy causes differenttypes of disabilities in each child. A child may simply bea little clumsy or awkward, or unable to walk at all.What are some of the signs ofcerebral palsy?The signs of cerebral palsy vary greatly because thereare many different types and levels of disability. The mainsign that your child might have cerebral palsy is a delayreaching the motor or movement milestones. If you seeany of these signs, call your child’s doctor or nurse.A child over 2 months with cerebral palsy might: have difficulty controlling head when picked up have stiff legs that cross or “scissor” when picked upA child over 6 months with cerebral palsy might: continue to have a hard time controlling head whenpicked up reach with only one hand while keeping the otherin a fistA child over 10 months with cerebral palsy might: crawl by pushing off with one hand and leg whiledragging the opposite hand and leg not sit by himself or herselfA child over 24 months with cerebral palsy might: not be able to walk not be able to push a toy with wheelsWhat causes cerebral palsy?Cerebral palsy is caused by a problem in the brain thataffects a child’s ability to control his or her muscles.Problems in different parts of the brain cause problems indifferent parts of the body. There are many possiblecauses of problems, such as genetic conditions, problemswith the blood supply to the brain before birth, infections,bleeding in the brain, lack of oxygen, severe jaundice,and head injury.What can I do if I think my childmight have cerebral palsy?You are doing the right thing now – talking with yourchild’s doctor or nurse. If you or your doctor haveconcerns about cerebral palsy, you can seek the help ofa specialist such as a developmental pediatrician orchild neurologist, and you can contact your local earlyintervention agency (for children under 3) or publicschool (for children 3 and older). To find out who tospeak to in your area, you can contact the NationalDissemination Center for Children with Disabilities bylogging on to www.nichcy.org/states.htm. Inaddition, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention(CDC) has links to information for families(www.cdc.gov/ncbddd).To help your child reach his or her full potential, it is veryimportant to get help for him or her as early as possible!A child over 12 months with cerebral palsy might: not crawl not be able to stand with support1-800-CDC-INFOwww.cdc.gov/actearlyLearn the Signs. Act Early.
Intellectual Disability(also known as Mental Retardation)FACT SH E ETWhat is intellectual disability?Intellectual disability, also known as mental retardation,is a term used when there are limits to a person’s abilityto learn at an expected level and function in daily life.Levels of intellectual disability vary greatly in children –from a very slight problem to a very severe problem.Children with intellectual disability might have a hardtime letting others know their wants and needs, andtaking care of themselves. Intellectual disability couldcause a child to learn and develop more slowly thanother children of the same age. It could take longer fora child with intellectual disability to learn to speak, walk,dress, or eat without help, and they could have troublelearning in school.Intellectual disability can be caused by a problem thatstarts any time before a child turns 18 years old – evenbefore birth. It can be caused by injury, disease, or aproblem in the brain. For many children, the cause oftheir intellectual disability is not known. Some of themost common known causes of intellectual disability –like Down syndrome, fetal alcohol syndrome, fragile Xsyndrome, genetic conditions, birth defects, andinfections – happen before birth. Others happen whilea baby is being born or soon after birth. Still othercauses of intellectual disability do not occur until a childis older; these might include serious head injury, stroke,or certain infections.There are many signs of intellectual disability.For example, children with intellectual disability may: sit up, crawl, or walk later than other childrenlearn to talk later, or have trouble speakingfind it hard to remember thingshave trouble understanding social ruleshave trouble seeing the results of their actionshave trouble solving problemsWhat can I do if I think my childmay have intellectual disability?You are doing the right thing now – talking with yourchild’s doctor or nurse. If you or your doctor thinkthere could be a problem, you can take your child tosee a developmental pediatrician or other specialist,and you can contact your local early interventionagency (for children under 3) or public school (forchildren 3 and older). To find out who to speak to inyour area, you can contact the National DisseminationCenter for Children with Disabilities by logging on towww.nichcy.org/states.htm. In addition, the Centersfor Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has links toinformation for families (www.cdc.gov/ncbddd).To help your child reach his or her full potential, it is veryimportant to get help for him or her as early as possible!What are some of the signs ofintellectual disability?Usually, the more severe the degree of intellectualdisability, the earlier the signs can be noticed. However,it might still be hard to tell how young children will beaffected later in life.www.cdc.gov/actearlyLearn the Signs. Act Early.
Vision LossFACT SH E ETWhat is vision loss?Vision loss means that a person’s eyesight cannot becorrected to a “normal” level, making it hard or impossibleto do daily tasks without eyeglasses, contact lenses, orother assistance. Vision loss can vary greatly amongchildren and can be caused by many things.What causes loss of vision?Vision loss can be caused by damage to the eye itself, bythe eye being shaped incorrectly, or even by a problemin the brain. Babies can be born unable to see, andvision loss can occur anytime during a person’s life.When should my child be checked?Your child should be checked for vision problems by aneye doctor (an ophthalmologist), pediatrician, or othertrained specialist at: newborn to 3 months6 months to 1 yearabout 3 yearsabout 5 yearsHaving your child’s vision checked is especially importantif someone in your family has had vision problems.One eye of a child with vision loss could look out orcross. One or both eyes could be watery, and one orboth of the child’s eyelids could also look red-rimmed,crusted, or swollen.What can I do if I think my child mayhave vision loss?You are doing the right thing now – talking with yourchild’s doctor or nurse. If you or your doctor think therecould be a problem, you can take your child to see apediatric eye doctor (ophthalmologist) or other specialist,and you can contact your local early intervention agency(for children under 3) or public school (for children 3and older). To find out who to speak to in your area,you can contact the National Dissemination Center forChildren with Disabilities by logging on towww.nichcy.org/states.htm. In addition, the Centersfor Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has informationabout vision loss (www.cdc.gov/ncbddd).Treating vision problems early may protect your child’ssight, and teaching children with severe vision loss howto function as early as possible can help them reach theirfull potential.What are some of the signs ofvision loss?A child with vision loss might: close or cover one eye squint the eyes or frown complain that things are blurry or hard to see have trouble reading or doing other close-up work, orhold objects close to eyes in order to see blink more than usual or seem cranky when doingclose-up work (such as looking at books)1-800-CDC-INFOwww.cdc.gov/actearlyLearn the Signs. Act Early.
Hearing LossFACT SH E ETWhat is hearing loss in children?Hearing loss can vary greatly among children and canbe caused by many things. In the United States, 1 to 3children per 1,000 are born with hearing loss each year.Most children also experience mild, temporary hearingloss when fluid gets in the middle ear from allergies orcolds. Sometimes as a result of an ear infection, fluidstays in the middle ears, which can sometimes causehearing loss and delays in your child’s speech. Somechildren have permanent hearing loss. This can be frommild (they don’t hear as well as you do) to complete(where they can’t hear anything at all).What are some of the signs ofhearing loss?The signs and symptoms of hearing loss are different fordifferent children. If you see any of these signs call yourchild’s doctor or nurse: does not turn to the source of a sound from birth to3 or 4 months of agedoes not say single words, such as “dada” or “mama”by 1 year of ageturns head when he or she sees you but not if you onlycall out his or her name: this usually is mistaken for notpaying attention or just ignoring, but could be theresult of a partial or complete hearing losshears some sounds but not othersWhat causes hearing loss?Can it be prevented?Hearing loss can happen any time during life – frombefore birth to adulthood. Babies who are born early,who have low birth weight, or who are exposed toinfections in the womb might have hearing loss, but thiscan happen to full-term, normal weight babies as well.Genetic factors are the cause of hearing loss in about50% of babies – some of these babies might have familymembers who are deaf. Illnesses, injuries, certainmedicines, and loud noise levels can cause children andadults to lose hearing.1-800-CDC-INFOSome causes of hearing loss can be prevented. Forexample, vaccines can prevent certain infections, such asmeasles or meningitis (an infection of the fluid aroundthe brain and spinal cord), which can cause hearing loss.Another cause that can be prevented is a kind of braindamage called kernicterus, which is caused by badjaundice. This can be prevented by using special lights(phototherapy) or other therapies to treat babies withjaundice b
Skills such as taking a first step, smiling for the first time, and waving “bye bye” are called developmental milestones. Children reach milestones in playing, learning, speaking, behaving, and moving (crawling, walking, etc.). A developmental delay is when your child does not reach these milestones at the same time as other children the .
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