AlAbAmA A&m And Auburn Universities Pasturing And
A l a b a m aA & Ma n dA u b u r nU n i v e r s i t i e sPasturing and FeedingANR-0424FHORSESGeneral Nutritionaland Feeding InformationLike other farm animals, horses need specific levelsof protein, carbohydrates, fats, minerals, vitamins, andwater. For specific nutritional requirements for horsesof various classes and weights, a publication such as“Nutritional Requirements of Horses, Sixth RevisedEdition” from the National Research Council (2007)should be consulted.ARCHIVEeeding is a very important consideration fora horse owner, both from the standpoint ofmeeting the nutritional requirements of theanimals so they can perform and look their best andfrom the standpoint of minimizing expense. Manyhorse owners find that they need additional information regarding the usefulness of various feeds or howto best go about meeting the nutritional requirementsof their animals. This publication explains importantconsiderations involved in pasturing and feedinghorses in Alabama.www.aces.edu
ProteinProtein is a costly ingredient, so when balancing a ration, only the required amounts should be provided. Pregnant mares, lactating mares,and growing foals require more protein than do mature geldings. Protein is needed to build tissue, for production of milk, for reproduction,and for certain other body functions. Some feeds are better suppliers of amino acids, the building blocks of protein, than others. The requirements of horses for protein are relatively low and are easy to meet with practical rations. The following are good sources of protein.Cottonseed Meal (41% Crude Protein)Peanut Meal (45% Crude Protein)Cottonseed meal is often used in horse rationsin Alabama. It should be mixed with bulkierfeeds and started at a low level (about ¼ poundper animal per day), then built up slowly to thedesired level. It is high in phosphorus, so dietswith high levels of cottonseed meal may needadded calcium to keep these minerals in balance.In general, the calcium to phosphorus ratio of thetotal diet should be between 1:1 and 2:1.Peanut meal is available in large quantities inAlabama. It is usually cheaper than other oil mealsand is as palatable as cottonseed meal. It is not aswell balanced in amino acids as soybean meal orlinseed meal but can be used in horse rations.Soybean meal varies somewhat in protein content, butgenerally it can be used to replace linseed meal onan equal basis. It has an excellent amino acid profilefor horses, and most commercial horse supplementscontain soybean meal.IVELinseed Meal (32% Crude Protein)Commercial Protein SupplementsThese vary in composition and price. They oftencontain needed minerals and vitamins, making themconvenient for people who do not wish to formulatetheir own rations. Commercial supplements areusually formulated for a specific feeding programand should be fed according to label directions.CHLinseed meal is excellent for producing “bloom”or luster in the hair coats and, therefore, it is heldin high esteem by many horse showmen. Its laxative effect and palatability make it a useful proteinsupplement for poor quality roughages.CarbohydratesSoybean Meal (44% Crude Protein)ARCarbohydrates make up about three-fourths of the dry matter in most plants and are the most important sources of energy for farm animals.They are needed to provide energy for the muscular work of horses and are often the chief source of body fat. Generally, grains provide moreenergy than grasses or hays because they have higher levels of total digestible nutrients (TDN) and lower levels of crude fiber. The followinggrains and feeds are commonly used to furnish energy in horse rations.OatsOats have been accepted as the most desirablesupplemental feed for horses, containing about 75percent TDN, 13 percent crude protein (CP), and 12percent fiber. This grain is highly palatable to horsesand may be fed whole, but it is more digestible whenrolled or crimped. Oats may be fed as the only grainwith either legume or grass hay. However, a mixtureof corn and oats with legume hay or a mixed grasslegume hay provides a more balanced ration.This processing may be needed to render some ofthe harder-seeded hybrids more digestible. Corn iscommonly fed with oats, wheat bran, and a goodquality grass or grass-legume hay mixture. Finelyground corn should not be fed unless mixed with somebulky feed, because it may cause colic and other digestive upsets. Corn can founder horses more easily thanoats, because it contains about 15 percent more energythan the same volume of oats.CornGrain SorghumCorn is less bulky than oats and has a slightly lowerprotein content. Corn is probably used more widelythan oats. Corn has approximately 85 percent TDN, 9.4percent CP, and 2.5 percent fiber. It may be fed eithershelled or on the cob. Either cracked or coarsely groundcorn is suitable to feed to horses.Grain sorghum (or milo) is slightly less fattening than cornfor horses. Grain sorghum seed kernels are small and hard.They should be rolled or coarsely ground before being fedto horses. This grain should be fed with a bulky or slightlylaxative feed. Milo can substitute for corn in horse diets on apound-for-pound basis. Sorghum grain averages 83 percentTDN, 11.6 percent CP, and only 2.7 percent fiber.2 Alabama Cooperative Extension System
BarleyWheat MiddsMolassesCane molasses increases the palatability of feed mixes.Undiluted molasses may be mixed with grain or dilutedwith one or more parts of water and sprinkled over thehay or grain. Cane molasses averages about 53 percentTDN with little or no protein and no fiber. It can beadvantageously mixed with other concentrates up toabout 10 percent of the ration. Carelessfeeding of molasses may result in thecoating of feed troughs, mangers, orhair coats with the sticky fly-drawingliquid. Cane molasses mixed withother feeds will increase the moisturecontent of the mixture, thus increasingthe possibility of mold if care is notobserved in storage.HWheatWheat is generally consideredunsafe to feed as the soleconcentrate for horses, becausefeeding excessive amounts maycause colic or other digestiveupsets. Wheat grain should notcomprise more than 20 percentof the concentrate in the ration.Wheat contains slightly less TDNthan corn and 14.2 percent CP.and has about the same TDN, although it is lower inprotein and has less laxative effect. There seems to belittle or no advantage in feeding bran as a wet mash.Both wheat and rice bran are high in phosphorus sodiets containing large amounts of bran can lead to animbalance in the calcium:phosphorus ratio if additionalcalcium is not provided.IVEBarley is a good horse feed and is usually substituted for oats pound-for-pound, although it hasabout 10 percent greater feed value than oats.Barley has about 80 percent TDN, 12.4 percent CP,and only 6 percent fiber. Any change from oats tobarley should be gradual and extended over about2 weeks to allow the microorganisms in the horse’scecum and large intestine to adjust to the newgrain. Because of the hardness of the barley kernel,it should be rolled (crushed or crimped) or ground(medium grind) before feeding. Because it is heavy,barley alone may cause colic. Mixed with bulkierfeeds, it is quite safe.ARCWheat midds are a by-productof the milling industry and arecommonly used in pelleted horse feeds. They arehigher in protein and fiber and lower in energythan wheat grain. Feeds containing appreciableamounts of wheat midds should not be stored forlong periods of time. In Alabama where relativehumidity is high, they will absorb moisture and beconducive to mold growth. Hence, feed should bepurchased as needed. Wheat midds contain about80 percent TDN and 15 percent CP.Wheat BranWheat bran is the coarse outer coating of thewheat kernel that is removed during the millingprocess in the manufacturing of flour. It is rich inminerals, vitamins, and protein. Good wheat branis flaky, sweet, and pleasant to the taste. Storagein damp places causes it to cake or mold andmakes it unfit for horse feeding. Four qualities thatmake bran valuable in a ration are bulk, palatability, nutritive value, and mild laxative action.Wheat bran averages around 65 percent TDN,17.3 percent CP, and 10 percent fiber. Rice branmay be fed in the same amounts as wheat branSugar Beet PulpDried sugar beet pulp, available withand without added molasses, is aby-product of the sugar industry. It isoften used in mixed concentrate feeds for horses andcan be included in the diet as a source of energy andhigh quality fiber. When beet pulp is utilized in horsediets as a stand‐alone ingredient, it is generally soakedin water for several hours prior to feeding. Beet pulpvaries in TDN, but generally it is slightly below the valuefor oats. Beet pulp contains about 10 percent CP.Soybean HullsSoybean hulls (soyhulls) are a by-product of thesoybean processing industry. They are the skin off of thesoybean, and they are quite similar to oats in both TDNand CP content. When soyhulls are fed to horses, theyshould be in the pelleted form. Soyhull pellets are dryand relatively unpalatable, so they can cause chokingand feed rejection. When used in horse rations, theyshould be mixed with a more palatable feed such assweet feed and limited to 50 percent of the supplement.Pasturing and Feeding Horses3
FatsFats furnish 2¼ times as much energy per pound as do carbohydrates. The important vitamins A, D, and E are soluble in fats and areabsorbed from fat in the horse’s digestive tract. Mature horses can tolerate diets containing up to 18 percent fat, but a ration with 8 to 10percent fat is more acceptable. Most feed materials contain some level of fats, and it is normally not necessary to add additional fat whenformulating diets for mature pleasure horses. However, hardworking horses, broodmares in peak lactation, and thin horses may benefit fromadded fat in their diet. Fat can be added to horse diets through a “fat pellet” produced by most horse feed manufacturers, stabilized ricebran or topdressing the horse’s feed with vegetable oil. Take precautions in hot weather to keep the fat in a cool place to prevent rancidityproblems.MineralsIVEThe most important minerals needed by horses are calcium, phosphorus, and sodium. Calcium and phosphorus account for three-fourthsof the mineral matter in a horse’s skeleton and for more than half of the minerals in milk. Bone ash contains about 36 percent calcium, 17percent phosphorus, and 0.8 percent magnesium. It also contains traces of sodium, chlorine, potassium, fluorine, and other mineral elements.To obtain proper calcium and phosphorus utilization, at least three conditions must be met. First, an adequate level of both calcium andphosphorus must be fed. Next, a suitable ratio between them must exist. Generally accepted ratios of calcium to phosphorus for most horsesare in the range of 1 to 2 parts calcium to 1 part phosphorus. Avoid feeding less calcium than phosphorus if at all possible. Last, it is best tokeep calcium and phosphorus levels as close to the requirements as possible.Ground LimestoneSaltFeed-grade, ground limestone (about 34 percentcalcium) is the most commonly used calcium supplement. It is generally cheap and readily available.HDicalcium PhosphateSalt can be provided loose or in a block and fed free choice.It can also be fed as a trace-mineral salt. Trace-mineral needsof horses remain largely obscure because of limited research.Most, if not all, trace minerals are supplied in a good feedingprogram, but iodine seems to be an exception. This elementis best supplied in iodized salt. Forced feeding of high levelsof trace minerals is detrimental and may be toxic.CFeed-grade dicalcium phosphate or monodicalciumphosphate are generally used to provide additionalphosphorus to horse diets when it is needed. Theycontain about 18 to 21 percent phosphorus and about16 to 22 percent calcium.Steamed Bone MealARBone meal is another common phosphorus supplement for horses. It contains about 13 percentphosphorus, 27 percent calcium, and 18 percentcrude protein.Sodium from salt is very important to horse health. Horsesthat are relatively idle will need 1 to 2 ounces daily. Ahorse that sweats a great deal will need greater amounts.Hard-working horses may not get adequate amounts froma salt brick, so it needs to be included in the ration oroffered in loose form.VitaminsLess is known about vitamins than minerals, but supplementation is easy and inexpensive. With the exception of vitamin D, vitamins are tolerated in high levels. The three vitamins known to be most needed by horses are vitamins A, D, and certain B vitamins, such as thiamine. Theneed for vitamin E has been found to be important, especially for breeding animals. This vitamin is widely distributed in horse feeds.The B vitamins are synthesized in the large colonand cecum of healthy horses. Common sources ofB vitamins are green plants, dried legumes, andsoybean meal.Vitamin A is important for normal health of tissues,including the eye, and for bone growth and maintenance. Green plants and hays contain carotene,which the body normally converts to vitamin A.4 Alabama Cooperative Extension SystemVitamin D is essential for calcium and phosphorusdeposition in bone formation. Animals exposed to sunlightusually synthesize sufficient vitamin D to meet their needs.Vitamin E is abundant in most rations and seldom needssupplementation. Claims for its benefit in restoring fertilityin horses have not been substantiated by research.
Horses with access to good-quality pasture or that arereceiving good-quality hay, especially if half or more iscomposed of legumes, will probably need no vitaminsupplementation. Vitamin deficiencies are most likelyto appear in horses confined for long periods of timeand fed poor-quality roughage. These horses shouldprobably receive vitamin supplementation as insuranceagainst deficiencies.WaterFresh, clean drinking water is essential for horses at all times. Daily consumption may average 10 to 12 gallons, with much higher amountsconsumed during hot weather by working horses and by lactating mares. When water is not available free-choice, idle animals should betaken to it at least twice daily at regular intervals and allowed to drink their fill. Impacted bowel is a common, and serious, problem resultingfrom inadequate water intake. Hot horses should be cooled off and permitted small amounts of water before drinking their fill.IVEHay for HorsesGood-quality hay will furnish most of the carbohydrates needed for energy in a maintenance diet for horses. Weedy hay, poorlyfertilized hay, and late-cut hay must be supplemented to provide a balanced ration. Maturity of the forage crop when cut for hayis extremely important in determining hay quality. Legumes generally should be cut at prebloom or not later than early bloom;grasses should be cut just before heading or when only a few seed heads have emerged. The quality of forage decreases rapidlyafter the optimum stage is reached.Legume hays are normally higher in protein, vitamin A,and minerals (especially calcium) than grass hays andare preferred by horses. Good-quality, leafy alfalfa hayis generally considered to be the most nutritious hay tofeed horses, but it is not commonly grown in Alabama.Horses need a minimum of 1 pound of long roughage(hay or pasture) per 100 pounds of body weight daily.The only sure way to determine hay quality is to haveit tested at a forage testing laboratory. Many labs chargeabout 10 for a basic analysis that determines the TDNand protein content of the hay.HIf hay has a bright green color, it probably will bea good source of vitamins, particularly vitamin A.In addition, having a good color is an indicationthat the hay has not been damaged by rains.C“Hay belly” is a term that refers to horses having anenlarged abdomen resulting from consumption ofrelatively large quantities of low-quality (mainly grass)hays. Hays of high quality do not produce this result.ARFeeding moldy or dusty hays to horses can causedigestive disturbances. Dry, dusty hay can also causeirritation of the lungs, resulting in a cough, runnyeyes or nose, and possibly pneumonia.Pastures for HorsesPasture is generally the least expensive way to meet the nutritional requirements of horses and offers the added advantage ofproviding them with exercise. Stocking rates vary with forage species, size of the horses to be pastured, and other factors. InAlabama, 1 to 2 acres of well-managed pasture per mature horse will provide adequate exercise while meeting most or all of thenutritional requirements of the animals.Horses are naturally suited to grazing and, in general,have nutritional requirements similar to those of beefcattle. However, they cannot consume as much feed asbeef cattle, so the quality of the material they consumeneeds to be better. Establishing good-quality pastureinvolves expense, but it will save money in the longrun to develop good pastures that will provide a highpercentage of horses’ nutritional needs.Horses vary greatly in their nutritional requirements.Mature horses and well-developed older yearlings cannormally be maintained on good pasture or goodquality hay with little or no grain supplementation.Young, growing horses, working horses, and showhorses will require some grain and high-quality hayalong with pasture.Many forage crops can be grown in Alabama andmost can provide grazing for horses. Forage crops arenormally classified as being either grasses or legumes;either annuals or perennials; and either warm-seasonor cool-season plants.Pasturing and Feeding Horses5
Warm-Season Perennial GrassesWarm-season perennial grasses are widely used for horse pastures in Alabama. Forage quality of these grasses is usuallyadequate for maintenance of mature animals.BermudagrassBermudagrass and bahiagrass are often overseeded in the fall with mixtures of winter annuals.This is an excellent forage management practicebecause it can extend the grazing season of apasture by 1 to 3 months and also can improveforage quality during the spring months.DallisgrassDallisgrass is best adapted to soils having goodinternal moisture-holding capacity. AlthoughDallisgrass can be grown on selected sites inmost of the northern half of Alabama, most ofthe acreage is on the Black Belt soils in centralAlabama, to which it is particularly well adapted.Dallisgrass pastures can be improved by growingeither white clover or red clover in associationwith the grass.IVEBermudagrass is a productive species best adapted towell-drained upland soils. Improved varieties must beestablished from vegetative material rather than fromseed. Several vegetatively propagated hybrid bermudagrass varieties are recommended for use in Alabama.Common bermudagrass can be established from seedbut produces a lower forage yield and must be stockedat a lower rate.BahiagrassHAlthough a lower yielder than bermudagrass, bahiagrass is also suitable for horses. Like bermudagrass, itis best adapted to well-drained areas. It forms a thick,tight sod that is very resistant to trampling. The varieties Pensacola and Tifton 9 are recommended for thelower two-thirds of Alabama, while Argentine, a lesscold-hardy variety, is recommended for the lower thirdof the state. A new variety, Sand Mountain, is suitablefor the northern half of Alabama.Tall FescueCCool-Season Perennial GrassesARBy far the most widely grown cool-season perennialgrass in Alabama, tall fescue is best suited to soilswith good moisture-holding capacity or to low-lyingmoist sites. However, pregnant mares grazing pasturescontaining a high percentage of fescue are likely toabort, have a difficult foaling that results in stillbornfoals, or have poor milk production. It is now knownthat this problem is caused by the fungus Acremoniumcoenophialum, which also causes fescue toxicity incattle. Although undetectable except by laboratoryanalysis, this fungus is known to infest most existingfescue pastures. It is highly recommended that pregnant mares be removed from fescue pastures at leastduring the last 3 months of gestation, if the fescue isnot known to be a fungus-free variety. The fungus istransmitted only through seed; therefore, fungus-freepastures can be obtained by using seed known to befungus free when establishing new fescue pastures.Fescue containing a different (novel) fungus fromAcremonium coenophalum has been shown to be safeto feed to pregnant mares.6 Alabama Cooperative Extension SystemOrchardgrassOrchardgrass produces forage of higher qualitythan fescue and is suited to be grown on welldrained, but not droughty, soils in approximatelythe northern third of Alabama. Orchardgrass makesan excellent horse pasture, but stands normally donot persist for more than about 3 years. Red cloveror white clover can be grown in association witheither fescue or orchardgrass.
Warm-Season Annual GrassesA number of warm-season annual grasses are grown in Alabama.Browntop MilletBrowntop millet is a good-quality grass thathorses readily eat, but it is highly susceptible todrought and has a fairly short growing season.Pearl MilletCrabgrassCrabgrass is another summer annual grass that mayprovide grazing for horses. It is rarely seeded, butfrequently volunteers along with summer perennialgrasses such as bermudagrass or on land where winterannuals were planted on a prepared seedbed. Crabgrass is usually a relatively low yielder but is palatableand provides good-quality grazing for horses.IVEPearl millet is a species adapted to well-drainedor sandy soils and is much more productivethan browntop millet. This forage crop providesrelatively good nutrition for horses, but theanimals may not graze it well until they becomeaccustomed to the taste. Growth of pearl milletis erratic, making rotational grazing or frequentstocking rate adjustments necessary to maintainthe forage in a palatable condition for horses.Sorghum, sudangrass, and particularly sorghum- sudangrass hybrids are not recommended for horse pastures.Animals grazing these species may develop a problemcalled equine cystitis, which results in paralysis and urinarydisorders. Hay of these species is safe to feed to horses.Warm-Season Perennial LegumesAlfalfaSericea LespedezaA widely adapted warm-season perennial legume,sericea lespedeza is generally not considered tobe a good species for horses as it is unpalatable. Avariety release from Auburn University, AU Lotan,has small stems and low tannin levels that result ingreatly increased digestibility and palatability. Sericealespedeza is intolerant of close grazing and the “spotgrazing” tendencies of horses make pasture management difficult. This forage crop is, therefore, probablybest suited to provide hay, rather than pasture, forhorses. Either high-tannin or low-tannin types makegood horse hay.ARCHAlfalfa requires good, fertile, well-drained land. It isnecessary to exert a very high level of managementto maintain alfalfa stands under grazing. Althoughgrazing alfalfa is possible, it is not generally recommended as a practice in Alabama because grazingis likely to shorten stand life. However, growingalfalfa to produce hay for horses is a very attractiveoption for many Alabama producers.Cool-Season Perennial LegumesWhite CloverRed CloverThe most widely grown cool-season perennial legume inAlabama is white clover. This forage crop does best onheavier soils and is almost always grown in association withfescue, orchardgrass, or dallisgrass. White clover includesLadino, or giant white clover types, as well as the intermediate or white dutch types. White clover is a high-qualitylegume species well suited to be used in horse pastures inareas to which it is adapted.A more upright growing plant than white clover, redclover is more competitive with grasses in areas thatare not grazed closely, such as fields to be cut for hay.Red clover yields well, but it is a weak perennial thatnormally lives for only 2 years. It is usually grown inassociation with fescue or orchardgrass, but it may alsobe used as an annual in combination with winter annualgrasses. A fungus infection of red clover can lead toexcessive salivation (slobbering) in horses. If horses haveaccess to adequate amounts of water, this condition ismore a cosmetic problem than a health problem.Pasturing and Feeding Horses7
Cool-Season Annual Grasses and LegumesCool-season annual grasses (rye, wheat, oats, and ryegrass) are usually grown together in mixtures or with cool-season annual legumessuch as crimson clover. These species are adapted to well-drained, fertile soils and make excellent horse pastures. They may be plantedeither on a prepared seedbed or overseeded on the dormant sods of warm-season perennial grasses. Arrowleaf clover and hairy vetch areunpalatable to horses and will be rejected by them.Special Pasture Management ConsiderationsIVEHorses are more selective in their grazing than cattle and tend to spot graze. This is particularly true if legumes are present in the pasture.Horses will eat legumes but tend to prefer to graze grasses. Therefore, horse pastures may require periodic clipping to even out theovergrazed and undergrazed areas and to keep forage plants throughout the pasture young and tender. However, if horse pastures areoverstocked, the horses will not have the opportunity to selectively graze and their nutritional level will drop. It works well to graze horsesand cattle together because the cattle will tend to provide this evening-out service. Also, horses and cattle will graze around each other’sdroppings, but not their own.The hooves of horses can be more damagingto pastures than those of cattle. Thus, rotationalgrazing is desirable, particularly in newly established horse pastures. It also may be necessary toprotect a well- established pasture by temporarilyremoving the animals during wet periods whenthe ground is soft.Parasites can become a problem when pasturesare heavily overgrazed. Rotational grazing usuallyhelps reduce pasture parasite problems, as doesperiodic dragging of pastures to scatter manurepiles. Fresh horse manure should never be scattered on horse pastures that are to be grazed byhorses within 2 weeks, because this can increasethe horse’s exposure to parasites.ARCHPastures for horses should be well drained, safelyfenced, free of holes or stumps that might causeinjury to the animals, and contain no poisonousplants. Horses need access to shade, plenty of clean,fresh water, salt, and a basic mineral mixture. It isdesirable to graze mature horses separately fromyearlings. Horses do not normally bloat on pasture,but they may colic and founder on lush springpastures if they are not gradually introduced to thepasture. Grazing time should be limited to onehour or less daily when horses are first introducedto a lush spring pasture, and grazing times can begradually increased by one hour every three orfour days until horses are completely maintainedon the pasture. It is less likely for horses to founderon warm-season grasses because these grassesstore sugar in a different form than the cool-seasongrasses. However, any dietary change with horsesshould be performed gradually.Donald Ball, former Extension Agronomist,Professor, Agronomy, B.G. Ruffin, former ExtensionAnimal Scientist, Cynthia A. McCall, Extension Animal Scientist, Professor, Animal Sciences,and Darrell Rankins, Extension Animal Scientist, Professor, Animal Sciences, all with AuburnUniversityFor more information, call your county Extension office. Look in your telephone directoryunder your county’s name to find the number.Trade and brand names used in the publication are given for information purposes only. Noguarantee, endorsement, or discrimination among comparable products is intended or impliedby the Alabama Cooperative Extension System.ANR-0424Published by the Alabama Cooperative Extension System (Alabama A&M University andAuburn University), an equal opportunity educator and employer.Web Only, Revised Sept 2012, ANR-0424 2012 by the Alabama Cooperative Extension System. All rights reserved.www.aces.edu
upsets. Wheat grain should not comprise more than 20 percent of the concentrate in the ration. Wheat contains slightly less tdn than corn and 14.2 percent CP. Wheat Midds Wheat midds are a by-product of the milling industry and are commonly used in pelleted horse feeds. they are higher in protein and fiber and lower in energy than wheat grain.
REPEATABILITY OF ASPHALT STRAIN GAUGES By J. Richard Willis, Ph.D. Assistant Research Professor National Center for Asphalt Technology Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama David H. Timm, Ph.D., P.E. Gottlieb Associate Professor Department of Civil Engineering Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama NCAT Report 09-07 October 2009
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